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This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses derived from a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t-1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t-1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped to export in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.
Destination websites, which are maintained by destination marketing/management organisations (DMOs), are a key source of information for tourists in the pre-trip phase. DMOs are increasingly applying experiential marketing on their websites to support positive pre-travel online destination experiences (ODEs) and make the vision of the holiday as vivid as possible. However, research into technology-driven travel experiences is still in its infancy. In particular, a theoretical understanding of the nature of ODEs arising from destination websites is still lacking. Therefore, this dissertation is dedicated to an extensive investigation of ODEs on destination websites in the pre-travel phase. The aims were to analyse the influences of experiential design on ODEs, explore the ODE dimensions, and develop and validate a measurement tool for assessing the ODE values of destination websites. In the first qualitative multi-method study (eye-tracking, retrospective think-aloud protocols, semi-structured interviews, and video observations), the objective was to gain an in-depth understanding of the ODE facets in the travel inspiration phase. It was found that the experience dimensions adopted in previous research regarding the product-brand context (sensory, affective, intellectual, social, and behavioural dimensions) also occurred in the ODE context but exhibited some particularities, such as a future-oriented affective component (affective forecasting). Moreover, a supplementary spatio-temporal experience dimension was identified. An online field experiment was subsequently conducted and aimed at assessing the effects of applying experiential marketing on destination websites on ODEs in the travel inspiration phase. Based on the findings of Study 1, an initial attempt at developing an ODE measurement instrument was made and the ODE dimensionality tested. The results showed the theoretically relevant experience dimensions to be less differentiated compared to the product-brand context; instead, they merged into a holistic ODE encompassing several experience facets. Furthermore, it was shown that the application of experiential design enhanced ODEs; however, considering the subjectivity of experiences, the effect was rather small. Accordingly, complex multi-media elements do not automatically increase the experiential effect. In the third study, a quasi-online field experiment was conducted, simulating the travel information phase (higher involvement than Study 2) to re-assess the ODE dimensions and develop and validate a measurement instrument. The results showed the overall ODE to be reflected by two interrelated dimensions that aligned with the dual process theory: hedonic and utilitarian experiences. The facets identified in the first study were largely reflected in these two overarching components. Moreover, a reliable, valid, and parsimonious second-order measure for assessing ODEs was proposed. Overall, the results yielded by this dissertation enhance the scientific understanding of the technology-empowered tourist experience in the currently under-researched pre-travel experience phase. In addition, by proposing a new scale for the measurement of ODEs, this dissertation provides useful methodological advancements that can pave the way for further research in this field.
Exploring artful possibilities: a transdisciplinary research on culture, arts and sustainability
(2021)
The texts gathered in this manuscript offer a largely congruent set of insights on the cultural dimension of sustainability and on the important functions of the arts in relation to the cultural dimension of sustainability, not only in society – more particularly in cities – but also more self- reflexively in transdisciplinary sustainability research itself. The introduction paper (original text for the Cumulative Habilitation) presents all the published texts included in the cumulative habilitation manuscript, and discusses the challenges of transdisciplinary research, differentiating two schools of transdisciplinarity (the so-called the ‘ETH’ and ‘CIRET’ approaches) to which the author’s postdoctoral research relates. The four texts in the first part (PART 1 - Culture(s) and Aesthetics of sustainability)articulate the relations between culture and sustainability. They focus on a theoretical dimension of the author’s postdoctoral research that further developed an understanding of “cultures of sustainability” and of “aesthetics of complexity” that was initiated in the author’s PhD, bringing them in a dialogue with other ongoing and emerging discourses about “cultural sustainability” and “queer ecologies”. The four texts in the second part (PART 2 - The Arts in Relation to Culture(s) and Aesthetics of Sustainability) represent the part of the author’s research that constituted a closer examination of specific artistic practices: ecological art, musical practices, and contemporary interdisciplinary arts in urban arts organizations.
The ten texts in the third part (PART 3 - Creative Sustainable Cities) share the insights gained in the parts of the author’s research work that focused on urban cultural and arts-related phenomena in their relationships to urban sustainability. Several of the texts lay out a critique of the “Creative City” and demonstrate an effort to develop an alternative understanding of the Creative City that would deserve to be also named a “Sustainable City”. Later texts share the insights from the author’s co-leading of the “Stadt als Möglichkeitsraum” (“City as Space of Possibilities”) research project (2015-2018).
