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Ideen zur Erarbeitung einer Fabel am Beispiel "Die beiden Ziegen" - Vierzehn Schüleraktivitäten.
(2005)
Diese Ideensammlung ist aus dem Seminar „Vorbereitung des Fachpraktikums Deutsch“ (SS 2003) an der Universität Lüneburg hervorgegangen und soll Anregungen für die Unterrichtspraxis zum Umgang mit Fabeln im Deutschunterricht liefern. Die Sammlung ist keine Unterrichtseinheit: Es fehlt die Sachanalyse der exemplarisch ausgewählten Fabel „Die beiden Ziegen“, die didaktisch-methodische Reflexion ihres Gehalts und ihrer sprachlichen Form sowie die auf eine bestimmte Lehr-Lernsituation bezogene Konkretisierung. Gedacht ist, dass Deutschlehrerinnen und -lehrer für ihren konkreten Unterricht einzelne Arbeitsblätter auswählen, umgestalten und ergänzen. Die Anregungen zu verschiedenen Schüleraktivitäten sind in der Weise konzipiert, dass sie in unterschiedlichen Jahrgangsstufen und Schulformen verwendet werden können. Für den Unterricht in höheren Jahrgangsstufen bis hin zum Leistungskurs Deutsch finden sich im Anhang weiterführende Materialien zur Entstehung- und Rezeptionsgeschichte der Fabel „Die beiden Ziegen“.
Using a large recent representative sample of the adult German population this paper demonstrates that nascent necessity and nascent opportunity entrepreneurs are different with respect to some of the characteristics and attitudes considered to be important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur, and that they behave differently. Given the lack of longitudinal data, however, we have no information about the performance of entrepreneurs from both groups in the longer run.
Using unique recently released nationally representative high-quality longitudinal data at the plant level, this paper presents the first comprehensive evidence on the relationship between exports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the world market for manufactured goods. It applies and extends the now standard approach from the international literature to document that the positive productivity differential of exporters compared to non-exporters is statistically significant, and substantial, even when observed firm characteristics and unobserved firm specific effects are controlled for. For West German plants (but not for East German plants) some empirical evidence for self-selection of more productive firms into export markets is found. There is no evidence for the hypothesis that plants which start to export perform better in the three years after the start than their counterparts which do not start to sell their products on the world market. Results for West Germany support the hypothesis that the productivity differential between exporters and nonexporters is at least in part the result of a market driven selection process in which those export starters that have low productivity at starting time fail as a successful exporter in the years after the start, and only those that were more productive at starting time continue to export.
This paper presents the first empirical test with German establishment level data of a hypothesis derived by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple in a model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either trough exports or foreign direct investment: only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets, and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve these markets via foreign direct investments. Using a non-parametric test for first order stochastic dominance it is shown that, in line with this hypothesis, the productivity distribution of foreign direct investors dominates that of exporters, which in turn dominates that of national market suppliers.
Das Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Lüneburg legt hiermit seinen ersten eigenständigen Forschungsbericht vor. Seit 1999 erschien unser Bericht als Teil des Forschungsberichts des Fachbereichs Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften; dieser Bericht wurde nach dem Berichtsjahr 2005 eingestellt, da der Fachbereich seit 2006 Teil der neuen Fakultät II ist. Für die Fakultät II ist bisher kein solcher ausführlich informierender Forschungsbericht vorgesehen.
While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated empirically using aggregate data for countries and industries for a long time, only recently have comprehensive longitudinal data at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their counterparts which sell on the domestic market only. This papers surveys the empirical strategies applied, and the results produced, in 45 microeconometric studies with data from 33 countries that were published between 1995 and 2004. Details aside, exporters are found to be more productive than non-exporters, and the more productive firms self-select into export markets, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity.
