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The dissertation project focuses on empirically investigating consumers' attitudes, motivations and purchasing decisions regarding sustainable products. The focus on this micro perspective, however, does not reflect consumers' roles within the transformation towards sustainable consumption. Therefore, the present framework paper puts the included papers into a greater context and evaluates the findings on a meta-level by applying an enhanced transition management theory. The analysis underlines that consumers' limited personal capabilities are an underlying reason for unsustainable practices. Therefore, the active engagement not only of consumers, but also of companies is required if the transformation is to be successful. If companies actively support consumers in making sustainable choices, consumers can engage in sustainable consumption with only low cognitive efforts. On this basis, genuine sustainable choices are enabled. The dissertation provides practical implications by highlighting potential measures which will help to promote sustainable products from niches to mainstream. In sum, the dissertation project enhances academic understanding of consumers´ sustainable purchasing behavior and reveals the potential of integrating such insights into the management of transformations towards sustainable consumption.
Aim of the dissertation is to identify psychological success factors in the entrepreneurial process. The entrepreneurial process comprises the identification of business opportunities as well as start-up and development of new ventures (Baron, 2007b). Understanding the entrepreneurial process is important because entrepreneurship has economic, social, and theoretical functions. Early studies already pointed to the importance of psychological factors in the entrepreneurial process (Baumol, 1968). Subsequent studies focused mainly on personality traits which contributed only little to a better understanding of the psychological factors relevant for entrepreneurial success (Gartner, 1989). Based on recent theoretical frameworks, the dissertation focuses on two factors which are proposed to have a stronger effect on the successful accomplishment of the entrepreneurial process: the entrepreneur’s cognitions and actions (Baron, 2007a; Frese, 2009). It is important to note that the dissertation takes into account the complexity of the entrepreneurial process. The entrepreneurial process includes different phases with different outcomes. The empirical studies of the dissertation investigate the influence of psychological factors in the phase of opportunity identification (chapter 2 &3), in the phase of starting-up a business (chapter 4), and in the phase of growing the venture (chapter 2 &4). The dissertation thus seeks to make a comprehensive contribution to the literature on psychological factors in the entrepreneurial process.
Die Arbeit kombiniert innovative Geschäftsmodelle und Effectuation im Kontext von Entrepreneurship vor dem Hintergrund der Resource-based Theory. Im Rahmenbeitrag werden wesentliche Begriffe erarbeitet und die Arbeit eingeordnet. Dabei wird erstmals die Relevanz der Geschäftsmodell-Entwicklung und der Effectuation mithilfe der Resourcebased Theory erklärt. Im Beitrag 1 werden die angesprochenen Konzepte in einer explorativen Studie mit erfahrenen Entrepreneuren aus dem deutschen Gesundheitswesen thematisiert und die Existenz von Effectuation-Strukturen bei der Geschäftsmodell- Entwicklung getestet. Dabei werden unternehmerische Pilotprojekte als neue Strukturen entdeckt und konzeptualisiert. In Beitrag 2 werden die gewonnen Erkenntnisse in zwei Tools zur Geschäftsmodell-Entwicklung übersetzt und in Beitrag 3 im Rahmen einer case study am Beispiel eines Gründungsprojektes angewendet sowie um eine Struktur zur Bewertung von innovativen Geschäftsmodellen ergänzt.
