Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2022 (33) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Dissertation (33) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Mill, John Stuart (1)
- Reisen (1)
- Selbstdarstellung (1)
- Tourismus (1)
- Tugendethik (1)
- Tugendhaftigkeit (1)
Institut
- Fakultät Nachhaltigkeit (15)
- Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften (6)
- Fakultät Bildung (5)
- Fakultät Management und Technologie (4)
- Institut für Ökologie (IE) (4)
- Centre for Sustainability Management (CSM) (2)
- Fakultät Kulturwissenschaften (2)
- Institut für Ethik und Transdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung (IETSR) (2)
- Institut für Management und Organisation (IMO) (2)
- Institut für Nachhaltigkeitssteuerung (INSUGO) (2)
- Institut für Philosophie und Kunstwissenschaft (IPK) (2)
- Institut für Politikwissenschaft (IPW) (2)
- Institut für Produkt und Prozessinnovation (PPI) (2)
- Fakultät Staatswissenschaften (1)
- Institut für Bildungswissenschaft (IBIWI) (1)
- Institut für Ethik und Theologie (IET) (1)
- Institut für Experimentelle Wirtschaftspsychologie (Lünelab) (1)
- Institut für Management, Accounting & Finance (IMAF) (1)
- Institut für Psychologie (IFP) (1)
- Institut für Sozialarbeit und Sozialpädagogik (IFSP) (1)
- Institut für Umweltkommunikation (INFU) (1)
- Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre (IVWL) (1)
- Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik (IIS) (1)
- Institut für Management, Accounting & Finance (IMAF) (1)
- Zukunftszentrum Lehrerbildung (ZZL) (1)
Increased international compliance with human rights and democracy standards is a core issue for both human rights and democratizing actors as well as for victims of human rights abuse. International human rights organizations (IHROs) are expected to make positive contributions to this end, even though they possess low levels of authority. This authority has been renegotiated multiple times in various reform processes. An oversimplified expectation would have us assume that democracies would want to strengthen IHROs, and that autocracies would seek to weaken them. As the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was reformed in 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2011, some autocracies strived to abolish parts of the UNHRC. Other autocracies aimed "merely" to weaken them. Democracies displayed an even larger variance. The question that drives this research work is how we can explain the broad variety of state preferences for strengthening or weakening IHROs. Previous research has mostly concentrated on democracies, leaving autocracies understudied. It also treated countries as black boxes. To account for such shortcomings, first, the author systematically tests the relationship between the UNHRC and its authoritarian and democratic members by means of inferential statistics. Second, he analyzes a bottom-up process inherent to New Liberalism. It scrutinizes the role of domestic societal actors, domestic institutions, as well as pressures on the international stage. The results reveal that societal actors, along with the interplay of wealth and regime type in the international realm, figure as the most important predictors of delegation preferences voiced by autocracies and democracies during the reform of the monitoring bureaucracy Special Procedures of the UNHRC. Societal actors play a more important role in democracies than in autocracies. Institutionalized domestic oversight mechanisms help societal actors to conduct effective lobbying at the domestic level. Oversight mechanisms are more important than the rule of law and electoral institutions. Regarding international coalition building, authoritarian regimes turn out to be better organized than democracies. The author concludes that supporters of strong IHROs shall 1. empower domestic societal actors; 2. disrupt cohesive delegation preferences of authoritarian regimes; and 3. invest in independent domestic oversight mechanisms.oversight mechanisms.
Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Emotionswissen-Training "Emo:-)s" für Kindergartenfachkräfte
(2022)
Im deutschsprachigen Raum fehlt es an gezielten präventiven Maßnahmen für Kindergartenfachkräfte, um das Emotionswissen von Kindern kontextsensibel und alltagsintegriert über die Sprache in Routinesituationen zu fördern. Diese Lücke soll durch die Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Emotionswissen-Trainings ("Em:-)s") für Kindergartenfachkräfte geschlossen werden. Im ersten Teil soll auf den theoretischen Hintergrund des Konstrukts "Emotionswissen" eingegangen werden. Darüber hinaus wird erklärt, wie sich das Emotionswissen im Kindergartenalter entwickelt, welche Rolle die Sprache spielt, warum die Förderung wichtig ist und welche aktuellen kommunikationsbasierten Tools geeignet sind, um das Emotionswissen bei Kinder zu fördern. Der folgende Abschnitt beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen fehlender Förderung des Emotionswissens sowie den Fördermöglichkeiten im Kindergarten. Dabei wird auf bereits existierende Präventions- und Interventionsprogramme eingegangen. Im Anschluss folgt die theoretische Einbettung sowie die Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Emojis. Die verschiedenen Trainingsinhalte sowie die angewendeten Methoden werden vorgestellt. Dann folgen theoretische Vorüberlegungen sowie die Evaluation von Emojis auf vier verschiedenen Ebenen. Abschließend werden in diesem Abschnitt Zielsetzungen und Fragestellungen der Evaluation formuliert. Im folgenden Abschnitt werden dann die verwendeten Methoden näher vorgestellt. Im Ergebnisteil erfolgt zuerst die Analyse der fehlenden Werte. Da in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine hohe Anzahl an fehlenden Werten vorlag, wurden die Daten imputiert und anschließend separat (originale und gepoolte Daten) dargestellt. Es folgt im Anschluss eine Darstellung der methoden- und erwartungsbezogenen Ergebnisse. Im letzten Abschnitt der Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der Evaluationsstudie interpretiert und in die aktuelle Forschung eingeordnet. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse der Dissertation mit drei anderen deutschsprachigen Präventionsprogrammen verglichen. Abschließend werden die Limitationen der Evaluationsstudie besprochen.
