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During the nineties of the last century, several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry is shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions are complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this 'revised' contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany sections, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network only. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, high entry lags expected and a probable short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non contestable monopolistic networks.
Despite the scepticism raised by the German Monopoly Commission our analysis shows that the revised theory of contestable markets can be applied to the telecommunications market better than expected. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exits possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeds the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions are complied with for potential competition to exist. We applied the 'revised' contestable market theory to the German telecommunication market and have been able to clearly identify the sections in which regulation is required. Under the present conditions local loops - which should be seen as natural monopolies - are not contestable due to sunk costs, high entry lags expected and a probable short price adjustment lag. Local loops can be identified as bottlenecks therefore. Regional and local connection networks should also be regulated because a high entry lag and a low price adjustment lag have to be expected as well as current competition does not exist today. The national connection network shows current competition between several network providers, hence regulation can be abolished in this field. Moreover, services can be supplied by several firms, and we predict strong potential competition.. There are no arguments favouring a natural monopoly in the section of terminals.
Arbeitsnachfrage
Das computergestützte Repetitorium der Elementarmathematik wendet sich an Studierende, die ihre Kenntnisse in der Schulmathematik auffrischen und überprüfen wollen. Die Entwicklung des Repetitoriums geschah in der Absicht, Schwächen handelsüblicher Lernprogramme zu überwinden.
Der vorliegende Text trifft eine (subjektive) Auswahl aus Themen der Theoretischen Informatik, deren Kenntnis neben vielen anderen Themen als unabdingbar im Rahmen der Informatikausbildung angesehen wird.
Für die Integrative Bewegungstherapie sind die Budo-Künste (Karate-Do, Judo, Aikido usw.) noch nicht erschlossen. Dies, obwohl diese Künste aus einem Kulturkreis kommen, der die Einheit von Körper und Geist immer betonte. Läßt man sich aber auf dieses Thema ein, dann kommt man im Vorfeld schon zur Überzeugung, daß man sich mit einem Hauptkritikpunkt auseinandersetzen muß, der da lautet: Die Budo-Kunst führt zur Gewalt. Besonders nach der Publikation des Buches von Colin Goldner, der diese These zu stützen sucht, scheint es ander Zeit, sich dieses Problems anzunehmen.
Mit Die empirischen Grundlagen der Unterrichtsforschung legte Klaus Beck ein methodenkritisches Werk vor, was man ohne weiteres als große Herausforderung für empirisch arbeitende Wissenschaftler bezeichnen kann. Es wühlt auf, versucht Beck doch zu zeigen, dass Beobachtungs- und Befragungsmethoden wegen der Bedeutungsüberschneidung der Kategorien resp. ratings nicht hinreichend valide sind, um ein genaues Bild der Unterrichtswirklichkeit geben zu können. Das Erkenntnisziel der analytisch-empirischen Unterrichtsforschung sei systematisch verfehlt.
Leere ist ein faszinierendes Thema. Es gibt verschiedene Wege, sich die Leere zu erschließen. Einer davon soll im folgenden vorgestellt werden: Zen.
Detlev Claussen: Das Neue im Alten - Robert Kurz: Das Ende der Neuen Weltordnung - Christoph Türcke: Horkheimer, Adorno und die Destruktivität des 20. Jahrhunderts - Gunzelin Schmid Noerr: Gesten aus Begriffen - Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Folter
Rolf Wiggershaus: Antagonistische Gesellschaft und Naturverhältnis - Regina Becker-Schmidt: Früher-später; innen-außen: Feministische Überlegungen zum Ideologiebegriff - Sabine Horst: Versuch, den populären Film zu verstehen - Johannes Bauer: Telesupervision - Vicente Gómez: Die Kritische Theorie in Spanien
Gérard Raulet: Chockerlebnis, mémoire involontaire und Allegorie - Hauke Brunckhorst: Hunde ohne Kleinhirn - Heinz Eidam: Kontingenz und Metaphysik - Ulrich Kohlmann: Selbstreflexion der Ethik - Kurt Lenk: Politik als Theater
Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um das Manuskript eines Vortrages, der am 27.03.2000 an der RWTH Aachen anlässlich des Workshops 'Leben und Arbeiten auf Mond und Mars' gehalten wurde. Der Vortrag beleuchtet die psychologischen Belastungen und Beanspruchungen von Astronauten bei Langzeitmissionen und stellt mögliche (psychologische) Unterstützungsmaßnahmen vor. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, inwieweit sich Befunde und Erfahrungen von bisherigen Missionen auf zukünftige Missionen zu Mond und Mars übertragen lassen.
