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Nietzsche und der Mythos
(2001)
In dieser Arbeit wird das Thema der Überfischung vor der Küste Westafrikas behandelt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der industriellen und auf der illegalen Fischerei, welche hauptsächlich von den Industrienationen ausgehen. Hierbei werden die Rechtslage und die Auswirkungen auf die Ökonomie und die Soziologie in Westafrika behandelt. Im Hinblick
auf die intensive Fischerei lautet die zentrale Frage, ob die industrielle und die illegale Fischerei zu einem Zusammenbruch des Fischereisektors in Westafrika führen. Fazit der Arbeit ist, dass die lokalen Fischer und die Arbeiter aus den Weiterverarbeitungsbetrieben massiven Existenzproblemen ausgesetzt sind. Des Weiteren führt der Mangel an Fischereiprodukten zu einer Vielzahl von Problemen in der Bevölkerung, als Beispiel ist hier die Mangelernährung zu nennen. Den Abschluss dieser Arbeit bilden umfassende Lösungsvorschläge aus den Bereichen Recht, Politik und
Sozialwissenschaften.
The paper demonstrates how the E–stability principle introduced by Evans and Honkapohja can be applied to models with heterogeneous and private information in order to assess the stability of rational expectations equilibria under learning. The paper extends already known stability results for the Grossman and Stiglitz model to a more general case with many differentially informed agents and to the case where information is endogenously acquired by optimizing agents. In both cases it turns out that the rational expectations equilibrium of the model is inherently E-stable and thus locally stable under recursive least squares learning.
Rehabilitationsrecht
(2001)
Insbesondere in den sogenannten entwickelten Ländern findet Nachhaltigkeit immer mehr Anklang. Die meisten dort lebenden Menschen würden sowohl ihre Ziele befürworten, als auch ihre Hindernisse überwinden wollen. Aber wir stellen fest, dass Nachhaltigkeit im Augenblick der Handlungsentscheidung nicht vorrangig behandelt wird. Im Gegenteil, sie wird hinten angestellt. Dieser Aufsatz erklärt, woran es liegt, dass sich Menschen letztendlich kaum mit Nachhaltigkeit emotional identifizieren können - weder im positiven noch im negativen Sinne. Das Erreichen von Nachhaltigkeit kann somit nur dann gelingen, wenn ein Ziel gefunden wird, das Menschen tatsächlich motiviert - und das gleichzeitig Nachhaltigkeit hervorbringt
Vorbereitung zur Wiederverwendung: Regelung und Regelungsbedarf - Umsetzungs- und Erfolgsaussichten
(2013)
Wiederverwendung (WV) von Erzeugnissen ist als Ansatz hinsichtlich der Ressourcenschonung zu verstehen. Durch Verwertungsmaßnahmen mit dieser Zielsetzung - Vorbereitung zur Wiederverwendung (VWV) - kann man bewirken, dass einst als Abfall eingestufte Erzeugnisse ihre ursprüngliche Funktion wieder erfüllen, so dass im Prinzip weniger Ressourcen für die Bereitstellung von neuen Produkten beansprucht werden müs-sen. Zumindest theoretisch wäre es dann möglich, nachhaltige Entwicklung mit Wirtschaftswachstum zu vereinbaren. Aus diesem Potenzial ergibt sich die hohe Stellung sowohl von WV als auch von VWV in der so-genannten Abfallhierarchie. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigt die Realität, dass die Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten von WV bzw. VWV bescheiden sind. Auf die Ursachen und Folgen dieses Phänomens geht dieser Aufsatz ein.
Schlüsselwörter: Wiederverwendung, Abfallhierarchie, Effizienz, Suffizienz, Konsum-entenverhalten, Ressourcenschutz, Nachhaltigkeit, Kreislaufwirtschaft
Many fewer women than men try the entrepreneurial way in Germany. Any explanation for this phenomenon must be complex, as many factors are relevant for its production. Among other things, it is possible to speculate on sexual/gender discrimination, on more or less voluntary decisions of women or on different starting conditions for potential entrepreneurs. We assume that these options are closely related. This paper will concentrate, though, on the third alternative. Its focus will be set on the “family field,” or more precisely, on the role of family law in hindering women from trying self-employment. The family field in Germany has not evolved in the sense of gender equality along with all other areas of society - e.g., entrepreneurship. No gender equality is possible if the family field is not part of it. This paper analyses causes and consequences for this phenomenon.