Consisting of three articles and a framework manuscript, this cumulative dissertation deals with sustainable compensation of chief executive officer (CEO) with a focus on climate-related aspects. Against the backdrop of the European action for sustainability and the EU Green Deal, the dissertation pays special attention to the consideration of climate-related aspects of corporate performance in CEO compensation. In this context, sustainable compensation is characterized by the consideration of long-term interests and sustainability of the company as well as by the inclusion of financial and non-financial aspects of environmental, social and governance performance (ESG) in compensation agreements. While this novel instrument of corporate governance aims to incentivize the implementation of sustainability-oriented corporate strategy, it is particularly important to unfold this incentive effect at the individual CEO level in view of their managerial discretion. The framework manuscript discusses the research objectives, the regulatory and theoretical background, the results of the dissertation and their implications in the context of regulation, research, and business practice. The essence of the dissertation are the three articles. The first article examines the current state of empirical research based on 37 articles that were published between 1992 and 2018. Based on a multidimensional research framework, the structured literature review compiles past research findings, identifies contentual and methodological foci in the research area, and derives questions for future research. The second article addresses the topic from a conceptual perspective. Taking the existing work as a starting point, a conceptual framework is derived, which organizes the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation at societal, organizational, group and individual levels of analysis. On this basis, eight propositions are presented that seek to distinguish between the determinants which support and challenge the implementation of carbon-related CEO compensation. The third article focuses on the use of CO2-oriented performance indicators in CEO compensation. The empirical-qualitative study analyzes corporate disclosure of the 65 largest companies in the EU for the years 2018 and 2019. The study addresses the use of CO2-oriented performance indicators in corporate strategy and CEO compensation. It also examines which compensation components are determined with the help of CO2-oriented performance indicators, which type of performance indicators are used, and whether CO2-intensive and less CO2-intensive companies differ in this regard.
The question whether representation of travel experience actually leads to personal prestige enhancement has been widely neglected so far. The study of prestige benefits of travel is a necessary endeavour to develop suitable methodological approaches toward the concept, in order to close critical knowledge gaps and enhance scientific understanding. The present thesis lays out the rationale and results of three research projects which shed light onto the relationship between touristic self-presentation and its effects on personal prestige evaluations of the social environment. The empirical studies conclude in the following main findings: (1) Leisure travel is a useful means for people to self-express in a positive way, and material representations of travel are frequently displayed to others. Tourists make use of travel experience to self-present in a positive way by uploading photos on social media, collecting and displaying souvenirs, wearing jewellery and clothing from their last trip, or talking about their trips to others. They express positive self-messages about personal character traits, affiliation to social in-groups and proof of having travelled somewhere. The findings ascertain the utility of travel representations for positive self-expression, showing that travel experience is an effective vehicle for conspicuous consumption and self-expression as an antecedent for personal prestige enhancement. (2) Personal prestige is an element of social relations, and holds capacity to affect perceptions of social inclusion and social distinction, so it has to be conceptualised as a multidimensional construct. In a tourism context, personal prestige is reliably measurable along the four dimensions of hedonism, social inclusion, social distinction and prosperity. The herein developed Personal Prestige Inventory (PPI) is a valid, reliable and parsimonious measurement tool which substantially enhances methodological approaches toward empirical research into personal prestige. (3) The way in which people represent travel experience to others measurably affects how their personal prestige is evaluated by social others. Empirical evidence of a series of experimental studies provides support for the assumption that representation of travel experience has an effect on the social evaluation of tourists' personal prestige. Experimental variance suggests small to moderate effects on personal prestige depending on the amount of leisure information given about a person, participation in tourism, and the destination and type of travel represented. This evidence is reasonable basis to conclude that whether and how people travel, and whether and how they share travel experience with others, does measurably affect social other's evaluation of their personal prestige.
