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Sustainability and Justice: Conceptual Foundations and Cases in Biodiversity and Fishery Policy
(2014)
Sustainability aims at justice in a threefold sense: intragenerational justice, intergenerational justice, and justice towards nature. However, the justification, specific content and practical implications of justice claims and obligations in the sustainability context often remain underspecified. This dissertation therefore asks: How can the concept of justice be structured systematically? How can justice be specified in the context of sustainability? Which specific problems of justice arise in sustainability policy? And what are the respective contributions of (sustainability) economics and (sustainability) ethics? The five papers of this cumulative dissertation approach these issues from different angles, working at the conceptual level and at the level of cases from biodiversity and fishery policy. In Paper 1, a formal conceptual structure of justice is developed, which lists the conceptual elements of justice conceptions: the community of justice including claim holders and claim addressees, their claims (and corresponding obligations), the judicandum (that which is to be judged as just or unjust), the informational base for the assessment, the principles of justice, and on a more practical level, the instruments of justice. By specifying these conceptual elements of justice, it is possible to analyse and compare different conceptions of justice. In Paper 2, the normative dimension of sustainability is discussed in terms of justice. Based on the identification of certain core characteristics of the concept of sustainability, we determine the specific challenges of justice in the context of sustainability along the conceptual structure of justice (from Paper 1). Inter alia, we show that sustainability calls for the integration of justice claims in the relationships with contemporaries, future humans and nature in a non-ideal context characterized by uncertainty, systemic mediation and limits. Paper 3 addresses the contribution of economics to the assessment of trade-offs between intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Economic analysis can delineate the opportunity set of politics with respect to the two justice objectives and identify the opportunity cost of attaining one justice to a higher degree. While the two justices are primary normative objectives, the criterion of efficiency - when directed at the attainment of these justice objectives - has the status of a secondary normative objective. Paper 4 constitutes a case study, reconstructing the ´biopiracy´ debate from a justice perspective. The paper links to the so called Access and Benefit-Sharing framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and addresses the question, which problems of justice arise regarding the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, especially if associated with patenting. It is shown that the predominant perspective of justice-in-exchange is insufficient and therefore complementary conceptions, namely of distributive justice, corrective justice and structural justice have to be taken into account. Paper 5 empirically assesses the justice notions of stakeholders in the Newfoundland fishery, building on qualitative semi-structured interviews and a combination of inductive and deductive coding. A central result is that inshore fishers are seen as the main claim holders, with a claim to participate and being listened to, and the opportunity to make a living from the fishery. Recognition, participation and distribution are all important domains of justice in the context of the Newfoundland fishery. The paper also discusses the relationship between normative theorizing and empirical justice research. Overall, this thesis integrates ideal and non-ideal normative theorizing, economic analysis, empirical justice research and hints at institutional implementation in the debate on sustainability and justice.
The doctoral thesis deals with future challenges that the tourism market has to face on a global level. The problem is treated from different perspectives and with different thematic foci. Thematically, the thesis approaches both global changes in the tourism market and further developments of the research methodology. The methodological repertoire includes a Delphi survey in combination with a focus group, mobile ethnography in conjunction with participant observation and contextual interviews, and a quantitative online survey.
The postal sector has a long monopolistic tradition in many countries; however, since the 1990s it has undergone considerable changes. At the beginning of that decade, the European Commission abolished exclusive rights within the postal system and opened up the market to new private postal providers and changes have continued to accelerate after two important European directives. Both directives were intended to improve the quality of service in the industry and to open up the market to competition. What has changed since the opening of the German postal market? A look at market shares measured by volumes of processed postal items, or by revenue, quickly reveals the prevailing dominance of the former monopolist Deutsche Post AG (DPAG). Despite an increasing number of market entries by private postal providers, it seems the German postal market is still characterized by the old monopolistic structures and that the aim of creating a competitive environment has not been fully achieved. This thesis deals with different competition issues from an economics perspective. The analyses are based on self-collected data and in-depth interviews conducted during on-site visits and thus provide first empirical evidence regarding the status quo in the German postal market.