Lehrerbefragung zum Thema Klassenfrequenz
Das vorliegende Skript beschreibt die theoretischen Grundlagen der Entwicklungspsychologie.
Das vorliegende Skript beschreibt die theoretischen Grundlagen der Gedächtnispsycholgie.
Das vorliegende Skript beschreibt die theoretischen Grundlagen der Sprache.
Das vorliegende Skript beschreibt die theoretischen Grundlagen des Sinnessystems.
Medizin ; Recht
Evaluation des Lehramtsstudiengangs aus der Sicht der Studierenden an der Universität Lüneburg
Combinatorial optimization is still one of the biggest mathematical challenges if you plan and organize the run-ning of a business. Especially if you organize potential factors or plan the scheduling and sequencing of opera-tions you will often be confronted with large-scaled combinatorial optimization problems. Furthermore it is very difficult to find global optima within legitimate time limits, because the computational effort of such problems rises exponentially with the problem size. Nowadays several approximation algorithms exist that are able to solve this kind of problems satisfactory. These algorithms belong to a special group of solution methods which are called local search algorithms. This article will introduce the topic of simulated annealing, one of the most efficient local search strategies. This article summarizes main aspects of the guest lecture Combinatorial Optimi-zation with Local Search Strategies, which was held at the University of Ioannina in Greece in June 1999.
Es geht um „governance“ in vertikalen Produktions- und Handelsketten, die agrarische Rohstoffproduktion in Entwicklungsländern und industrielle Verarbeitung in Industrieländern in Sequenzen von Unternehmen und Märkten miteinander verbinden.
Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, Persönlichkeitsmerkmale der Unternehmensgründer aufzudecken, von welchen ein Einfluss auf den Erfolg der Unternehmung ausgeht.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der zukünftigen Entwicklung des Electronic Government (E-Government).
Der Aufsatz analysiert die verschiedenen Bereiche der Verwaltung (Front Office und Back Office) und die Möglichkeiten, durch den Einsatz von IuK-Systemen die Arbeitsläufe für die Kunden effektiver zu organisieren.
Der Aufsatz handelt vom 'Cyberspace' als Utopie unserer Informationsgesellschaft
Dieser Aufsatz wurde anlässlich eines Symposiums in einer Festschrift zu Ehren von Prof. Dr. Heinrich Reichmann veröffentlicht. Es geht um seine Verdienste im Bereich Electronic Government (E-Government) und Verwaltungsreform.
Der Beitrag wurde Prof. Dr. Reinermann gewidmet und beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit Electronic Government (E-Government) die Staatsmodernisierung weiter gebracht hat.
Der Aufsatz wurde anlässlich der Emeritierung von Prof. Dr. Reinermann im Oktober 2003 veröffentlicht. Er beschreibt den Einsatz elektronischer Aktenverwaltungssysteme.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz beleuchtet die Möglichkeiten, Archive elektronisch für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen.
Der Aufsatz beschreibt die Erfahrungen im Bereich des Electronic Government (E-Government), die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes eGOV gemacht wurden. Die Bedeutung von E-Government als Reform- und Modernisierungskonzept erfreut sich wachsender Beachtung.
The aim of these lecture notes is to give a quick introduction into neural networks, its algorithms and applications. The notes are not intended as a replacement of a comprehensive textbook.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschreibt den demographischen Wandel in der Bevölkerung Deutschlands und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt und die Personalpolitik in Betrieben.