A characteristic of the German health care market is the high complexity, amongst others due to the plurality of actors and interest groups. With so many players involved, health care reforms necessarily are the outcome of a quest for influence reflecting the relative power of interest groups. However, in much of the health economics literature, this fact is neglected, with the consequence that public regulation fails to have the intended effect. The treatment of social (interest) groups is central to understand political economic processes. Basic models in this area are the models of Olson (1965), Peltzman (1976) and Becker (1983). The objective of such model considerations in the health care market is to maximize efficiency and quality of care and thereby reduce expenditures. The section “The German health care market and its players: An overview from an economic perspective” analyses the structure of the health care market in Germany together with selected health challenges of the last decade. It questions to which extent the new political economy in contrast to welfare economy is able to explain health economic aspects. The section “Drug Prices and Pressure Group Activities in the German Health Care Market: An Application of the Becker Model” analyses the shift of power and influence among the pharmaceutical industry, the pharmacies and the social health insurers (SHI). Since the health care reform in 2004, these interest groups have been negotiating the structure of surcharges and discounts among each other without any intervention from the government. This reflects the assumption of a passive government in the Becker (1983) model and makes this model to a good choice for application. The negotiations and the resulting amendments of this ordinance express the shift of power and influence among the involved interest groups in the German health care market after 2004. The first assumption is a closed system based on the theoretical work by Becker. The amount of total budget and the amount of total influence is constant and defined as 10. In such a standardized system, the influence by producers and pharmacies decreases about 0.007 units of political pressure to the value 9.989, whereas the influence by SHI increases about 0.007 units to the value 0.011 between 2008 and 2010. More realistic is the second assumption, the assumption of an open system where the amount of total budget and the amount of total influence can change over the years. With this assumption a trend becomes apparent which shows an increase in political pressure by SHI about 0.015 units to the value 0.036 and a decrease of political pressure by pharmacies and producers about 18.326 units to the value 34.022 between 2008 and 2010. This reflects the cost control trend in combination with the empowerment incentives for SHI. Noteworthy is the high pressure level of producers compared to the other interest groups. As a conclusion one can say that the last years show a movement to more competition between the interest groups. This leads to more balanced power relations. But nevertheless, the most powerful group is still the producer group and the influence of the SHI is still very low. However, the government does not always behave passively. On sensitive issues for voters such as co-payments, the government tries to maximize votes. So, in the section “Drug Prices, Rents, and Votes in the German Health Care Market: An Application of the Peltzman Model”, the reaction of consumers (insured persons) and producers (pharmaceutical industry) based on electoral behavior and relating to drug prices and co-payments imposed on drugs is analyzed, using the health care reform of 2004 as an experience. The changes in prices and medications after this reform make it to a natural choice. For the analysis, the interest group model by Peltzman (1976) is applied to the German health care market. The vote-maximizing government has to find the optimal combination of rent and price of regulation. For the optimum solution, the variation of votes on the part of pharmaceutical industry has to equal the variation of votes on the part of consumers. Reflecting different power structures leads to drug prices ranging from 5 to 50 Euros, associated with a co-payment of 5 Euros. Prices between 50 and 100 Euros are possible as well, reflecting a balance of power facing the pharmaceutical industry. These prices are associated with a co-payment of 10% of the selling price. Concerning the transition from 1989 reference price regime to the 2004 reform one can say that producers who had accepted the reference price had an incentive to increase their price while lowering their sales volume.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel zu vermitteln, was unter dem Erlebnisnutzen von Produkten und Erlebnisökonomie verstanden werden kann, und will dabei zeigen, welches Potential die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dem Thema bietet. Ähnlich wie sich Dienstleistungen von Sachgütern abgrenzen lassen und eigene Kennzeichen besitzen, lässt sich demnach auch der Erlebnisnutzen von Produkten näher beschreiben. Bislang fehlt jedoch eine umfassende, differenzierte Beschreibung dieser Nutzenaspekte. Mit dem ersten Teil der Arbeit soll hierfür ein erstes Fundament geschaffen werden. Zur Beschreibung des erlebnisorientierten Konsums wird dabei der Begriff „Erlebnisnutzen“ verwendet. Die gesamte Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit diesem Erlebnisnutzen von Produkten und betrachtet die Erlebnisökonomie als eine Veränderung in der Gewichtung verschiedener Nutzenkomponenten. Als Verständnisgrundlage wird daher zunächst erklärt, was der Begriff „Kundennutzen“ beinhaltet und welche Bedeutung dieser für Konsumenten und Unternehmen besitzt. Anschließend soll einführend vermittelt werden, warum ein Erlebnisnutzen bei Produkten in einer Form vorhanden sein muss und ein wesentliches Konsummotiv darstellt. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit werden drei verschiedene Konzepte einer Erlebnisökonomie vorgestellt. Gezeigt wird zum einen, welche Auffassung eines Erlebnisnutzens der Autor jeweils vertritt und zum anderen, inwiefern dieser Erlebnisnutzen an Bedeutung gewinnt, sodass von einer Erlebnisökonomie gesprochen werden kann. Außerdem soll gezeigt werden, wie die Entstehung der Erlebnisökonomie jeweils begründet wird. Im letzten Teil werden zunächst die drei Konzepte einer Erlebnisökonomie hinsichtlich ihrer Aussagekraft bewertet, um herauszustellen, welches Bild einer Erlebnisökonomie sich aufgrund der kritischen Betrachtung ergibt. Abschließend werden die Potentiale für die weitere wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dem Thema basierend auf diesem Bild einer Erlebnisökonomie dargestellt.