The worldwide decline of plant and insect species during the last decades has far-reaching consequences for the functionality of ecosystems and their inherent processes. Pollination as one of them is an indispensable ecosystem service for human wellbeing. However, an increasing number of pollinator and plant species are threatened by multiple, interacting, and sometimes synergistic causes that are becoming a growing threat to ecosystem functioning. Given the loss of plant species diversity, it is increasingly difficult for pollinators to find food throughout the year. Therefore, this study analyses the influence of plant diversity on pollinators. The study was conducted in the course of the Jena Experiment, which is a long-term biodiversity experiment (since 2002) with 60 plant species, common to Central European Arrhenatherum grasslands. With a plant diversity gradient of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 60 plant species per plot, time-series data resulted from a wide range of ecosystem processes, ranging from productivity, decomposition, C-storage, and N-storage to herbivory, and pollination. These were studied to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Chapter 2 studies the spatio-temporal distribution of pollinators on flowers along an experimental plant diversity gradient. In particular, the spatial pollinator behaviour was examined. Chapters 3 and 4 continues on the chemical composition of flower nectar (nectar) of various plant species. The chemical composition of the nectar was analysed for the two most important macronutrients, carbohydrates (C) and amino acids (AA), using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Subsequently, their contents were analysed in terms of concentration, proportional content and the ratio of carbohydrates to amino acids (C:AA). In Chapter 3, the nectar of 34 plant species from the grasslands of the Jena Experiment was compared. In Chapter 4, nectar was investigated in the context of diversity effects on the example of the plant species Field Scabious, Knautia arvensis. It was analysed to what extent the nectar quality (nutrient content) differs between plant individuals of one species. Overall, these studies indicate how fragile plant-pollinator interactions are but also how important plant species-rich grasslands are to support plant-pollinator interactions. Increased plant species diversity is essential to ensure the availability of flowering resources throughout the year. Pollinators, such as honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and hoverflies can use the niches in time and in vertical space complementarily. However, in plant species-poor grasslands there may be more niche overlaps, which is probably due to a reduced availability of resources. This points to the need to include different plant species belonging to different plant families, whose nectar may have evolved in response to morphological flower traits and metabolic pathways. Therefore plant species diversity can supply pollinators with nectar differing in carbohydrate and amino acid content and thus differing in quality. Also C-AA ratios have proven to be a useful measurement to reveal differences between plant species. In addition, C:AA ratios were not differing in nectar of K. arvensis individuals growing in different plant species richness levels, although their nectar seemed to be more attractive in mixtures with 16 plant species, likely due to higher content of essential and phagostimulatory amino acids than in plant species-poor mixtures.
Die empirische Unterrichtsforschung verfolgt das Ziel, Unterricht und die darin stattfindenden Prozesse zu beschreiben und zu beurteilen und deren Einfluss auf den Lernerfolg von Schülern zu analysieren. Auch wenn Videostudien zu den aufwändigeren Verfahren in der empirischen Unterrichtsforschung zählen, werden sie vermehrt eingesetzt, um sich diesen Unterrichtsprozessen anzunähern. Mittels Videografie werden Verhaltensweisen und Prozesse sicht- und messbar, die den Lernerfolg von Schüler maßgeblich beeinflussen können. Die detaillierte, reliable und valide Erfassung von Unterrichtsprozessen ist jedoch an Bedingungen geknüpft, die spezifische Herausforderungen für Videostudien darstellen und im Rahmen dieser Dissertation in drei Teilstudien empirisch untersucht werden. Allen Teilstudien liegen Unterrichtsvideos zugrunde, die mittels eines schülerzentrierten Aufnahmesystems aufgenommen wurden. Bei einem schülerzentrierten Aufnahmesystem werden ergänzend zu der Lehrkraftkamera und der Überblickskamera an jedem Gruppentisch weitere Kameras aufgestellt, um die Handlungen und Interaktionen aller am Unterricht beteiligten Personen im Detail erfassen zu können. In Teilstudie 1 wird ein potenzieller Reaktivitätseffekt bei Schülern als eine zentrale Herausforderung von Videostudien untersucht, der zu Verzerrungen des Datenmaterials aufgrund der Anwesenheit von Kamera(personen) führen kann. Dadurch kann die Validität der Daten einschränkt werden. In Teilstudie 2 wird der Herausforderung des in Videostudien oftmals geringen Beobachtungszeitraums begegnet, indem untersucht wird, wie stabil das verhaltensbezogene Engagement von Schülern im Verlauf einer videografierten Unterrichtsstunde ist bzw. wie lange Schüler in ihrem verhaltensbezogenen Engagement beobachtet werden müssen, um dieses zuverlässig erfassen zu können. In Teilstudie 3 wird der methodische Ansatz der Netzwerkanalyse vorgestellt, durch welchen der Herausforderung bezüglich der Beschreibung und Bewertung komplexer Wirkgefüge im Unterricht begegnet werden kann. Mittels einer Netzwerkanalyse können dynamischen Interaktionsprozesse im Unterricht detailliert und im zeitlichen Verlauf des Unterrichts beschrieben werden. Insgesamt werden im Rahmen dieser kumulativen Dissertation zentrale Herausforderungen der videobasierten Unterrichtsforschung betrachtet und Lösungsansätze zu deren Überwindung vorgeschlagen. Nur wenn diese Herausforderungen berücksichtigt werden bzw. ihnen begegnet wird, kann die empirische Unterrichtsforschung fruchtbare Erkenntnisse liefern, die zum Verstehen von Unterricht beitragen und schlussendlich zu einer Verbesserung der Unterrichtspraxis führen können.
Crowdfunding is considered a promising instrument for transforming existing socio-technical regimes by financing radical innovations of such entrepreneurs. However, this potential has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, this dissertation addresses the overarching research question of how sustainable entrepreneurs can exploit the full potential of investment-based crowdfunding to develop from niche operators to actors in the socio-technical regime. Five journal articles and one book chapter are included in this PhD project, which use a wide range of quantitative methodologies. In the framework paper, the findings are conceptually evaluated on a meta-level by applying the multi-level perspective. The key insights can be assigned to four categories, including the financing and marketing function, the target group, and the project presentation. The analysis shows that investment-based crowdfunding is suitable to equally fund and market the business ideas of environmental entrepreneurs, since the quest for entering the mass market is highest for such ventures. In contrast, purely social entrepreneurs tend to conduct crowdfunding projects on a smaller scale and probably aim to stay in the niche. Nevertheless, profit-oriented social entrepreneurs are still encouraged to use investment-based crowdfunding for funding and marketing purposes. The prominent display of environmental effects (e.g. the amount of compensated greenhouse gases) and financial incentives (e.g. high interest rates) has a high impact on the investment decision of individuals on investment-based crowdfunding platforms. The case of fairafric is used as a best practice example to demonstrate how crowdfunding can be a stepping stone for sustainability-oriented niche actors to enter the mass market. The fair-trade and organic chocolate manufacturer has undergone six crowdfunding campaigns which enabled it to grow and build a strong community of supporters. The outcomes of this dissertation clarify how sustainable entrepreneurs can unleash the potential of investment-based crowdfunding for financing and marketing purposes.
