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Institut
Nach zweijährigem Bestehen wurde am 16. Dezember 1991 das Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe im Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Lüneburg als europaweit erstes universitäres Institut seiner Art feierlich im Rathaus zu Lüneburg eingeweiht. Zum Wintersemester 1991 wurde zudem die neue Professur ´Statistik und Freie Berufe´ durch Prof. Dr. Joachim Merz besetzt.Wir freuen uns, Ihnen anläßlich dieser offiziellen und feierlichen Einweihung unseres For-schungsinstituts Freie Berufe und der Besetzung der neuen Professur, die dort gehaltenen Reden vor-legen zu können. Sie geben Aufschluß über die Gründungsphase, die Förderung und Einbindung in das universitäre und öffentliche Leben und beschreiben die bisherigen Arbeiten sowie zukünftigen Forschungsschwerpunkte.
We use comparable micro level panel data for 14 countries and a set of identically specified empirical models to investigate the relationship between exports and productivity. Our overall results are in line with the big picture that is by now familiar from the literature: Exporters are more productive than non-exporters when observed and unobserved heterogeneity are controlled for, and these exporter productivity premia tend to increase with the share of exports in total sales; there is strong evidence in favour of self-selection of more productive firms into export markets, but nearly no evidence in favour of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. We document that the exporter premia differ considerably across countries in identically specified empirical models. In a meta-analysis of our results we find that countries that are more open and have more effective government report higher productivity premia. However, the level of development per se does not appear to be an explanation for the observed cross-country differences.
Wetterstationen
(2017)
Die Arbeiten dieser Anthologie wurden im Rahmen von Wetterstationen, einem Projekt mit fünf internationalen Partnern, das vom Kulturprogramm der Europäischen Union gefördert wird, in Auftrag gegeben. Schriftsteller und Schüler an den fünf Standorten nahmen an dem Projekt teil und der vorliegende Band enthält eine Auswahl ihrer Arbeiten.
This paper traces the profound decline in German unionism over the course of the last three decades. Today just one in five workers is a union member, and it is now moot whether this degree of penetration is consistent with a corporatist model built on encompassing unions. The decline in union membership and density is attributable to external forces that have confronted unions in many countries (such as globalization and compositional changes in the workforce) and to some specifically German considerations (such as the transition process in postcommunist Eastern Germany) and sustained intervals of classic insider behavior on the part of German unions. The ‘correctives’ have included mergers between unions, decentralization, and wages that are more responsive to unemployment. At issue is the success of these innovations. For instance, the trend toward decentralization in collective bargaining hinges in part on the health of that other pillar of the dual system of industrial relations, the works council. But works council coverage has also declined, leading some observers to equate decentralization with deregulation. While this conclusion is likely too radical, German unions are at the cross roads. It is argued here that if they fail to define what they stand for, are unable to increase their presence at the workplace, and continue to lack convincing strategies to deal with contemporary economic and political trends working against them, then their decline may become a rout.
We develop a comprehensive multi-level approach to ecological economics (CML-approach) which integrates philosophical considerations on the foundations of ecological economics with an adequate operationalization. We argue that the subject matter and aims of ecological economics require a specific combination of inter- and transdisciplinary research, and discuss the epistemological position on which this approach is based. In accordance with this understanding of inter- and transdisciplinarity and the underlying epistemological position, we develop an operationalization which comprises simultaneous analysis on three levels of abstraction: concepts, models and case studies. We explain these levels in detail, and, in particular, deduce our way of generic modeling in this context. Finally, we illustrate the CML-approach and demonstrate its fruitfulness by the example of the sustainable management of semi-arid rangelands.
We analyze the optimal dynamic scale and structure of a two-sectoreconomy, where each sector produces one consumption good and one specific pollutant. Both pollutants accumulate at di_erent rates to stocks which damage the natural environment. This acts as a dynamic driving force for the economy. Our analysis shows that along the optimal time-path (i) the overall scale of economic activity may be less than maximal; (ii) the time scale of economic dynamics (change of scale and structure) is mainly determined by the lifetime of pollutants, their harmfulness and the discount rate; and (iii) the optimal control of economic scale and structure may be non-monotonic. These results raise important questions about the optimal design of environmental policies.