Using panel data from Spain Farinas and Ruano (IJIO 2005) test three hypotheses from a model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that exit in year t were in t-1 less productive than firms that continue to produce in t. (H2) Firms that enter in year t are less productive than incumbent firms in year t. (H3) Surviving firms from an entry cohort were more productive than non-surviving firms from this cohort in the start year. Results for Spain support all three hypotheses. This paper replicates the study using a unique newly available panel data sets for all manufacturing plants from Germany (1995 – 2002). Again, all three hypotheses are supported empirically.
Based on data from a recent representative survey of the adult population in Germany this paper documents that the patterns of variables influencing nascent and infant entrepreneurship are quite similar and broadly in line with our theoretical priors – both types of entrepreneurship are fostered by the width of experience and a role model in the family, and hindered by risk aversion, while being male is a supporting factor. Results of this study using cross section data are in line with conclusions from longitudinal studies for other countries finding that between one in two and one in three nascent entrepreneurs become infant entrepreneurs, and that observed individual characteristics – with the important exception of former experience as an employee in the industry of the new venture - tend to play a minor role only in differentiating who starts and who gives up.
Markteintritte, Marktaustritte und Produktivität - Empirische Befunde zur Dynamik in der Industrie
(2006)
Forschungsbericht 2004
(2005)
Mikroökonometrische Studien mit Firmendaten aus vielen Ländern zeigen, dass exportierende Firmen eine höhere Produktivität aufweisen als Firmen, die lediglich den jeweiligen Binnenmarkt ihres Sitzlandes beliefern, und dass es einen Selbstselektionsprozess der produktiveren Firmen auf Auslandsmärkte gibt, während anderseits Exporttätigkeit nicht unbedingt die Produktivität verbessert. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert empirische Befunde hierzu mit Daten für niedersächsische Industriebetriebe aus den Jahren 1995 bis 2004. Folgende Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt: Wie unterscheiden sich Produktivität und Produktivitätswachstum zwischen exportierenden und nicht-exportierenden mittelständischen Betrieben? Gehen die produktiveren Betriebe den Schritt auf den Weltmarkt? Führen Exporte zu höherer Produktivität? Die Implikationen der Ergebnisse werden dann vor dem Hintergrund der internationalen Evidenz zum Zusammenhang zwischen Exporttätigkeit und Produktivität diskutiert.
The EU electricity directive (96/92/EC) established the right of the member states to choose between Regulated and Negotiated Third Party Access (RTPA and NTPA). The interest group theory is able to explain whether the introduction of NTPA in Germany had been an interest group equilibrium under the restriction of EU-directive. Using the NTPA associations of electricity power suppliers, network monopolists and industrial consumers negotiated three agreements. The last one (AA VVII+) in December 2001 introduced a market comparison scheme with three structural features: “East-/West-Germany”, “consumption/population density”, and “cable rate”. These features are variables which are supposed to reflect cost differences between network suppliers. The theoretical analysis will derive the hypothesis that this conception allows to introduce a cost irrelevant factor and therefore to increase prices without harming firms which do not hold this factor. This hypothesis could be tested by analyzing the German low and medium voltage network suppliers in 2002 and 2003. Our estimations show that the use of structural feature “East-/West Germany” and “consumption/population density” could be explained by this hypothesis. But because we have no firm specific information about cost differences other explanations could not be excluded: Monopoly prices differ with marginal costs, and regulation could reflect real cost differences. The third structural feature “cable rate” has no influence in low voltage networks, but has an impact on access charges levied in medium voltage networks. This relationship is only given if we use the borderlines given by AA VVII+. Hence, we are not able to reject the interest group theory: The feature “cable rate” was introduced successfully to increase access charges for medium network suppliers which have high cable rates without having higher costs.
This paper studies the empirical effect of risk classification in the mandatory third-party motor insurance (TPMI) of Germany. We find evidence that inefficient risk categories had been selected in this market while potentially efficient information may have been dismissed. Risk classification did generally not improve the efficiency of contracting or the composition of insureds in this market. These findings can be partly explained by the existence of compulsory fixed coverage and other institutional restraints such as unitary owner insurance in this market.
Governance
(2003)