Woman, Stand Straight: An Integrated Lutheran Feminist Theological Concept of Human Flourishing
(2022)
Beginning with the theology of Martin Luther and drawing on a selection of feminist theologians, this thesis proposes a relational, agential model of human flourishing. It is rooted in Luther's doctrines of the hiddenness of God and of God’s alien and proper work in the lives of believers. Such an approach gives rise to questions concerning human freedom and agency, sin, and the nature of our relationship with God and with other persons. Many feminist theologies provide an inadequate account of sin and its effects on the person and their relationships. This thesis asserts that taking sin and its effects seriously is essential to developing a secure and healthy self, and a healthy relationship with God and other persons. It therefore proposes a reworked understanding of religious incurvature as a relational model of sin which supports the goal of human flourishing. This concept of the self curved either inwards, or towards another, speaks to the nature of sin in its traditional understanding of sin as pride, as well as addressing feminist criticisms that the notion of sin as pride is not relevant to the needs and experiences of women. The model of human flourishing proposed here is specifically Christian in its assertion that we do not exist as persons, are not fully human, without our being in relationship with the triune God and other created persons. We flourish in community. Further, it supports the idea that true Christian freedom consists of a life dedicated to service of God and others.
Considering the recent success of right-wing populist candidates and parties in the United States and across Europe, there has for some years now been talk among scholars (and the wider public) about a worldwide democratic recession. The younger generations appear to be especially unsupportive of democracy’s liberal principles and more willing to express support for authoritarian alternatives. What these authors overlook, however, is that the publics of advanced industrial societies have experienced an intergenerational value shift. In fact, populations in industrial democracies have become more liberal overall, but not everyone’s mindset is changing at the same speed. It is mainly – but not exclusively – the members of the lower classes that do not keep up. While societies have generally become more liberal, there is increasing alienation between the social classes over these liberal values. Drawing on a more recent trend in social class research with a social cognitive approach, this dissertation contributes to the study of growing anti-democratic tendencies around the world by analyzing the interplay between inequality dynamics and value orientations. The focus lies on investigating the effect socio-cultural polarization (i.e., ideological polarization between social classes) has on civic culture in the mature democracies of the West. The findings suggest that it is not ideological polarization between the social classes that has the greatest negative effect on civic culture, or general civic attitudes and behavior, for that matter. It is the increasing dissent in society about whether the country’s elites are still to be trusted with making the right decisions to increase the average citizen’s quality of life. This difference in opinion manifests itself in a decline in some civic attitudes.
Human activities have become a major driver of global change, so that global society and economy are facing consequences such as climate change, increasing scarcity of resources, environmental pollution and degradation as well as disturbances of ecosystem functioning and services.In order to meet these main challenges in an appropriate way, adequate starting points and solutions must be pursued at all levels to shift the current socio-economic pathway from an unsustainable to a safe operating and thus sustainable development within the planetary boundaries. One of the application concepts in industrial contexts is Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which deals with the set-up of advanced circular/cascading systems, in which the energy and material flows are prolonged for multiple material and energetic (re-)utilization within industrial systems in order to increase resource productivity and efficiency, while reducing environmental impacts. The overarching goal of the research project was to identify and develop approaches to enable the evolution of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) in Industrial Parks (IPs). IS is a collaborative cross-sectoral approach to connect the resource supply and demand of various industries in order to optimize the resource use through exchange of materials, energy, water and human resources across different companies, while generating ecological, technical, social and economic benefits. Many Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools have been developed to facilitate IS, but they predominantly focus on the as-is analysis of the IS system, and do not consider the development of a common desired target vision or corresponding possible future scenarios as well as conceivable transformation paths from the actual to the defined (sustainability) target state. This gap shall be addressed in this work, presenting the software requirements engineering results for a holistic IT-supported IS tool covering system analysis, transformation simulation and goal-setting. This study also aims to present the conceptual IT-supported IS tool and its corresponding prototype, developed for the identification of IS opportunities in IPs. This IS tool serves as an IS facilitating platform, providing transparency among market players and proposing potential cooperation partners according to selectable criteria (e.g. geographical radius, material properties, material quality, purchase quantity, delivery period). Therefore a quantitative indicator system was compiled and recurring patterns were identified to utilize this knowledge in the comprehensive IT-supported IS tool. So this IS tool builds the technology-enabled environment for the processes of first screening of IS possibilities and initiation for further complex business-driven negotiations and agreements for long-term IS business relationships.