Key Words: Gender studies, Family Law, Entrepreneurship, chance equality, social sustainability
In theory we pursue a sustainable development, but in reality we do not. An economy based on continuous growth, which evidently is not sustainable, is however the priority model almost everywhere. If we really aim at implementing sustainability, then we must radically change our economic model. Sufficiency - which calls for individuals mainly from so-called “developed countries” not to consume more than is really needed - may offer a useful alternative. We can still find some - last - examples of indigenous peoples living in a sufficient manner, all of them nowadays in those “developing countries”. We could learn at least from them that it is possible to live differently, i.e., in harmony with ourselves and our environment. This would pave the way for their - and for our all - protection, as well as the manner in which we understand at present development politics.
In the course of railway reforms at the end of the last century, European national governments, as well the EU Commission, decided to open markets and to separate railway networks from train operations. Vertically integrated railway companies argue that such a separation of infrastructure and operations would diminish the advantages of vertical integration and would therefore not be suitable to raise economic welfare. In this paper, we conduct a pan-European analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of scope associated with vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of joint production and, thus, produce railway services on a higher level of e±ciency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more e±cient we apply an innovative Data Envelopment Analysis super-e±ciency bootstrapping model which relates the e±ciency for integrated production to a virtual reference set consisting of the separated production technology and which is applicable to other network industries as energy and telecommunication as well. Our ¯ndings are that for a majority of European Railway companies economies of scope exist.
In this paper, we conduct a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient, we apply a Data Envelopment Analysis super-efficiency bootstrapping model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a reference set consisting of separated firms which use a different production technology. We find that for a majority of European railways economies of scope exist.
Despite the scepticism raised by the German Monopoly Commission our analysis shows that the revised theory of contestable markets can be applied to the telecommunications market better than expected. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exits possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeds the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions are complied with for potential competition to exist. We applied the 'revised' contestable market theory to the German telecommunication market and have been able to clearly identify the sections in which regulation is required. Under the present conditions local loops - which should be seen as natural monopolies - are not contestable due to sunk costs, high entry lags expected and a probable short price adjustment lag. Local loops can be identified as bottlenecks therefore. Regional and local connection networks should also be regulated because a high entry lag and a low price adjustment lag have to be expected as well as current competition does not exist today. The national connection network shows current competition between several network providers, hence regulation can be abolished in this field. Moreover, services can be supplied by several firms, and we predict strong potential competition.. There are no arguments favouring a natural monopoly in the section of terminals.
During the nineties of the last century, several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry is shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions are complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this 'revised' contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany sections, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network only. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, high entry lags expected and a probable short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non contestable monopolistic networks.
The European Union’s Council Regulation on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development has introduced auctioning as a new instrument for granting agri-environmental payments and awarding conservation contracts for the recent multi-annual budgetary plan. This paper therefore deals with the conception and results of two case study auctions for conservation contracts. Results of two field experiments show much differentiated bid prices in the model-region and budgetary cost-effectiveness gains of up to 21% in the first auction and up to 36% in the repeated auction. Besides these promising results, some critical aspects as well as lessons to be learned will also be discussed in this paper to improve the design and performance of upcoming conservation auctions.
Methanhydrate sind die im größten Umfang vorhandene Kohlenstoffressource und ihre im Vergleich zu Erdöl und Erdgas breite geographische Verteilung sowie ihr erhebliches Potential machen sie zu einem begehrten Rohstoff. Demgegenüber besteht die Gefahr einer Forcierung des Treibhauseffektes im Fall einer Freisetzung von Methan in die Atmosphäre und eine Destabilisierung der ozeanischen Sedimente. Bisher sind zudem die technischen Schwierigkeiten bei der Extraktion des Methans noch nicht umfassend gelöst. Nichtsdestoweniger wurde die Gashydratforschung in den vergangenen Jahren sowohl aus politischen als auch aus wirtschaftlichen Erwägungen forciert. Methanhydrate weisen folglich trotz der bestehenden Risiken praktische Vorteile auf, die sie zu einer Übergangslösung auf dem Weg zu einer auf regenerativen Energieträgern beruhenden Energieversorgung machen können. Das Wissen über die Potentiale und Risiken von Methanhydraten ist insbesondere in der deutschsprachigen Öffentlichkeit und Politik noch immer gering ausgeprägt. Diesem Mangel wird durch eine Analyse des aktuellen Stands der Forschung sowie darauf aufbauenden Handlungsempfehlungen entgegengewirkt.