Smartphones make intensive use of precious metals and so called conflict minerals in order to reach their high performance in a compact size. In recent times, sustainability challenges related to production, use and disposal of smartphones are increasingly a topic of public debate. Thus, established industry actors and newly emerging firms are driven to engage in more sustainable practices, such as sustainable sourcing of materials, maintenance services or take-back schemes for discarded mobile phones. Many of these latter efforts can be related to the concept of a circular economy (CE). This thesis explores how CE-related value creation architectures (VCAs) in the smartphone industry contribute to slowing and closing resource loops in a CE. In order to analyze these new industry arrangements, transaction cost theory (TCT) is used as a guiding theory for a make-or-buy analysis. Combining TCT with the concept of a CE is a novel research approach that enables the empirical analysis of relationships between focal actors (e.g. manufacturers) and newly emerging loop operators (e.g. recycling firms) in the smartphone industry. Case studies of such VCAs are conducted with case companies drawn from the Innovation Network on Sustainable Smartphones (INaS) at Leuphana Universtity of Lüneburg and analyzed regarding their involved actors, partnerships, circular activities, motivation and perceived barriers. Evidence from the conducted case studies suggests that asset specificity for circular practices increases for higher order CE-loops such as maintenance or reuse, therefore long-term partnerships between focal actors and loop operators or vertical integration of CE practices are beneficial strategies to reach a sophisticated CE. Similarly, circular practices that go beyond recycling require a strong motivation, either through integration in the focal firm´s quality commitment or through business model recognition. It is further suggested that the circular design of products and services could reduce necessary transaction costs and thus overall costs of a circular economy. Four different integration strategies for circular economy practices have been derived from the conducted case studies. These are: 1) vertically integrated loops, 2) cooperative loop-networks, 3) outsourcing to loop operators and 4) independent loop operators. This work thus provides evidence that circular economy activities do not necessarily have to be managed by focal actors in the value chain. Rather, circular practices can also be put forward by specialized loop operators or even independent actors such as repair shops.
Intelligent Product Design
(2012)
The aim of this thesis is to generate reality-based hypotheses about the opportunities and obstacles that create the implementation of Cradle to Cradle for the companies Jules Clarysse NV and Steelcase Inc. It discusses further which marketing-mix is appropriate for Cradle to Cradle products. Therefore exploratory expert interviews have been conducted with both companies. The empirical part is introduced by a literature study. From marketing perspective, the Cradle to Cradle approach for product design is investigated while taking into account that academic literature categorizes the concept on the one hand as consistent sustainability strategy, on the other hand as sustainable design. Moreover, the broad use of the expression design, within the literature of the Cradle to Cradle founders, is analyzed. Here, Cradle to Cradle design is holding out the prospect of Triple Top Line growth, rather than meeting only the economic bottom line. In regard of aesthetics, Cradle to Cradle aspires diversity in contrast to prevailing principles of Functionalism and universal design solutions. The ‘hidden‘ design assignment of Cradle to Cradle, service design, is highlighted as sphere that should be progressed. All these considerations form the interview guideline. The interviews serve as reality check whether there result Triple Top Lines and new service models for the companies and explore how aesthetics and tools of the marketing-mix are handled in Cradle to Cradle practice.
This PhD dissertation thesis aims to analyse and discuss how a company can interact with its supply chain stakeholders to facilitate the development of sustainable supply chains. The research is based on empirical and conceptual work and contributes to the field of corporate sustainability, supply chain management and its intersection. The thesis develops a conceptual framework to analyse four organisational spheres of interaction (inter, intra, supra and sub) in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). Thereby, further insights into risk and opportunityoriented approaches of companies to SSCM are provided.