Forschungsbericht des Fachbereichs Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Lüneburg für 2004
Based on data from a recent representative survey of the adult population in Germany this paper documents that the patterns of variables influencing nascent and infant entrepreneurship are quite similar and broadly in line with our theoretical priors – both types of entrepreneurship are fostered by the width of experience and a role model in the family, and hindered by risk aversion, while being male is a supporting factor. Results of this study using cross section data are in line with conclusions from longitudinal studies for other countries finding that between one in two and one in three nascent entrepreneurs become infant entrepreneurs, and that observed individual characteristics – with the important exception of former experience as an employee in the industry of the new venture - tend to play a minor role only in differentiating who starts and who gives up.
Many public goods are characterized by rivalry and/or excludability. This paper introduces both non-excludable and excludable public inputs into a simple endogenous growth model. We derive the equilibrium growth rate and design the optimal tax and user-cost structure. Our results emphasize the role of congestion in determining this optimal financing structure and the consequences this has in turn for the government’s budget. The latter consists of fee and tax revenues that are used to finance the entire public production input and that may or may not suffice to finance the entire public input, depending upon the degree of congestion. We extend the model to allow for monopoly pricing of the user fee by the government. Most of the analysis is conducted for general production functions consistent with endogenous growth, although the case of CES technology is also considered.
While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated empirically using aggregate data for countries and industries for a long time, only recently have comprehensive longitudinal data at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their counterparts which sell on the domestic market only. This papers surveys the empirical strategies applied, and the results produced, in 45 microeconometric studies with data from 33 countries that were published between 1995 and 2004. Details aside, exporters are found to be more productive than non-exporters, and the more productive firms self-select into export markets, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity.
This paper discusses the emergence of endogenous redistributive cycles in a stochastic growth model with incomplete asset markets and heterogeneous agents, where agents vote on the degree of progressivity in the taxñtransferñscheme. The model draws from BÈnabou (1996) and ties the bias in the distribution of political power to the degree of inequality in the society, thereby triggering redistributive cycles which then give rise to a nonlinear, cyclical pattern of savings rates, growth and inequality over time.
This paper investigates the redistributive effects of taxation on occupational choice and growth. We discuss a twoñsector economy in the spirit of Romer (1990). Agents engage in one of two alternative occupations: either selfñemployment in an intermediate goods sector characterized by monopolistic competition, or employment as an ordinary worker in this sector. Entrepreneurial pro_ts are stochastic. The occupational choice under risk endogenizes the number of _rms in the intermediate goods industry. While the presence of entrepreneurial risk results in a suboptimally low number of _rms and depresses growth, nonñlinear tax schemes are partly capable of compensating the negative by effects by ex post providing a social insurance.
The EU electricity directive (96/92/EC) established the right of the member states to choose between Regulated and Negotiated Third Party Access (RTPA and NTPA). The interest group theory is able to explain whether the introduction of NTPA in Germany had been an interest group equilibrium under the restriction of EU-directive. Using the NTPA associations of electricity power suppliers, network monopolists and industrial consumers negotiated three agreements. The last one (AA VVII+) in December 2001 introduced a market comparison scheme with three structural features: “East-/West-Germany”, “consumption/population density”, and “cable rate”. These features are variables which are supposed to reflect cost differences between network suppliers. The theoretical analysis will derive the hypothesis that this conception allows to introduce a cost irrelevant factor and therefore to increase prices without harming firms which do not hold this factor. This hypothesis could be tested by analyzing the German low and medium voltage network suppliers in 2002 and 2003. Our estimations show that the use of structural feature “East-/West Germany” and “consumption/population density” could be explained by this hypothesis. But because we have no firm specific information about cost differences other explanations could not be excluded: Monopoly prices differ with marginal costs, and regulation could reflect real cost differences. The third structural feature “cable rate” has no influence in low voltage networks, but has an impact on access charges levied in medium voltage networks. This relationship is only given if we use the borderlines given by AA VVII+. Hence, we are not able to reject the interest group theory: The feature “cable rate” was introduced successfully to increase access charges for medium network suppliers which have high cable rates without having higher costs.