Transformative learning is increasingly set to become an essential component in sustainability transformation. Despite, little has been done to systematically explore the contribution to sustainability transformation. This learning theory developed decades ago independently of sustainability discourses; however, it provides an analytical framework for understanding the learning processes, outcomes and conditions in individual and social learning towards sustainability transformation. Against this background, the following research question arises: To which extent can transformative learning lead to sustainability transformation? This doctoral work aims to explore transformative learning processes, outcomes, and conditions occurring and advancing towards sustainability transformation of the textile-fashion industry in Mexico. Taking an exploratory approach, the methods employed were literature reviews to untangle concepts and to construct theoretical pillars to support the empirical research design and data analysis. For data collection, snowball-sampling techniques were used to explore the practice field of the textile-fashion industry in Mexico. Qualitative interviews were employed to gather data about the learning experiences of actors. Qualitative and quantitative methods were required to perform the respective data analysis, the qualitative codification of interviewees' responses. Analysis of social media content was also utilised to understand the communication and business practices of projects involved in the transformation of the textile-fashion sector. As a result, this work comprises three articles, one a systematic literature review and two empirical research articles, investigating the transformative learning processes of entrepreneurs in the development of sustainability niches. As for the findings of this doctoral work, the use of transformative learning in sustainability transformation requires a careful study of the theory and its conceptual elements. Regarding the case study, transformative learning is inherent in forming and developing sustainability niches as entrepreneurs venture into them: It is individual prior learning, expectations and actions that initiate the path of sustainability transformation while disorienting dilemmas, critical reflection, and discourse accelerate them. Through these stages, it is when individual learning turns into social learning. On the other hand, based on the multi-level perspective, the interplay between the niche, regime and landscape levels generates a space for sustainability transformation and transformative learning.
The global coffee market is connected to many sustainability issues like the persisting poverty of coffee farmers, and degrading ecosystems. Many interventions, from state-led regulation to industry-led certification processes, exist, that try to change global value chains to shift societies back on more sustainable trajectories. To this date, it is still under debate if these interventions are an effective means to change global value chains. With climate change and persisting issues of social justice as strong accelerators, calls are increasingly made for a radical transformation of global production and consumption patterns. Many frameworks try to inform research and real-world policies for a transformation of global value chains. In this dissertation, the author uses the framework of the practical, political and personal sphere proposed by O'Brien and Sygna (2013) highlighting that the interactions between these three spheres bare the greatest potential for a transformation towards sustainability. However, in this dissertation, the author argues that it is exactly at the nexus between the three spheres of transformation where barriers towards a fundamental shift of systems occur. He, therefore, uses three perspectives to bring empirical nuance to the problems that arise on the interplay between the different spheres of transformation. (1) The scientific perspective: using a systematic review of alternative trade arrangements; (2) the producer perspective: facilitating a participatory network analysis of social-ecological challenges of Ugandan coffee farmers and their adaptive management practices; (3) the consumer perspective: through the use of a German consumer survey and a structural equation model to investigate into the Knowledge-Doing-Gap end-consumers are facing. Through the results from the scientific perspective, the author is able to show that most of the research is investigating the certified market and that the effectiveness of labels rarely exceeding the practical sphere. His empirical research on the producer perspective highlights that Ugandan coffee farmers facilitate a variety of on-farm crop management (practical sphere) but their support structures rarely exceed informal exchange with neighboring communities (political sphere). Exchange with governmental actors and global traders is happening but has been assessed as not sufficient to cope with the social-ecological challenges the producers are facing. Through the results of the consumer perspective, the author is able to highlight that even though end-consumers have pro-sustainable attitudes (personal sphere) they are facing situational constraints (political sphere) that create a gap between their attitudes and the respective behavior. Using these empirical insights about drivers and barriers for a transformation he proposes that frameworks, aiming to inform research and policies, need to include two aspects: (1) the notion of a forced transformation; and (2) the translational capacity of the frameworks to create meaningful interdisciplinary discourses in different contexts. The author, therefore, propose two approaches:(1) a fourth sphere, called the "planetary force" to include the notion of a forced transformation that is already happening in different contexts, highlighted by the producer perspective in this dissertation; and (2) the consequent use of methods that create interdisciplinary exchange and rigorous testing.
The transition of our energy system towards a generation by renewables, and the corresponding developments of wind power technology enlarge the requirements that must be met by a wind turbine control scheme. Within this thesis, the role of modern, model-based control approaches in providing an answer to present and future challenges faced by wind energy conversion systems is discussed. While many different control loops shape the power system in general, and the energy conversion process from the wind to the electrical grid specifically, this work addresses the problem of power output regulation of an individual turbine. To this end, the considered control task focuses on the operation of the turbine on the nonlinear power conversion curve, which is dictated by the aerodynamic interaction of the wind turbine structure and the current inflow. To enable a power tracking functionality, and thereby account for requirements of the electrical grid instead of operating the turbine at maximum efficiency constantly, an extended operational range is explicitly considered in the implemented control scheme. This allows for an adjustment of the produced power depending on the current state of the electrical grid and is one component in constructing a reliable and stable power system based on renewable generation. To account for the nonlinear dynamics involved, a linear matrix inequalities approach to control based on Takagi-Sugeno modeling is investigated. This structure is capable of integrating several degrees of freedom into an automated control design, where, additionally to stability, performance constraints are integrated into the design to account for the sensitive dynamical behavior of turbines in operation and the loading experienced by the turbine components. For this purpose, a disturbance observer is designed that provides an estimate of the current effective wind speed from the evolution of the measurements. This information is used to adjust the control scheme to the varying operating points and dynamics. Using this controller, a detailed simulation study is performed that illustrates the experienced loading of the turbine structure due to a dynamic variation of the power output. It is found that a dedicated controller allows wind turbines to provide such functionality. Additionally to the conducted simulations, the control scheme is validated experimentally. For this purpose, a fully controllable wind turbine is operated in a wind tunnel setup that is capable of generating reproducible wind conditions, including turbulence, in a wide operational range. This allows for an assessment of the power tracking performance enforced by the controller and analysis of the wind speed estimation error with the uncertainties present in the physical application. The controller showed to operate the turbine smoothly in all considered operating scenarios, while the implementation in the real-time environment revealed no limitations in the application of the approach within the experiments. Hence, the high flexibility in adjusting the turbine operating trajectories and structural design characteristics within the model-based design allows for efficient controller synthesis for wind turbines with increasing functionality and complexity.