Strong sustainability, according to the common definition, requires that different natural and economic capital stocks have to be maintained as physical quantities separately. Yet, in a world of uncertainty this cannot be guaranteed. To therefore define strong sustainability under uncertainty in an operational manner, we propose to use the concept of viability. Viability means that the different components and functions of a dynamic, stochastic system at any time remain in a domain where the future existence of these components and functions is guaranteed with sufficiently high probability. We develop a unifying and general ecological-economic concept of viability that encompasses the traditional ecological and economic notions of viability as special cases. It provides an operational criterion of strong sustainability under conditions of uncertainty. We illustrate this concept and demonstrate its usefulness by applying it to livestock grazing management in semi-arid rangelands.
Managing increasing environmental risks through agro-biodiversity and agri-environmental policies
(2008)
Agro-biodiversity can provide natural insurance to risk-averse farmers by reducing the variance of crop yield, and to society at large by reducing the uncertainty in the provision of public-good ecosystem services such as e.g. CO2 storage. We analyze the choice of agro-biodiversity by risk-averse farmers who have access to financial insurance, and study the implications for agri-environmental policy design when on-farm agro-biodiversity generates a positive risk externality. While increasing environmental risk leads private farmers to increase their level of on-farm agro-biodiversity, the level of agro-biodiversity in the laissez-faire equilibrium remains inefficiently low. We show how either one of two agri-environmental policy instruments can cure this risk-related market failure: an ex-ante Pigouvian subsidy on on-farm agro-biodiversity and an ex-post compensation payment for the actual provision of public environmental benefits. In the absence of regulation, welfare may increase rather than decrease with increasing environmental risk, if the agroecosystems is characterized by a high natural insurance function, low costs and large external benefits of agro-biodiversity.
Abstract. The ecological literature suggests that biodiversity reduces the variance of ecosystem services. Thus, conservative biodiversity management has an insurance value to risk-averse users of ecosystem services. We analyze a conceptual ecological-economic model in which such management measures generate a private benefit and, via ecosystem processes at higher hierarchical levels, a positive externality on other ecosystem users. We find that ecosystem management and environmental policy depend on the extent of uncertainty and risk-aversion as follows: (i) Individual effort to improve ecosystem quality unambiguously increases. The free-rider problem may decrease or increase, depending on the characteristics of the ecosystem and its management; in particular, (ii) the size of the externality may decrease or increase, depending on how individual and aggregate management effort influence biodiversity; and (iii) the welfare loss due to free-riding may decrease or increase, depending on how biodiversity influences ecosystem service provision.
Agro-biodiversity can provide natural insurance to risk averse farmers. We employ a conceptual ecological-economic model to analyze the choice of agrobiodiversity by risk averse farmers who have access to financial insurance. We study the implications for individually and socially optimal agro-ecosystem management and policy design when on-farm agro-biodiversity, through ecosystem processes at higher hierarchical levels, generates a positive externality on other farmers. We show that for the individual farmer natural insurance from agro-biodiversty and financial insurance are substitutes. While an improved access to financial insurance leads to lower agro-biodiversity, the e_ects on the market failure problem (due to the external benefits of on-farm agro-biodiversity) and on welfare are determined by properties of the agro-ecosystem and agro-biodiversity’s external benefits. We derive a specific condition on agro-ecosystem functioning under which, if financial insurance becomes more accessible, welfare in the absence of regulation increases or decreases.
Bei den Statistischen Ämtern des Bundes und der Länder und im Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit werden zahlreiche Daten für Unternehmen bzw. Betriebe gesammelt und aufbereitet. Durch das Unternehmensregister ist bei den Statistischen Ämtern eine "Masterdatei" entstanden, die es technisch möglich macht, Unternehmensdaten aus den Beständen der genannten und weiteren Institutionen zusammenzuführen. Das Projekt KombiFiD – Kombinierte Firmendaten für Deutschland soll zeigen, dass ausgewählte Datenbestände tatsächlich über die Grenzen der jeweiligen Datenproduzenten zusammengeführt und der Wissenschaft zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, und es soll gleichzeitig demonstrieren, dass das Analysepotenzial dieser kombinierten Datensätze sehr viel höher ist als das der einzelnen Bestandteile. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Konzeption dieses Projekts und das geplante Vorgehen vor.
