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The Macro Polity Revisited
(2021)
This dissertation includes six articles tied together by the overarching question of how changes in public opinion, economics and public policy co-evolve in mature democracies, with a focus on redistributive (in seven European democracies) and secessionist preferences (in Catalonia and Scotland). The theoretical inspiration derives from three sources: 1. the Macro Polity model by Erikson, MacKuen/Stimson, 2. the Thermostatic Responsiveness model by Soroka and Wlezien, and 3. the literature on representation gap models by Gilens, Elsaesser and others. The Macro Polity and Thermostatic Responsiveness models come with an optimistic undertone, emphasizing that public policies adapt to public opinion, producing the policy-opinion congruence that defines responsive government. The Representation Gap model, by contrast, is more pessimistic in highlighting that the preferences of low-income groups are generally worse represented in public policies than the preferences of middle-income and especially high-income groups. While there is evidence in favor of these models for the majoritarian political systems in the US, Canada and the UK, less is known about the validity of these models in proportional democracies of continental Europe. The contributions in this dissertation address this research gap by integrating the three models and combining nearly 500 surveys to study the evolution of European public opinion at the national and subnational level.
Ikonizität der Information
(2021)
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der ikonischen Dimension von Wissensorganisationssystemen (KOS) und dem epistemischen Potenzial von Bildlichkeit, bzw. Ikonizität auf Zeichenebene, im Bereich des digitalen Kulturerbes. Dabei bezieht sich die Ikonizität der Information einmal auf eine implizite Dimension auf einer strukturellen Ebene sowie auf explizite Ausdrucksformen wie Visualisierungen, die Objekte und ihre Relationen topologisch darstellen. In einem interdisziplinären Ansatz, der sich unter anderem auf Bild-, Zeichen und Medientheorie bezieht, werden sowohl aktuelle Visualisierungen als auch historische Entwicklungen in der Theorie und Modellierung von Wissensorganisationssystemen analysiert. Der Theorieteil, in dem die Konzepte Information, Zeichen und Ikonizität adressiert werden, stützt sich vor allem auf die universelle Zeichentheorie und das Konzept des diagrammatic reasoning von Charles Sanders Peirce und bildet die Basis für die Analyse impliziter und expliziter Bildlichkeit in der digitalen Wissensorganisation. Die Kategorien Genauigkeit (accuracy) und Effizienz (effiency) dienen als Parameter für eine Analyse des europäischen Kulturerbeportals Europeana, mit dem Ziel den Grad der semantischen Kontextualisierung (Dichte der Beschreibung) zu identifizieren. Die Vagheit und Mehrdeutigkeit oder simultane Pluralität visueller Ausdrucksformen bildet einen ikonischen Überschuss, welcher als maßgeblich für die Erkenntnisfunktion der Bildlichkeit identifiziert wird.
This dissertation presents an analysis of the relations to self and technology that emerge from and in the use of self-tracking technologies. The ethnographical study, combined with the Grounded Theory approach and a media analysis, demonstrates the complex intertwining or duality of control and care towards oneself that emerge or become possible in and through the application of ST technologies. ST devices assist in strengthening one's health and well-being in a playful way, building and maintaining a positive self-feeling, self-image and agency, and discovering unknown abilities and potentials within oneself. The ST technologies used provide orientation through complexity-reducing visualizations, highlighting patterns, and trend progression. They challenge through self-overload, dissatisfaction when not achieving goals, self-deception and distraction, narcissism and even loss of control - internally through compulsion to control as well as externally through loss of data otection and exploitation of private data by third parties, as well as handing over responsibility (in the form of decisions) to technology (algorithms) instead of self-responsibility. These two seemingly opposed yet concurrently existing self-relations reflect the dynamic between today's demands for self-responsibility (in health and performance terms) and the need for self-care and guidance for the many relevant, sometimes daily, decisions. They balance possibly existing tensions and ambiguities between the modes of self-relations that at first glance seem to be opposed and yet ultimately are jointly oriented towards the same goal, namely to master one's life (life maintenance) and to be in balance. The self-relations described in this thesis are supported, reinforced, or enabled by ST technology (and practice). Three different roles that ST technology can take in self-care and self-control were elaborated: technology as a means, a counterpart, and a promise. In relation to technology, another dialectic is visible, which shows the apparent contrast between its conception as a tool and means to achieve something and the approach to technology as an intimate counterpart (partner, nanny, coach) and a promise of salvation. The relationship with technology seems to intensify in and through the ST experience and takes on or is assigned a partner-like role by the users. Finally, the results indicate that the concept of (self-)optimization, contrary to its etymological meaning of a logic of increase, can also be understood differently, namely balancing. In this context, optimization does not necessarily mean the fastest, the highest, the strongest, but something that is achievable and satisfactory for the self - within the framework of the given and the desired. At the same time, the optimization understood as harmonizing and balancing in self-tracking becomes a lifelong task that, in principle, can never be completed because with the addition of new vital areas in life and throughout a lifetime also the individually understood and conceived balance often shifts.