Design methods for collaborative knowledge production in inter- and transdisciplinary research
(2022)
This dissertation seeks to better understand how design methods facilitate collaborative knowledge production and integration in inter- and transdisciplinary sustainability research. Through five independent papers, this dissertation contributes to addressing the research question on four levels – conceptual-epistemological, empirical, methodological and practical. By exploring the linkages between design research and inter- and transdisciplinary research, a conceptual basis for the targeted use of design methods in collaborative processes of inter- and transdisciplinary research is laid and their spectrum of methods is expanded. This is followed by the development of a transformative epistemology in and for problem-oriented, collaborative forms of research, such as transdisciplinary sustainability research, called problematic designing. Based on a deeper understanding of integration and collaborative knowledge production, as well as its accompanying challenges, empirical research into applying design prototyping as a method in and for situations of collaborative research was conducted. To this end, the findings provide a fundamental basis for the facilitation of inter- and transdisciplinary research processes when dealing with complex problems. With its inherent openness and iterative approach in addressing the unknowns of complex phenomena, design prototyping contributes to the required form of imagination that enables to anticipate possible futures. Furthermore, by including visual-haptic modes of expression, design prototyping reduces the dominance of language and text in scientific negotiation processes and does justice to the diversity of cognitive modes. Finally, the empirical findings of this dissertation emphasise the importance of the visual-haptic dimension for collaborative knowledge production and the communication of knowledge, and provide insights into the visual structuring of human thought processes. The results on material metaphors, collaborative prototyping and material-metaphorical imagery contribute decisively to the basic knowledge of the epistemological quality of design and the importance of the visual and haptic for thought processes in general. The extension and adaptation of existing analysis methods in this dissertation add to the further development of analysis of visual-haptic data. The results are once again reflected in the synthesis of this framework paper as cross-cutting issues.
Die institutionelle Bildung, Erziehung und Betreuung für Kinder im Alter von 0-3 Jahren erfährt seit Beginn der Diskussionen um einen quantitativen Ausbau der institutionellen Betreuungsplätze für diese Altersgruppe, einen intensiven Wandel. Die vorliegende Dissertation eröffnet eine Metaperspektive auf das Feld der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildungen im Bereich der Frühpädagogik (Kinder von 0 bis 3 Jahren) und leistet einen Beitrag zur (didaktischen) Weiterentwicklung und Reflexion dieser vielfältigen Lehr-/Lernsettings. Den Kern der Dissertationsstudie bilden qualitative leitfadengestützte (Experten-) Interviews. Das forschungsleitende Interesse ist auf Lehrende im oben genannten Bereich gerichtet, die zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebungen bereits langjährig in diesem Feld tätig sind. Ausgewählte Ebenen und Dimensionen einer Professionalisierung des Feldes werden daher primär aus der Perspektive der dort lehrend tätigen Akteure transparent gemacht. Integriert wird hierbei u.a. die Offenlegung der Anforderungen an die Fachkräfte (die Lernenden) und ihre Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildner (die Lehrenden) im Kontext der zu gestaltenden (lebenslangen) Lehr-/Lernprozesse. Es werden zentrale Zusammenhänge und Abhängigkeiten aufgezeigt, um eine weitere Systematisierung des Feldes der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildungen im Bereich der institutionellen Bildung, Erziehung und Betreuung für Kinder von null bis drei Jahren zu unterstützen. Es wird gezeigt, dass Lehrende aus diesem Bereich Perspektiven, Strategien und Ansätze entwickelt haben, um mit der vorhandenen Komplexität, den Anforderungen und Strukturen des Feldes, bei der Planung sowie Realisierung von Lehr-/Lernprozessen zukunftsorientiert umzugehen. Für die Erarbeitung einer Aus- oder Fort- und Weiterbildung müssen schwerpunktspezifisch, grundlegende, feldbezogene Implikationen und Zusammenhänge aufgearbeitet und den Lernenden transparent gemacht werden. Für die Erarbeitung eines Themas/einer Theorie werden von Lehrenden Reflexionsfolien zur Kontextualisierung dieser sowie Fokussierung und Individualisierung der Lehr-Lernprozesse eingesetzt. Es wird deutlich, dass die am/im Lehr-/Lernprozess beteiligten/wirkenden Ebenen, Akteure und Anforderungen/Konstruktionen sich dabei in wechselseitigen Prozessen der Gestaltung und Aushandlung befinden. Durch ihre vielfältigen Tätigkeitsfelder und Impulse leisten die Lehrenden selbst einen elementaren Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung des Feldes.