This dissertation offers three different perspectives on agency and institutional change. Within three different articles these perspectives are presented and discussed. In the following these three articles are introduced: Article I: Competing concepts of power in institutional theory make the analysis of institutional change challenging. On the one hand, the assumption of powerful institutions leaves little space for agency and institutional change; while on the other hand, the assumption of powerful actors allows for agency but contradicts the fundamental assumption of institutional theory as stated before. This article wishes to propose a concept of power that is consistent with institutional theory and preserves core institutionalist assumptions, but still offers an explanation for agency and institutional change. Article II: This study examines a case of embedded agency from the German accounting industry, which existing approaches of the paradox of embedded agency cannot explain. Based on an instrumental case study, this paper will provide a new explanation of embedded agency by highlighting the interaction between the different actors of an organizational field. Article III: Based on a dialectical perspective on institutional change, this paper studies the transformation of the German accounting industry covering the time period from 2000 to 2012. Corresponding to Seo and Creed (2002), this article identifies “intrainstitutional conformity that creates interinstitutional incompatibilities”, “legitimacy that undermines functional efficiency”, and “isomorphism that conflicts with divergent interests” (Seo & Creed, 2002, p. 226) as the drivers for recent change in this organizational field. The study provides an explanation of endogenous change that does not rely on institutional agency in explaining institutional change.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely used since 1950 in various consumer products as well as in industrial applications owing to their unique properties, e.g. being hydrophobic and lipophobic at the same time. Nowadays, some of these persistent and man-made PFASs can ubiquitously be found in humans, wildlife and various environmental media. One prominent representative of concern, belonging to the subgroup of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCs) and their conjugate acids (PFCAs), is perfluorooctanoat (PFO) and its conjugate acid (PFOA). Because of its adverse effects on human health and its persistency in the environment industry has started to replace PFO(A) and related long chain chemicals (with seven and more fully fluorinated carbon atoms) with so-called short chain PFASs (less than seven fully fluorinated carbon atoms), including precursors of PFC(A)s. Also these short chain PFC(A)s are persistent and can already be found in humans, ground- and drinking water and in remote regions. However, knowledge gaps exist in understanding the partitioning and the resulting mobility of short chain PFC(A)s in the environment. This is due to the fact that partitioning data of PFC(A)s from standardised experiments can easily be biased by various artefacts, e.g. self-aggregation of the molecules. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are (i) to quantify the partitioning of PFC(A)s into mobile environmental media, (ii) to show how results from non-standard tests can be used to assess substance properties of concern and (iii) to conclude on whether the environmental exposure to short chain PFC(A)s is of concern from a regulatory point of view. In the first part of this thesis, the environmental mobility of short chain C4-7-PFC(A)s was investigated by quantifying their partitioning under non-standardised semi-environmental conditions into mobile environmental media, focusing on water and air, and comparing it to long chain PFC(A)s. Results are: Partitioning between water and particles in the aeration tank, primary and secondary clarifier of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) showed no distinct differences for short chain PFC(A)s compared to their long chain homologues (Paper 1). In a water-saturated sandy sediment column short chain PFC(A)s were not retarded, whereas long chain homologues were retarded by sorption to the sediment (Paper 2). Atmospheric particle-gas partitioning showed a lower fraction sorbed to particles for short chain PFC(A)s compared to long chain ones in samples from a WWTP (Paper 3). Air-water concentration ratios based on samples from the tanks of a WWTP were found to be higher for short chain PFC(A)s compared to long chain PFC(A)s (Paper 1). Additionally, in a newly developed experimental set-up the water to air transfer was used to derive that the pKa of C4-11-PFCAs must be <1.6 instead of up to 3.8 as reported in the literature (Paper 4). Overall, in the investigated systems short chain PFC(A)s showed a higher mobility due to a more pronounced partitioning into mobile environmental media compared to long chain PFC(A)s. In the second part of the thesis it was shown how PFO(A) - owing to its persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT-)properties – was in the context of this thesis successfully assessed as a substance of very high concern according to the criteria of the European REACH Regulation (EC No 1907/2006) by using data from non-standard tests (Paper 5). In conclusion, based on the knowledge of the high environmental mobility of short chain PFC(A)s and taking into account the argumentation of the PBT-concern of PFO(A), environmental exposure to short chain PFC(A)s is of concern and existing knowledge is already sufficient to initiate measures to prevent emissions of short chain PFC(A)s and their precursors into the environment.
