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The dissertation consists of three scientific papers and a synopsis. The synopsis addresses the relevance of the dissertation and lists the key factors for the sustainability transition in the electricity system as a common denominator of the three papers. The relevance of the dissertation results, on the one hand, from the urgency of the sustainability transition in the electricity system and an insufficient transition willingness of the eastern European Member States. On the other hand, the Multi-Level-Perspective as one of the most important scientific frameworks to grasp transitions does not provide a sufficient explanation of its mechanisms. Moreover, Demand Response aggregators as new enterprises on the European electricity market and potential reform initiators are still under researched. The following key factors for the sustainability transition of the electricity system have been identified: supply security concerns, Europeanisation, policy making and the dominance of short-term oriented economic evaluation. Paper#1 sheds light on the roots of this problem in the context of Poland. It suggests that unfavorable regulation is symptomatic of the real, underlying barriers. In Poland, these barriers are coal dependence and political influence on energy enterprises. As main drivers, supply security concerns, EU regulatory pressure, and a positive cost-benefit profile of DR in comparison to alternatives, are revealed. A conceptual model of DR uptake in electricity systems is proposed. Applying a social mechanisms approach to the Multi-Level Perspective, paper#2 conceptualizes mechanisms of socio-technical transitions and of gaining legitimacy for transitions as co-evolutionary drivers and outcomes. Situational, action-formational, and transformational mechanisms that operate as drivers of change in a socio-technical transition require corresponding framing and framing contests to achieve legitimacy for that transition. The study illustrates the conceptual insight with the case of the coal dependent Polish electricity system. Paper #3, a qualitative study reveals Demand Response (DR) aggregators as institutional entrepreneurs that struggle to reform the still largely supply-oriented European electricity market. Unfavourable regulation, low value of flexibility, resource constraints, complexity, and customer acquisition are the key challenges DR aggregators face. To overcome them they apply a combination of strategies: lobbying, market education, technological proficiency, and upscaling the business. The study highlights DR aggregation as an architectural innovation that alters the interplay between key actors of the electricity system and provides policy recommendations including the necessity to assess the real value of DR in comparison to other flexibility sources by taking all externalities into account, a technology-neutral approach to market design and the need for simplification of DR programmes, and common standards to reduce complexity and uncertainty for DR providers.
The doctoral thesis deals with future challenges that the tourism market has to face on a global level. The problem is treated from different perspectives and with different thematic foci. Thematically, the thesis approaches both global changes in the tourism market and further developments of the research methodology. The methodological repertoire includes a Delphi survey in combination with a focus group, mobile ethnography in conjunction with participant observation and contextual interviews, and a quantitative online survey.
This dissertation offers three different perspectives on agency and institutional change. Within three different articles these perspectives are presented and discussed. In the following these three articles are introduced: Article I: Competing concepts of power in institutional theory make the analysis of institutional change challenging. On the one hand, the assumption of powerful institutions leaves little space for agency and institutional change; while on the other hand, the assumption of powerful actors allows for agency but contradicts the fundamental assumption of institutional theory as stated before. This article wishes to propose a concept of power that is consistent with institutional theory and preserves core institutionalist assumptions, but still offers an explanation for agency and institutional change. Article II: This study examines a case of embedded agency from the German accounting industry, which existing approaches of the paradox of embedded agency cannot explain. Based on an instrumental case study, this paper will provide a new explanation of embedded agency by highlighting the interaction between the different actors of an organizational field. Article III: Based on a dialectical perspective on institutional change, this paper studies the transformation of the German accounting industry covering the time period from 2000 to 2012. Corresponding to Seo and Creed (2002), this article identifies “intrainstitutional conformity that creates interinstitutional incompatibilities”, “legitimacy that undermines functional efficiency”, and “isomorphism that conflicts with divergent interests” (Seo & Creed, 2002, p. 226) as the drivers for recent change in this organizational field. The study provides an explanation of endogenous change that does not rely on institutional agency in explaining institutional change.
