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Für die Neufassung der Handwerksordnung zum 1.1.2004 war die hohe Ausbildungsleistung des Handwerks ein zentrales Argument, die im Falle einer überzogenen Deregulierung einbrechen würde. Folgt man der ökonomischen Theorie werden Handwerksbetriebe ausbilden, wenn der erwartete Nutzen die erwarteten Kosten überwiegt; Ausbildung wird zum unternehmerischen Erfolgsfaktor. Die zweimalige Befragung Lüneburger Handwerksbetriebe, die im Rahmen eines Projektes zur Regulierung auf dem deutschen Handwerksmarkt in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kreishandwerkerschaft Lüneburg durchgeführt wurde, zeigt, dass vor allem die Ausbildungsaktivität selbst zu einer guten bis sehr guten wirtschaftlichen Lage führt bzw. diese verbessert. Allerdings ist dieser Effekt nach relativ kurzer Frist (zwei Jahre oder mehr) wieder verschwunden.
In der öffentlichen Diskussion in Deutschland wird häufig die These vertreten, dass Arbeitsplätze vorwiegend in kleinen und mittleren Firmen geschaffen werden, während die großen Firmen vor allem Arbeitsplätze abbauen. Eine empirische Überprüfung für den Zeitraum 1999 bis 2005 mit Daten aller west- und ostdeutschen Betriebe, die mindestens einen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten haben, zeigt, dass die These vom alleinigen „Jobmotor Mittelstand“ viel zu undifferenziert ist. In mittelständischen Unternehmen werden zwar überproportional viele Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, aber auch überproportional viele abgebaut. Großbetriebe mit 250 und mehr Beschäftigten weisen dagegen sowohl bei der Schaffung als auch beim Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen geringere Werte auf als es ihrem Beschäftigungsanteil entspräche. Wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen, die sich an der Zuordnung eines Unternehmens zu einer Größenklasse orientieren, lassen sich somit nicht mit einem besonders ausgeprägten Beitrag der Firmen aus dieser Größenklasse zum Beschäftigungswachstum rechtfertigen.
El-Salam Canal Project aims at increasing the Egyptian agricultural productivity through agricultural and stock development by irrigating about 263,500 ha gross of new lands. In order to stretch the limited water supply to cover these reclaimed areas, fresh River Nile water is augmented with agriculture drainage water from Hadus and Lower Serw drains to meet crop requirements, especially during summer months (peak demand). With a growing population and intensified industrial and agricultural activities, water pollution is spreading in Egypt, especially in main drains, which receive almost all kinds of wastes (municipal, rural, domestic and industrial wastes). The medical records indicate that significant numbers of waterborne-disease cases (bilharzias, typhoid, paratyphoid, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, B and C) have been reported in many areas in Egypt (MOHP, 2000). The National Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWQMP) in Egypt covers the Nile River, irrigation canals, drains and groundwater aquifers to assess the status of water quality for different water uses and users. The overall objective of this research is to introduce a rationalization technique for the drainage water quality-monitoring network for Hadus drain as a main feeder of El-Salam Canal Project. Later on, this technique can be applied for other parts in the NWQMP. The rationalization process started firstly with assessing and reformulating the current objectives of the network. Then, the monitoring locations were identified using integrated logical and statistical approaches. Finally, a sampling frequency regime was recommended to facilitate proper and integrated information management. The monitoring objectives were classified into three classes: design oriented, short-term and long-term deductible objectives. Mainly, the objectives “assess compliance with standards”, “define water quality problems”, “determine fate and transport of pollutants”, “make waste-load allocations” and “detect possible trends” were considered in the redesign process of the network. A combination of uni-, bi-, and multi-variate statistical techniques supported by spatial and temporal analysis for the important tributaries (key players) in Hadus drain system, were used for locating the monitoring sites. The key players analysis was carried out in the light of monitoring objectives. As a result, the monitoring network was divided into three priority levels (Layers I, II and III) as following: Layer I: It has the highest priority level and includes eight monitoring locations Layer II: It has the second priority level and includes three monitoring locations Layer III: It has the lowest priority level and includes five monitoring locations Using the method proposed by Lettenmaier (1976), the sampling frequencies were initially estimated and then evaluated for 36 water quality parameters, which were collected on monthly basis during the period from August 1997 to January 2005. The evaluation process was carried out by generating new data sets (subsets) from the original data. Then, the common required statistics from the monitoring network were extracted. The information obtained from different data sets was assessed using visual and statistical comparisons. Three integrated validation methods were employed to ensure that any decisions concerning the proposed program would not affect its ability to accomplish the