Emotionen sind im Straßenverkehr überproportional vertreten und können negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit haben. Die am häufigsten untersuchte Emotion in diesem Zusammenhang ist Ärger. Dieser führt zur Einengung der Aufmerksamkeit sowie einer optimistischeren Risikoeinschätzung. Zudem fallen ärgerliche Fahrer durch erhöhte Geschwindigkeiten auf - einer der Hauptursachen von Unfällen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, herauszufinden, durch welche kognitiven Bewertungsdimensionen im Sinne der Appraisaltheorie nach Lazarus (1993) Ärger im Straßenverkehr bestimmt wird. Der Fragestellung wurde sich in drei empirischen Schritten genähert. Zu Beginn wurde eine Onlinebefragung mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, einen allgemeinen Überblick darüber zu geben, welche Emotionen im Straßenverkehr auftreten und welche Rolle Ärger dabei spielt. Als Erfassungsmethode des Emotionsspektrums im Straßenverkehr wurde eine Onlinevariante der Vignettenstudie gewählt. Den Probanden wurden zwölf Textvignetten - Verkehrsszenarien in Textform - vorgelegt, in die sie sich hinein versetzen und angeben sollten, welche Emotionen sie dabei empfanden. Die Verkehrssituationen wurden anhand von vier Appraisaldimensionen (Verantwortlichkeit, Zielrelevanz, Zielkongruenz und Vorsatz) erstellt, um den Verkehrsraum in seiner Breite abzubilden. Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass Ärger sowohl die häufigste als auch stärkste Emotion war. Nachdem die Wichtigkeit der Emotion bestätigt werden konnte, wurde in einem zweiten Schritt untersucht, welche weiteren Bewertungskomponenten im Sinne der Appraisaltheorie bei der Entstehung von Ärger im Straßenverkehr eine Rolle spielen. Dafür wurde als Methode eine Simulatorstudie mit anschließendem, qualitativem Interview gewählt. Das vordergründige Ziel war es, die aus der Literatur bekannten Dimensionen auf ihre Relevanz im Kontext Straßenverkehr zu überprüfen und zu erweitern. Neben der Bestätigung der Dimension Zielrelevanz ergaben sich bei den Interviews zwei weitere Bewertungsdimensionen: die wahrgenommene Kontrolle sowie der Grad des Verständnisses für die Blockierung. Sobald eine Person sich den Grund für eine Blockierung vorstellen konnte war der Ärger weniger intensiv. Die Studie zeigte vor allem, dass die objektiven Kriterien einer Situation (z.B. keine Kontrolle gegeben) nicht zwangsläufig die individuellen Bewertungen dieser widerspiegelten, woraus die These eines multiplen Mediatormodells entwickelt und in einer dritten Studie quantitativ getestet wurde. Die Dimensionen Verständnis und Kontrolle wurden daher in objektive Situationsmerkmale und individuelle Bewertungen unterteilt. Das Mediatormodell konnte insgesamt bestätigt werden. Dabei wurde der Ärger (AV) hauptsächlich durch die individuellen Bewertungen (Mediatoren) bestimmt. Der Effekt der externen Manipulation (UV) der Dimensionen Verständnis und Kontrolle wurde fast vollständig über deren individuelle Abbildung vermittelt. Die objektiven Gegebenheiten einer Situation (z.B. Begründung für Verhalten) können zwar die Bewertung beeinflussen, jedoch nicht die Stärke der Emotion direkt vorhersagen. Besonders die Dimension Verständnis zeigte großen Einfluss auf die Intensität - je höher der Grad des Verständnisses, umso geringer der Ärger. Somit beeinflusst das Geben einer Begründung für eine Blockierung im Straßenverkehr das individuelle Verständnis und minimiert den Ärger signifikant. Daraus ergeben sich direkte Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, um Ärger im Straßenverkehr abzuschwächen und das Risiko eines Unfalls zu minimieren.
Die Entfernung von Phosphor aus Abwasser bleibt ein Forschungsthema, das in Zukunft nur an Wichtigkeit gewinnen kann. Das wird durch die Umweltauswirkungen der Eutrophierung und den Verlust eines essentiellen Nährstoffes für die Nahrungsmittelproduktion dessen Knappheit immer offensichtlicher wird, immer deutlicher. Auf Kläranlagen werden heute hauptsächlich zwei Techniken verwendet um Phosphor zu entfernen, biologisch aktive Verfahren wie das Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Verfahren und Fällungstechniken unter Verwendung von Metallsalzen. Bei beiden Methoden gibt es gegenwärtig Schwierigkeiten wie z.B. die Instabilität des EBPR Prozesses wegen des Mangels an Wissen über die Grundlagen des Stoffwechselprozesses. Bei der Verwendung von Fällungsmitteln kommt es zu vielen Nachteilen im Zusammenhang mit der Nachbehandlung des Schlammes, bei der Entsorgung kommt es zu dem Verlust der Schlammmassen und damit auch des Phosphors aus dem Nährstoffkreislauf. Das Ergebnis dieser Forschung ist, dass es möglich ist, die Phosphorspeicherkapazität von Belebtschlamm zu erhöhen wenn dieser spezifische Anforderungen erfüllt. Diese Anforderungen werden wie folgt zusammengefasst: Die Schlammmasse muss in der Lage sein, EBPR Prozesse zu entwickeln, auch muss der Schlamm aus einem Belebungsbecken-System kommen, weil die Schlammflocken unter den Umgebungsbedingungen des Reaktors stabilisiert worden sind. Schließlich muss der Belebtschlamm aus einem Verfahren kommen, bei dem man für die Phosphorentfernung keine Metallsalze verwendet. Die erhöhte Phosphorstoffspeicherkapazität der Belebtschlammmassen in Verbindung mit der Möglichkeit den Phosphor aus dem Belebtschlamm über Rücklösung in die wässrige Phase wieder gewinnen zu können, bietet großes Potential in der Zukunft einen in der Abwasserwirtschaft geschlossenen Phosphorkreislauf zu entwickeln und so den Verlust des wichtigen Nährstoffes nachhaltig zu verhindern.