Many dynamics are reshaping the global macroeconomics and finance. This cumulative dissertation empirically examines the impacts of two major global dynamics, the disaster risks and the China's rise, on the global economy. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation and summarizes the dissertation. Chapter 2 investigates how geopolitical risks affect financial stress in the whole financial system and its sub-sectors (banking, stock, foreign exchange, bond) of major emerging economies. Chapter 3 shows how different disaster risks (financial, geopolitical, natural-technological) can explain the returns and risk premiums of stock and housing in advanced economies between 1870 and 2015. Chapter 4 examines how the rise of China is contributing to higher economic growth in emerging economies, especially after the Global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Chapter 5 illustrates how a close trade and investment relation with China has helped African countries to reduce poverty and to improve their income distribution.
Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die bis Ende 2020 entstandenen gesetzlichen Strukturen und Instrumente zum Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien aus rechtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive eingeordnet, um der Frage nachzugehen, mit welchen Ansätzen und in welchem Umfang der Rechtsrahmen die verschiedenen Entwicklungen zur Erreichung der Ausbauziele für die erneuerbaren Energien einerseits und damit deren Beitrag zur Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele steuern kann. Darüber hinaus wird beleuchtet, welche Reformperspektiven aus den bisherigen Entwicklungen abgeleitet werden können oder sollten. Dazu werden die Strukturen und Elemente des Erneuerbare-Energien-Rechts sowie dessen Entwicklungslinien herausgearbeitet und bewertet. Dieser Schritt erfolgt durch die Analyse einzelner, für das Recht der erneuerbaren Energien prägender Strukturen und Entwicklungsschritte, etwa der Schaffung neuer Instrumente wie der Nutzungspflicht erneuerbarer Energien, der Beschreibung der prägenden Strukturelemente und Wirkungszusammenhänge in dem sich im Laufe von 30 Jahren herausgebildeten Recht der Erneuerbaren Energien im Stromsektor oder anhand der Einordnung von tiefgreifenden gesetzgeberischen Veränderungen wie der Umstellung auf Ausschreibungen im Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz. Diese Einzelbeobachtungen werden dann in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der hinter den Entwicklungen erkennbaren Gründe herausgearbeitet und in einen übergeordneten Gesamtkontext. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in vier Schritte, die sich einer kurzen einleitenden Problemskizze in Teil 1 anschließen: die grundlegende Analyse zu Recht und Klimaschutz sowie zur Rolle des Rechts bei der Transformation (Teil 2), eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme zu den Bausteinen des Erneuerbare-Energien-Rechts, den Entwicklungslinien und deren Einordnung (Teil 3), ein Zwischenfazit, das die Gründe für die beobachteten Entwicklungslinien und Strukturen zusammenfasst und eine Einordnung des Rechts der erneuerbaren Energien in den größeren Kontext des Umweltenergierechts (Teil 4) sowie abschließend ein auf einer Einordnung des Rechts der erneuerbaren Energien in den Kontext der neu entstehenden Klimaschutzgovernance beruhenden Ausblick auf mögliche Themenfelder der weiteren Rechtsfortbildung (Teil 5).
Extracting meaningful representations of data is a fundamental problem in machine learning. Those representations can be viewed from two different perspectives. First, there is the representation of data in terms of the number of data points. Representative subsets that compactly summarize the data without superfluous redundancies help to reduce the data size. Those subsets allow for scaling existing learning algorithms up without approximating their solution. Second, there is the representation of every individual data point in terms of its dimensions. Often, not all dimensions carry meaningful information for the learning task, or the information is implicitly embedded in a low-dimensional subspace. A change of representation can also simplify important learning tasks such as density estimation and data generation. This thesis deals with the aforementioned views on data representation and contributes to them. The authors first focus on computing representative subsets for a matrix factorization technique called archetypal analysis and the setting of optimal experimental design. For these problems, they motivate and investigate the usability of the data boundary as a representative subset. The authors also present novel methods to efficiently compute the data boundary, even in kernel-induced feature spaces. Based on the coreset principle, they derive another representative subset for archetypal analysis, which provides additional theoretical guarantees on the approximation error. Empirical results confirm that all compact representations of data derived in this thesis perform significantly better than uniform subsets of data. In the second part of the thesis, the research group is concerned with efficient data representations for density estimation. The researchers analyze spatio-temporal problems, which arise, for example, in sports analytics, and demonstrate how to learn (contextual) probabilistic movement models of objects using trajectory data. Furthermore, they highlight issues of interpolating data in normalizing flows, a technique that changes the representation of data to follow a specific distribution. The authors show how to solve this issue and obtain more natural transitions on the example of image data.