monitoring objectives. These validation methods employed: descriptive statistics, regression analysis and linear multiple regression in an integrated approach. The validation results ensured that excluding the monitoring locations in layer III did not significantly affect the information produced by the monitoring network. Therefore, a monitoring network including only 11 sites (out of 16) representing the layers I and II was recommended. Based on the evaluation of sampling frequencies, it is recommended to have 6 (instead of 12) samples per year for 18 water quality parameters (COD, TSS, TVS, N-NO3, Pb, Ca, Na, Cl, Visib, BOD, Cu, Fe, Mn, pH, TDS, K, SO4_m and DO). The measured parameter SO4m will automatically replace the SO4 (calculated). SAR and Adj. SAR also can be calculated from the other parameters. For the other fifteen parameters (Mg, EC, Br, Ni, Sal, Cd, TN, TP, Temp, Fecal, Coli and N-NH4, Zn, P and Turb), it is recommended to continue with twelve samples per year. These recommendations may ensure significant reduction in the total cost of the monitoring network. This facilitates a fiscal resource, which is a key prerequisite in developing a successful program. The rescued budget can be redirected to achieve better performance in terms of improving the current resources. In addition, a frame of stakeholders-participation mechanism was proposed to not only facilitate a better coordination among the Egyptian Ministries involved in the water sector but also guarantee effective landowners/farmers involvement. However, applying such a mechanism requires more detailed studies of all the previous experiences gained by many projects trying to achieve better integration between objectives, plans and activities for the different environmental institutions in Egypt.
Dieses Papier präsentiert deskriptive Evidenz zur Struktur von Ich-AG-Gründungen und Gründern aus dem Arbeitsagenturbezirk Lüneburg. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Befragung aller Gründer, die zwischen Juni 2004 und Februar 2005 selbstständig geworden sind und von der Arbeitsagentur Lüneburg gefördert wurden.
In this paper, we conduct a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient, we apply a Data Envelopment Analysis super-efficiency bootstrapping model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a reference set consisting of separated firms which use a different production technology. We find that for a majority of European railways economies of scope exist.
Reviewing the development of network access charges in the German electricity market since 2002 reveals significant variation. While some firms continually increased or decreased their access charges, a variety of firms exhibited discontinuous behavior with price changes in both directions. From an economic viewpoint this price setting turbulence is astonishing because grid operators are non-contestable natural monopolists, which in this time period were regulated by Negotiated Third Party Access (NTPA). Depending on the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of NTPA, expected behavior would be either regulated average cost prices or monopoly prices, but not the observed turbulence. Although in 2005 NTPA scheme was replaced by a Regulated Third Party Access (RTPA) scheme with a regulator, an analysis of the factors influencing the price setting behavior within this period offers valuable information for the new regulator and the still discussed new incentive regulation, which is expected to start in 2009. Using multivariate estimations based on firm data covering the years 2000-2005, we test the hypotheses that asymmetric influence of regulatory threat, different cost and price calculation knowledge, strategic use of structural features and the obligation to publish specific access charges have influenced the electricity network access charges in Germany.
This paper examines whether the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 have influenced the job prospects of Arabs in the German labor market. Using a large, representative database of the German working population, the attacks are treated as a natural experiment that may have caused an exogenous shift in attitudes toward persons who are perceived to be Arabs. Evidence from regression-adjusted difference-in-differences-estimates indicates that 9/11 did not cause a severe decline in job prospects. This result is robust over a wide range of control groups and several definitions of the sample and the observation period. Several explanations for this result, which is in line with prior evidence from Sweden, are offered.
This paper aims to determine if the contingent valuation method (CVM) can provide valid results useful in policy-making. This will be investigated by using a CV study that captures the willingness to pay (WTP) for the municipal cultural supply in Lueneburg, Germany. In contrast to previous CV studies that included a wide range of descriptive statistics, the empirical analysis of the current study focuses on multivariate analysis to explore the factors associated with the WTP. The results reflect current hypotheses in cultural economics. Thus, higher education levels and higher income are positively correlated with higher WTP. While the results indicate a highly significant impact of non-use values on the WTP for cultural goods across the different regression models, the findings for some variables differ considerably in magnitude across different regression models.