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei etablierte soziale Dilemmata (Beitragsund Verteilungsdilemma) auf das Feld der Verhandlungsforschung übertragen. Die Parteien mussten entweder über die Verteilung von geteilten Ressourcen oder über den Beitrag zu geteilten Ressourcen in einem integrativen Verhandlungssetting verhandeln. Zusätzlich wurde die Valenz der verhandelten Ressourcen variiert (positive vs. negative Ressourcen). In insgesamt vier Studien wurde demonstriert, dass die Kombination aus Allokationskontext (Beitrag vs. Verteilung) und Ressourcenvalenz (Profite vs. Lasten) zu distinkten regulatorischen Foki führt, welche wiederum die Qualität der Verhandlungsergebnisse beeinflussen. Darüberhinaus wird der Einfluss der regulatorischen Passung in Verhandlungen um Gegenstände mit unterschiedlichen Ergebnisstrukturen gezeigt, sowie die Relevanz der vorliegenden Forschung für die Forschungsfelder der Allmende-, und Sozialen- Dilemma-Forschung diskutiert.
Human activities have converted natural ecosystems worldwide, mostly for agricultural purposes. This change in land use has been recognized as one of the key drivers causing mass extinction of biodiversity. Yet, there are species which persist particularly in traditional, low-intensity agricultural areas. However, this farmland biodiversity is increasingly threatened by the consequences of land-use intensification and land abandonment. One effect of these two processes is the change in existing landscape structures. This dissertation aimed at quantifying the relationship between biodiversity and landscape structures because a better understanding of current biodiversity patterns and their drivers is needed to navigate biodiversity conservation for a sustainable development. Specifically, this dissertation anticipates the impacts of land-use change on biodiversity in Southern Transylvania, focusing on butterflies and plants as study groups. In a first step, a methodological baseline for subsequent biodiversity studies is developed by exploring an optimal survey strategy, allocating the available resources in a study design that enables high statistical power and covers a wide range of environmental conditions. This study shows that in the highly heterogeneous farmland mosaic of Southern Transylvania, survey effort can be moderately reduced while still showing similar patterns of species richness, species turnover and species composition (Chapter 2). In a second step, biodiversity patterns of plants and butterflies are empirically investigated in response to different landscape structures, particularly towards heterogeneity and woody vegetation cover. These studies provide evidence that all main land-use types in Southern Transylvania, namely arable land, grassland and forests, contribute to an overall landscape pool. Species richness of plants, but not of butterflies, differed significantly between arable land and grassland. Presence of woody vegetation in farmland had a positive effect on plant species richness. Heterogeneity has been found beneficial for butterfly species richness in arable land, but not in grasslands. Species composition of plants was determined by land-use, but butterfly species composition was widely overlapping in arable land and grassland (Chapters 3 & 4). Investigations on the potential spread of invasive plant species in the Transylvanian landscape exhibited that distance to roads and heterogeneity, especially in arable land, were key variables determining the invasibility of the landscape (Chapter 5). By studying movement patterns of butterflies in agricultural landscapes, land-use intensity could be revealed having an impact on butterfly movements. Furthermore, butterflies were found to prefer non-arable patches within farmland (Chapter 6). In a third step, this dissertation conceptually embeds socio-economic considerations into the local and international discourse on sustainable rural development: Reflections on a participatory projects on establishing butterfly monitoring in Romania conclude that involving citizens in biodiversity conservation is possible in Romania, but need tailored approaches which consider the unique social and cultural settings (Chapter 7). Current recommendations from scientific literature to increase the agricultural yield, for example in Eastern European landscapes, through ´sustainable intensification´ for global food security are scrutinized for their engagement with sustainability. This dissertation concludes that genuine sustainable solutions need to respect the various aspects of sustainability, including procedural and distributive justice. Furthermore, it is clarified that general recommendations for agricultural intensification, for instance in Romania, may lead to devastating impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functions (Chapter 8). This dissertation provides evidence that the beneficial characteristics of the Translvanian farmland are linked to the fine spatial scale of the agricultural mosaic, the amount and distribution of semi-natural elements and the scattered woody vegetation throughout the landscape. Hence, the future of biodiversity depends on human interventions in the ancient cultural landscape. Navigating biodiversity conservation in Southern Transylvania thus needs genuine sustainable solutions, which integrate socially acceptable and ecological meaningful landscape management.