The nine texts collected in the fourth part (PART 4 - Towards Artful Sustainability Research)reflect how the author’s ongoing research work included a transdisciplinary reflection and development in terms of epistemology and methodology, incorporating increasingly more elements of arts-based research and of phenomenology and integrating them with systems thinking and qualitative social-scientific research. This development brought the author to reflect further upon the imaginaries and research practices of sustainability researchers, and to advocate for an “artistic turn” in sustainability research (including the more specific field of sustainability science).
The conclusion paper (original text for the Cumulative Habilitation) summarizes the insights from all the published texts included in the cumulative habilitation manuscript, and suggests ways to address the transdisciplinary challenges presented in the introduction paper, suggesting ways to articulate the ‘ETH’ and ‘CIRET’ approaches to transdisciplinarity.
Since its establishment, the African Union (AU) has assumed an important role in matters of peace and security on the continent. This doctoral dissertation is dedicated to its conflict and crisis interventions and seeks to identify as well as subsequently explain the broader patterns that have emerged. The dissertation posits that neither the AU's regime-serving roots, which emphasize the primacy of incumbents' parochial interests, nor the AU's problem-solving commitment, which emphasizes the pursuit of its declared organizational mission, can convincingly explain these patterns on their own. Instead, we should understand the AU as being driven by two different logics of cooperation at the same time: a problem-solving and a regime-serving logic. Across its three constitutive articles, the dissertation makes empirical as well as theoretical contributions to the existing literature. Empirically, it offers a broad and systematic analysis of AU interventions over time, across different intervention types, and without bias towards high-profile cases. The novel dataset, on which the dissertation builds, constitutes the hitherto most comprehensive effort to capture the AU's responses to crises and conflicts. Theoretically, the dissertation develops a set of testable theory-driven expectations based on the notion of two different logics of cooperation. While identifiable in the literature on the AU and linking to broader existing debates on international cooperation, the dissertation breaks ground by clearly outlining the implications of each logic and bringing them together under a single theoretical framework. Jointly, the articles provided strong evidence that the AU is indeed driven by both a problem-solving and a regime-serving logic of cooperation, and that this serves as the foundation for explaining the AU's broader intervention patterns. This contributes not only to a better understanding of AU interventions but also has a chance to enrich other important debates, including the debates on African regionalism, comparative regionalism, and multilateral interventions.
Expatriate success
(2006)
Many public goods are characterized by rivalry and/or excludability. This paper introduces both non-excludable and excludable public inputs into a simple endogenous growth model. We derive the equilibrium growth rate and design the optimal tax and user-cost structure. Our results emphasize the role of congestion in determining this optimal financing structure and the consequences this has in turn for the government’s budget. The latter consists of fee and tax revenues that are used to finance the entire public production input and that may or may not suffice to finance the entire public input, depending upon the degree of congestion. We extend the model to allow for monopoly pricing of the user fee by the government. Most of the analysis is conducted for general production functions consistent with endogenous growth, although the case of CES technology is also considered.
The doctoral dissertation deals with the problems of the diagnosis of rolling bearings using recurrence analysis. The main topic is the influence of radial internal clearance on the change of dynamics in a self-aligning double-row ball bearing with a tapered bore, in which the axial preload can control this parameter in a wide range. The dissertation began with an analysis of the state of knowledge. In the next part of the dissertation, the thesis was formulated and activities related to its proving were defined. The theoretical part was supplemented with the basics related to vibroacoustic diagnostics of rolling bearings and presented methods that can be used for their diagnostics. The research on proving the thesis was started with the preparation of a mathematical model in which a change in the damping coefficient in the field of radial clearance was adopted, a difference in the clearance value for a given row of balls was proposed, and the influence of shape errors and radial shaft endplay on the dynamics of the tested bearing was taken into account. During the dynamics tests, the radial clearance was adopted as a bifurcation parameter, and on the basis of the bifurcation diagram, it was possible to indicate the characteristic areas of bearing operation due to the radial internal clearance. In order to verify the model, experimental tests were carried out with a series of bearings in which the radial clearance was changed in a wide range possible to be physically realized. Recurrence analysis was used for both the dynamic response obtained from model and experimental studies. Owing to the comparative analysis of the dynamic response, recurrence quantificators were selected that are most susceptible to changes in radial clearance to bearing dynamics. Moreover, as a result of the research, it was possible to select a narrow range of radial clearance, ensuring the smoothest operation of the tested bearing.