Urban areas are prone to climate change impacts. Simultaneously the world's population increasingly resides in cities. In this light, there is a growing need to equip urban decision makers with evidence-based climate information tailored to their specific context to adequately adapt to and prepare for future climate change. To construct climate information high-resolution regional climate models and their projections are pivotal. There is a need to move beyond commonly investigated variables, such as temperature and precipitation, to cover a wider breath of possible climate impacts. In this light, the research presented in this thesis is centered around enhancing the understanding about regional-to-local climate change in Berlin and its surroundings, with a focus on humidity. More specifically, following a regional climate modelling and data analysis approach, this research aims to understand the potential of regional climate models, and the possible added value of convection-permitting simulations, to support the development of high-quality climate information for urban regions, to support knowledge-based decision-making. The first part of the thesis investigates what can already be understood with available regional climate model simulations about future climate change in Berlin and its surroundings, particularly with respect to humidity and related variables. Ten EURO-CORDEX model combinations are analyzed, for the RCP8.5 emission scenario during the time period 1970-2100, for the Berlin region. The results are the first to show an urban-rural humidity contrast under a changing climate, simulated by the EURO-CORDEX ensemble, of around 6% relative humidity, and a robust enlarging urban drying effect, of approximately 2-4% relative humidity, in Berlin compared to its surroundings throughout the 21st century. The second part explores how crossing spatial scales from 12.5km to 3km model grid size affects unprecedented humidity extremes and related variables under future climate conditions for Berlin and its surroundings. Based on the unique HAPPI regional climate model dataset, two unprecedented humidity extremes are identified happening under 1.5°C and 2°C global mean warming, respectively SH>0.02 kg/kg and RH<30%. Employing a double-nesting approach, specifically designed for this study, the two humidity extremes are downscaled to the 12.5km grid resolution with the regional climate model REMO, and thereafter to the 3km with the convection-permitting model version of REMO (REMO NH). The findings indicate that the convection-permitting scale mitigates the SH>0.02kg/kg moist extreme and intensifies the RH<30% dry extreme. The multi-variate process analysis shows that the more profound urban drying effect on the convection-permitting resolution is mainly due to better resolving the physical processes related to the land surface scheme and land-atmosphere interactions on the 3km compared to the 12.5km grid resolution. The results demonstrate the added value of the convection-permitting resolution to simulate future humidity extremes in the urban-rural context. The third part of the research investigates the added value of convection-permitting models to simulate humidity related meteorological conditions driving specific climate change impacts, for the Berlin region. Three novel humidity related impact cases are defined for this research: influenza spread and survival; ragweed pollen dispersion; and in-door mold growth. Simulations by the regional climate model REMO are analyzed for the near future (2041-2050) under emission scenario RCP8.5, on the 12.5km and 3km grid resolution. The findings show that the change signal reverses on the convection-permitting resolution for the impact cases pollen, and mold (positive and negative). For influenza, the convection-permitting resolution intensifies the decrease of influenza days under climate change. Longer periods of consecutive influenza and mold days are projected under near-term climate change. The results show the potential of convection-permitting simulations to generate improved information about climate change impacts in urban regions to support decision makers. Generally, all results show an urban drying effect in Berlin compared to its surroundings for relative and specific humidity under climate change, respectively for the urban-rural contrast throughout the 21st century, for the downscaled future extreme conditions, and for the three humidity related impact cases. Added value for the convection-permitting resolution is found to simulate humidity extremes and the meteorological conditions driving the three impacts cases.
Destination websites, which are maintained by destination marketing/management organisations (DMOs), are a key source of information for tourists in the pre-trip phase. DMOs are increasingly applying experiential marketing on their websites to support positive pre-travel online destination experiences (ODEs) and make the vision of the holiday as vivid as possible. However, research into technology-driven travel experiences is still in its infancy. In particular, a theoretical understanding of the nature of ODEs arising from destination websites is still lacking. Therefore, this dissertation is dedicated to an extensive investigation of ODEs on destination websites in the pre-travel phase. The aims were to analyse the influences of experiential design on ODEs, explore the ODE dimensions, and develop and validate a measurement tool for assessing the ODE values of destination websites. In the first qualitative multi-method study (eye-tracking, retrospective think-aloud protocols, semi-structured interviews, and video observations), the objective was to gain an in-depth understanding of the ODE facets in the travel inspiration phase. It was found that the experience dimensions adopted in previous research regarding the product-brand context (sensory, affective, intellectual, social, and behavioural dimensions) also occurred in the ODE context but exhibited some particularities, such as a future-oriented affective component (affective forecasting). Moreover, a supplementary spatio-temporal experience dimension was identified. An online field experiment was subsequently conducted and aimed at assessing the effects of applying experiential marketing on destination websites on ODEs in the travel inspiration phase. Based on the findings of Study 1, an initial attempt at developing an ODE measurement instrument was made and the ODE dimensionality tested. The results showed the theoretically relevant experience dimensions to be less differentiated compared to the product-brand context; instead, they merged into a holistic ODE encompassing several experience facets. Furthermore, it was shown that the application of experiential design enhanced ODEs; however, considering the subjectivity of experiences, the effect was rather small. Accordingly, complex multi-media elements do not automatically increase the experiential effect. In the third study, a quasi-online field experiment was conducted, simulating the travel information phase (higher involvement than Study 2) to re-assess the ODE dimensions and develop and validate a measurement instrument. The results showed the overall ODE to be reflected by two interrelated dimensions that aligned with the dual process theory: hedonic and utilitarian experiences. The facets identified in the first study were largely reflected in these two overarching components. Moreover, a reliable, valid, and parsimonious second-order measure for assessing ODEs was proposed. Overall, the results yielded by this dissertation enhance the scientific understanding of the technology-empowered tourist experience in the currently under-researched pre-travel experience phase. In addition, by proposing a new scale for the measurement of ODEs, this dissertation provides useful methodological advancements that can pave the way for further research in this field.