Systemanalyse für Softwaresysteme ist ein Manuskript zum Selbststudium und zur Begleitung von Lehrveranstaltungen. Es vermittelt eine Einführung in die Systemanalyse in diesem Informatik-Kontext. Systemanalyse wird dargestellt als ein zielorientiertes Vorgehen mit vielfältigen Konkretisierungs- und Abstraktionsaktivitäten. Die Vorgehensweise wird anhand von Beispielen erläutert.
Wie in vielen Hochschulen, so erfolgt auch in der Universität Lüneburg derzeit die Einführung in die Grundlagen der Programmierung (PROG) für Informatiker und Wirtschaftsinformatiker primär auf Basis der Programmiersprache Java. Ziel ist es, programmieren als einen systematischen Konstruktionsvorgang zu vermitteln.
Diese Studie untersucht die Wirkung einer verpflichtenden externen Begutachtung von Gründungsvorhaben im Rahmen der Ich-AG-Förderung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Unter Verwendung von prozessproduzierten Daten zu den Gründern und ihren Vorhaben wird geprüft, inwieweit sich Unterschiede zwischen Gründern im Arbeitsagenturbezirk Lüneburg, die unter diese Regelung fallen und solchen, die dies nicht tun, ergeben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie deuten darauf hin, dass keine Unterschiede in beobachtbaren Merkmalen zwischen diesen Gründern bestehen, was ein Hinweis auf die Wirkungslosigkeit der externen Begutachtung sein kann.
Diese Studie untersucht mit Hilfe eines neu verfügbaren Datensatzes aus Prozessdaten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, der Stichprobe der integrierten Erwerbsbiographien, die Wirkung einer verpflichtenden Beschäftigungsquote für schwerbehinderte Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland. Wir nutzen die exogene Senkung dieser Quote durch die Einführung des „Gesetzes zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit Schwerbehinderter“ als natürliches Experiment und schätzen die Änderung in der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Beschäftigungsaufnahme durch regressionkorrigierte Difference-in-Difference-Schätzer. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Änderung der Beschäftigungsquote die Beschäftigungschancen von Schwerbehinderten weder verbessert noch verschlechtert hat.
This paper examines whether the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 have influenced the job prospects of Arabs in the German labor market. Using a large, representative database of the German working population, the attacks are treated as a natural experiment that may have caused an exogenous shift in attitudes toward persons who are perceived to be Arabs. Evidence from regression-adjusted difference-in-differences-estimates indicates that 9/11 did not cause a severe decline in job prospects. This result is robust over a wide range of control groups and several definitions of the sample and the observation period. Several explanations for this result, which is in line with prior evidence from Sweden, are offered.
This paper examines whether the labor market prospects of Arab men in England are influenced by recent Islamistic terrorist attacks and the war on Iraq. We use data from the British Labour Force Survey from Spring 2001 to Winter 2006 and treat the terrorist attacks on the USA on September 11th, 2001, the Madrid train bombings on March 11th, 2004 and the London bombings on July 7th, 2005, as well as the beginning of the war on Iraq on March 20th, 2003, as natural experiments possibly having led to a change in attitudes toward Arab or Muslim men. Using treatment group definitions based on ethnicity, country of birth, current nationality, and religion, evidence from regression-adjusted di_erence-in-di_erences-estimators indicates that the real wages, hours worked and employment probabilities of Arab men were unchanged by the attacks. This finding is in line with prior evidence from Europe.
Dieses Papier präsentiert deskriptive Evidenz zur Struktur von Ich-AG-Gründungen und Gründern aus dem Arbeitsagenturbezirk Lüneburg. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Befragung aller Gründer, die zwischen Juni 2004 und Februar 2005 selbstständig geworden sind und von der Arbeitsagentur Lüneburg gefördert wurden.
This paper uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 2000 to 2005 to study the earnings differential between self- and dependent employed German men. Constructing a counterfactual earnings distribution for the self-employed in dependent employment and using quantile regression decompositions we find that the earnings differential over the distribution cannot be explained by differences in endowments. Furthermore, low-earning self-employed could earn more in dependent employment. Finally, the observed earnings advantage for the self-employed at the top of the earnings distribution is not associated with higher returns to observable variables.