In the early 1990s the European Commission and the national governments of the EU member states initiated an extensive deregulation and liberalization process in the European railway industry. Prior to this process, the European railway industry was characterized by loosely connected national monopoly railway companies which faced severe losses of transportation market share and required increasing subsidies. Overall, this system was not what a single European market needed: an integrated transport system that provides reliable and fast cross-border transportation of goods, services, and people. The main elements of the reforms have been the separation of infrastructure management from transport operations, the implementation of interoperability among the national railway systems, the assurance of third-party access to the infrastructure, and the introduction of independent railway regulatory systems. In general, the intention of the reforms has been to enhance competition by opening the market and to improve the economic performance of the European railway industry. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the effectiveness of the European railway deregulation process in enhancing efficiency and productivity in the European railway industry. For that purpose three empirical papers are introduced that use non-parametric and parametric benchmarking methods to evaluate the impact of different production technologies and country- and firm-specific environmental and regulatory conditions on efficiency and productivity. The first paper, ‘Testing for Economies of Scope in European Railways: An Efficiency Analysis’, conducts a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient, we apply an innovative two-stage data envelopment analysis super-efficiency model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a reference set consisting of separated firms which use a different production technology. We find that for a majority of European railways economies of scope exist. The second paper, ‘Productivity Growth in European Railways: Technological Progress, Efficiency Change and Scale Effects’, analyzes the efficiency and productivity of the European railway sector in the period of deregulation (1990-2005). Using a stochastic frontier panel data model that controls for unobserved heterogeneity a distance function model is estimated in order to evaluate the sources of productivity growth: technological progress, technical efficiency change and scale effects. The results indicate that technology improvements were by far the most important driver of productivity growth, followed by gains in technical efficiency, and to a lesser extent by exploitation of scale economies. Overall, we find an average productivity growth of 39 percent within the sample period. The third paper, ‘European Railway Deregulation: The Influence of Regulatory and Environmental Conditions on Efficiency’, investigates the impact of regulatory and environmental conditions on technical efficiency of European railways. Using a panel data set of 31 railway firms from 22 European countries from 1994 to 2005, a distance function model, including regulatory and environmental factors, is estimated using stochastic frontier analysis. The results obtained indicate positive and negative efficiency effects of different regulatory reforms. Furthermore, estimating models with and without regulatory and environmental factors indicates that the omission of environmental factors, such as network density, substantially changes parameter estimates and, hence, leads to biased estimation results. The last chapter of the thesis summarizes the results of the three empirical analyses. It contains overall conclusions, highlights implications for economic policy, and provides directions for further research.
On 25 October 2016, the European Commission presented a proposal for a directive on a Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB Proposal), which contains a comprehensive concept for the harmonisation of profit calculation regulations within the EU. Against this current background, the objective of the present work is to contribute to the implementation of the CCTB by identifying ambiguities and conceptual weaknesses in the design of the profit determination system of the CCTB Proposal and developing concrete recommendations for action for adjustments in the course of the further legislative procedure. In the first article, selected profit calculation rules of the CCTB Proposal will be analysed in detail and compared with the provisions on profit calculation under German commercial and tax law and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) recognised across member states. Based on the legal comparison, questions of interpretation and inadequacies of the profit calculation system will be considered and proposals for adjustments to various regulatory areas will be submitted. Furthermore, in the second article, within the framework of a holistic study, expert interviews will be used as an empirical-qualitative research design to generate reliable assessments on the part of the various stakeholder groups affected by the implementation of the future directive or involved in its elaboration. The results show the extent to which the profit determination rules of the CCTB Proposal in their current form are suitable for national and EU-wide implementation and in which areas the various expert groups still see concrete need for adaptation. Based on these expert assessments, the third article finally develops a proposal to reduce the threat of legal uncertainty in interpretation issues criticised by the experts. Based on economic maxims developed by the European Commission and existing accounting principles of the current CCTB Proposal, the EU Accounting Directive and IFRS, a system of specific European tax principles will be developed which could be implemented within the framework of the CCTB Proposal.
