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This paper traces the profound decline in German unionism over the course of the last three decades. Today just one in five workers is a union member, and it is now moot whether this degree of penetration is consistent with a corporatist model built on encompassing unions. The decline in union membership and density is attributable to external forces that have confronted unions in many countries (such as globalization and compositional changes in the workforce) and to some specifically German considerations (such as the transition process in postcommunist Eastern Germany) and sustained intervals of classic insider behavior on the part of German unions. The ‘correctives’ have included mergers between unions, decentralization, and wages that are more responsive to unemployment. At issue is the success of these innovations. For instance, the trend toward decentralization in collective bargaining hinges in part on the health of that other pillar of the dual system of industrial relations, the works council. But works council coverage has also declined, leading some observers to equate decentralization with deregulation. While this conclusion is likely too radical, German unions are at the cross roads. It is argued here that if they fail to define what they stand for, are unable to increase their presence at the workplace, and continue to lack convincing strategies to deal with contemporary economic and political trends working against them, then their decline may become a rout.
Works Councils, Labor Productivity and Plant Heterogeneity: First Evidence from Quantile Regressions
(2006)
Using OLS and quantile regression methods and rich cross-section data sets for western and eastern Germany, this paper demonstrates that the impact of works council presence on labor productivity varies between manufacturing and services, between plants that are or are not covered by collective bargaining, and along the conditional distribution of labor productivity. No productivity effects of works councils are found for the service sector and in manufacturing plants not covered by collective bargaining. Besides demonstrating that it is important to look at evidence based on more than one data set, our empirical findings point to the efficacy of supplementing OLS with quantile regression estimates when investigating the behavior of heterogeneous plants.
This paper analyzes the growth impact of fiscal and institutional governmental policies in a regional context. The government provides a productive input that is complementary to private capital. Institutional policies include the decision about the type of public input as well as on the size of the region as determined by the number of firms. Fiscal policies decide on the extent of the public input. Private capital accumulation incurs adjustment costs that depend upon the ratio between private and public investment. After deriving the decentralized equilibrium, fiscal and institutional policies as well as their interdependencies and welfare implications are discussed. Due to the feedback effects both policies may not be determined independently. It is also shown that depending on the region’s size different types of the public input maximize growth.
In the course of railway reforms at the end of the last century, European national governments, as well the EU Commission, decided to open markets and to separate railway networks from train operations. Vertically integrated railway companies argue that such a separation of infrastructure and operations would diminish the advantages of vertical integration and would therefore not be suitable to raise economic welfare. In this paper, we conduct a pan-European analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of scope associated with vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of joint production and, thus, produce railway services on a higher level of e±ciency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more e±cient we apply an innovative Data Envelopment Analysis super-e±ciency bootstrapping model which relates the e±ciency for integrated production to a virtual reference set consisting of the separated production technology and which is applicable to other network industries as energy and telecommunication as well. Our ¯ndings are that for a majority of European Railway companies economies of scope exist.
An empirical analysis of various waves of the ALLBUS social survey shows that union density fell substantially in western Germany from 1980 to 2004 and in eastern Germany from 1992 to 2004. Such a negative trend can be observed for men and women and for different groups of the workforce. Regression estimates indicate that the probability of union membership is related to a number of personal and occupational variables such as age, public sector employment and being a blue collar worker (significant in western Germany only). A decomposition analysis shows that differences in union density over time and between eastern and western Germany to a large degree cannot be explained by differences in the characteristics of employees. Contrary to wide-spread perceptions, changes in the composition of the workforce seem to have played a minor role in the fall in union density in western and eastern Germany.
Vier Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der letzten Reform des Betriebsverfassungsgesetzes wurden ihre Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitbeziehungen in 600 mittelständischen Betrieben im Regierungsbezirk Lüneburg erneut empirisch untersucht. Bei der Studie handelt es sich um die zweite Befragung derselben Grundgesamtheit. Damit lassen die Ergebnisse sowohl Aussagen über die aktuelle Mitbestimmungssituation als auch über die Veränderungen seit 2003 zu. Im Blickpunkt der Befragung stand, ob der erweiterte Mitbestimmungskatalog zwischenzeitlich von den Betriebsräten genutzt wird und in welchem Umfang seit 2001 neue Betriebsräte entstanden sind. Ferner galt es zu überprüfen, welches die Schwerpunkte der Betriebsratsarbeit sind, welche Rolle dem Betriebsverfassungsgesetz hierbei zukommt und welche Effekte dies – nach Einschätzung der Arbeitgeberseite –auf die Arbeitsbeziehungen hat. Dieser Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse der Untersuchung vor und vergleicht diese mit Erkenntnissen anderer Studien.
Abstract. The ecological literature suggests that biodiversity reduces the variance of ecosystem services. Thus, conservative biodiversity management has an insurance value to risk-averse users of ecosystem services. We analyze a conceptual ecological-economic model in which such management measures generate a private benefit and, via ecosystem processes at higher hierarchical levels, a positive externality on other ecosystem users. We find that ecosystem management and environmental policy depend on the extent of uncertainty and risk-aversion as follows: (i) Individual effort to improve ecosystem quality unambiguously increases. The free-rider problem may decrease or increase, depending on the characteristics of the ecosystem and its management; in particular, (ii) the size of the externality may decrease or increase, depending on how individual and aggregate management effort influence biodiversity; and (iii) the welfare loss due to free-riding may decrease or increase, depending on how biodiversity influences ecosystem service provision.
Handwerksreform 2004 - Rückwirkungen auf das Ausbildungsverhalten Lüneburger Handwerksbetriebe?
(2006)
Die Befragung Lüneburger Handwerksbetriebe, die im Rahmen eines Projektes zur Regulierung auf dem deutschen Handwerksmarkt in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kreishandwerkerschaft Lüneburg durchgeführt wurde, soll Auswirkungen der Anfang 2004 erfolgten Handwerksreform erfassen. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt dieses Artikels auf der Ausbildungsleistung des Handwerks. Die theoretischen Ansätze zur Erklärung betrieblicher Lehrstellenangebote sollen mit den Ergebnissen der ersten Befragungsrunde über die Determinanten der Ausbildungsentscheidung im Lüneburger Handwerk konfrontiert werden.