The concept of corporate entrepreneurship continues to occupy the minds of scholars and practitioners alike. This is not surprising as corporate entrepreneurship constitutes a major driver of organizational revitalization, learning, and growth within large and medium size organizations. However, despite extensive research on corporate entrepreneurship, there is still confusion about the interplay of its macro- and micro-level constituents. To unveil how the structures, practices, and behaviors, which constitute entrepreneurship in large, diversified firms, interact, I utilize a systemic reasoning and link the notion of corporate entrepreneurship to diverse theoretical positions in the strategic management field including intraorganizational ecology, institutional theory, and configuration theory - links that have been so far neglected in the literature on corporate entrepreneurship. I develop my arguments in three complementary articles. In the first article, I provide a review of the theoretical framework that to a large extent underpins my research: the Bower-Burgelman process model. In the second article, I take a qualitative case study approach to analyze how micro-level practices affect the intraorganizational and external environment in favor of an entrepreneurial initiative. In the third article, I identify four different design types on the basis of a qualitative meta-synthesis, which reflect coherent constellations of managerial interpretive-schemes, structures, and systems that cultivate entrepreneurial behavior. In sum, this dissertation contributes to a new understanding of corporate entrepreneurship as a system of entrepreneurially behaving actors who are constrained and simultaneously enabled by a set of social, cultural, political, and structural context factors.
In Zeiten, in denen die Gastronomie mit starken Umsatzeinbußen zu kämpfen hat, wie es in den vergangenen Jahren der Fall war, ist es für die Unternehmen von großer Bedeutung, ihre Konzepte so zu gestalten, daß sie den Erwartungen der Verbraucher soweit wie möglich entsprechen. Hierfür ist umfangreiche Kenntnis über die Gäste bzw. potentiellen Gäste erforderlich, um sich gegenüber den Mitbewerbern erfolgreich auf dem gastronomischen Markt zu positionieren bzw. zu profilieren.
Die Arbeit thematisiert die Erklärung der Wahrnehmung von Produkt-, Marken- und Preiseigenschaften und die Bildung von Produkt- und Markenpräferenzen bei Auswahlentscheidungen von Urlaubsreisenden in Bezug auf die Urlaubspauschalreise und deren Einzelleistungsträger Urlaubsdestination, Reiseveranstalter und Hotel mit Hilfe des Involvementkonzeptes. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit werden aufgrund konzeptioneller Vorüberlegungen und einer Bewertung bestehender Involvement-Konzepte und Involvementmessinstrumente die konzeptionellen Anforderungen an ein Involvement-Messmodell formuliert. Zum Abschluss des Theorieteils wird ein allgemeines theoretisches Modell, das Involvement-Präferenz-Modell entwickelt. Ziel des Erklärungsmodells ist die Erfassung und Systematisierung der relevanten Faktoren, die das Entscheidungsverhalten von Urlaubern abbilden unter Fokussierung auf das Involvement als zentraler Steuerungsgröße. Aufgrund der herausgehobenen Stellung des Reiseveranstalters bei der Buchungsentscheidung wurde dieser in den Mittelpunkt der empirischen Analyse gestellt. Dabei galt es insbesondere kausale Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Ursachen, Formen und Konsequenzen von Involvement zu untersuchen. Die Auswertung wurde mit LISREL durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche Involvementzustände distinkte Wahrnehmungsmuster in Bezug auf Produktqualität, Marke und Preis erzeugen und damit Form und Intensität des Entscheiderinvolvements einen kausalen Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmungsstrukturen von Urlaubsentscheidern im Hinblick auf die Wahrnehmung von Produkt-, Marken- und Preiseigenschaften von Reiseveranstaltern besitzen. Die Implikationen für das touristische Marketing und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Modells für die Konsumentenforschung werden zum Abschluss der Arbeit diskutiert.
Die Innovationsfähigkeit von Unternehmen ist von zentraler Bedeutung für deren Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Insbesondere kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) bedürfen aufgrund ihrer in der Regel vergleichsweise geringen Ressourcennausstattungen und der marktmächtigen Konkurrenz von Großunternehmen einer besonderen Innovationsfähigkeit, um sich am Markt behaupten zu können. Wie mittelständische Unternehmen diese Fähigkeiten jedoch zur Generierung von Innovationen einsetzen, gilt in der Forschung weiterhin als ‚Black Box‘, über die viel zu wenig geforscht wird. Gerade dieser Prozess der Innovationsgenerierung muss jedoch verstanden werden, um Unterschiede in der Innovativität mittelständischer Unternehmen zu erklären. Auf Grundlage einer empirischen Analyse von 41 mittelständischen Innovationssystemen werden in dieser Studie Erfolgsfaktoren der Innovation identifiziert. Anhand von Fallstudien wird erörtert, wie diese Erfolgsfaktoren zusammenwirken und wie diese Faktoren gezielt durch das Management zur Verbesserung der Innovationsfähigkeiten beeinflusst werden können. Mit dieser Dissertation wird nicht nur ein umfassendes Bild von der Entstehung und Konfiguration der Innovationsfähigkeit in mittelständischen Unternehmen gezeichnet, sondern auch die Herausforderungen erörtert, die sich für das Management aus der Steuerung von Innovationsprozessen ergibt. Durch praxisnahe Handlungsempfehlungen bietet diese Dissertation konkrete Lösungsansätze die Innovationsfähigkeit durch eine zielgerichtete Konfiguration nachhaltig zu verbessern und somit einen nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsvorteil zu erzielen.
Understanding that entrepreneurship can be better modeled from a systemic point of view is a primordial aspect that determines the important role of universities in entrepreneurial ecosystems. What makes the ecosystem approach a valuable tool for understanding social systems is that, from a holistic perspective, their behavior seems to have emerging characteristics. This dissertation presents a dual scientific account of the entrepreneurship phenomenon in universities. The work is divided into two equal parts, each of which is composed of two research papers. The narrative of the first half takes on a macro perspective view, consisting of one theoretical and one empirically-based conceptual case study. This part conceptually depicts a systematic approach to entrepreneurialism in higher education, namely an ecosystems perspective. The second half concentrates on the meso- and micro levels of study from the university's point of view, comprising of a case study as historical account for the emergence of the entrepreneurial university, and of a metasynthesis of empirical case studies in entrepreneurial universities, which serves as the basis for the development of entrepreneurial university archetypes. This doctoral work contributes to an in-depth understanding of Entrepreneurship in universities regarding its systemic qualities and archetypal characteristics of entrepreneurial universities. It argues for an ecosystem's perspective on the phenomenon of entrepreneurial activity, highlighting the fundamental role that universities play as the heart of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Furthermore, this research expands on the novel concept of the entrepreneurial university by using extensive case study literature to empirically identify distinct archetypes that better reflect the diverse reality of how universities engage as entrepreneurial actors by way of differentiated entrepreneurial structures, systems, and strategies.
Personally meaningful tourist experiences foster subjective mental wellbeing. Modern, human-centred technologies such as gamified technology have been recognised as a promising means to support tourists in their co-creation of meaningful tourist experiences. However, a deeper understanding and conceptualisation of tourists' engagement with gamified technologies in the tourist experience has remained absent so far. This study draws on positive psychology as the guiding theoretical lens to conceptualise and explore tourists' underlying motives for engaging with gamified technology, as well as the gratifications thereof for the tourist experience. In doing so, this thesis identifies how tourists generate meaning through interacting with gamified technology in the tourist experience, thereby fostering the co-creation of meaningful tourist experiences and contributing to subjective mental wellbeing. Being among the first studies to link the concepts of positive psychology, gamified technology, and tourist experiences, the results of this thesis provide rich findings on the underlying motives for tourists to engage with gamified technology during vacation, as well as the gratifications of gamified technology for the creation of meaning in the tourist experience. Using the theoretical lens of positive psychology and achievement motivation theory as the main theoretical underpinning, this study is positioned at the intersection of social psychology, human-computer interaction, and tourism as the field of application. Conceptually, this thesis provides an in-depth understanding of tourists’ engagement with gamified technology, including the socio-psychological motivators for engagement and the outcomes thereof for the tourist experience.