This research work aims to create a theoretical base for new urban planning guidelines involving a comprehensive study of housing in Damascus with emphasis on social and cultural factors. The research starts with a historical review of the Muslim City in general and distinguishes between cities that existed before Islam and then were conquered and modified by Muslims and cities established by Muslim Authority. The focus is only on the residential quarters in the city and the local market, mosque and etc (outside the old walled city of Damascus). Other Muslim city urban elements such as Grand mosque, caliph's residency, Citadel and etc. are not in the scope of this study. A brief historical review of Damascus before and during Islam and the development of residential quarters are illustrated. Later, the study analyzes the traditional residential quarter and explores the building guidelines that governed the evolution of the built form of the quarter. Then, the study explores the multi-faceted changes (economic, social and political) that the Middle Eastern region went through, in the last century, in general and the effect of those changes on the city form, case of Damascus. The effect will be traced through examining the decrees that the Authority issued in order to govern land reform and manage public and private domains. Then, the study looks at the ramifications of those decrees on the urban form of Damascus. It also investigates the decrees that were the guide for new planning and organizing developments. The study will inspect the end products of the planning and organizing process by studying several cases of building permits. Then, provides morphology of the new residential sub-quarter and its urban form. Based on lessons learned from the previous decades of housing policy, the study will recommend foundation for governmental norms to produce responsive physical and social urban forms.
In 2013, the European Commission adopted the so called "Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan" to ease the creation of new ventures and to support the takeover of existing firms. The goal is to create a supportive environment for entrepreneurs to thrive and grow (European Commission 2013). This shows that the European Union puts its efforts to support small firms as they are seen as means for Europe's sustainable economic growth. However, the successful processes of growth and investment are complex and depend on different determinants. The present thesis focuses on the firm level and analyzes in three independent articles: how small firms invest over time, how new ventures grow and which variables influence growth, how small firms grow after business takeover and which variables influence growth. The framework that connects these articles forms the content-related focus on the early stage of development of small firms and the methodological and analytical approaches that comply with up-to-date and adequate statistical analysis techniques. Supported by an extensive dataset, which is the foundation of all three articles, it is possible to investigate empirically different open research questions using bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques. Thus, this thesis also serves the research needs for more multivariate analyses for small firms, for which so far mainly cross-sectional studies have been conducted.
Essays on Say-on-Pay: theoretical analysis, literature review and empirical evidence from Germany
(2019)
The dissertation contains four journal articles together with a framework manuscript. The overall subject is the so-called Say-on-Pay (SOP) vote. SOP is a law that enables shareholders to vote on the appropriateness of executive compensation during the firms’ annual general meeting. The dissertation investigates SOP votes from different angles. While the framework provides a background for the relevance of the work, outlines existing research gaps, covers an in-depth discussion and concludes relevant research questions, the four articles present the essence of the dissertation. The first article is a theoretical paper on the recent advances of behavioural agency theory. It serves as a theoretical foundation for the empirical work of the dissertation. Although principal-agent theory has gained a prominent place in research, its negative image of self-serving managers is frequently criticized. Consequently, scholars advocate the utilization of positive management theories, such as stewardship theory. This paper reviews the literature of both theoretical concepts and describes how behavioural characteristics allow for a mutually beneficial symbiosis of the two theories. The second article establishes the foundation of the scholarly knowledge in the field by systematically reviewing the empirical literature. The review covers 71 empirical articles published between January 1995 and September 2017. The studies are reviewed within an empirical research framework that separates the reasons for shareholder activism and SOP voting dissent as input factor on the one hand and the consequences of shareholder pressure as output factor on the other. The implications are analysed, and new directions for further research are discussed by proposing 19 different research questions. Building on the research gaps defined in the literature review, the third article is an empirical manuscript. In this paper, a hand-selected sample of 1,676 annual general meetings with 268 management-sponsored SOP votes in 164 different companies between 2010 and 2015 in Germany is analysed. The analysis focused on the structure, rather than the level, of executive compensation by applying a sample-selection model and panel data regression. Finally, the fourth paper investigates the rare setting of voluntary SOP votes. Using 1,841 annual general meetings of listed firms in Germany between 2010 and 2016, the effects of financial and non-financial (sustainable) performance on SOP voting likelihood and voting results are tested.
In this dissertation, the author focuses on the link between (internal) corporate governance structures and processes and firms financial reporting quality. Specifically, the dissertation aims to provide insights into the following general research question: What is the effect of different corporate governance stakeholders on the financial reporting quality of a firm? The author provides insights into this question through three different articles. Paper #1 explores the relationship between family firm status and earnings management and synthesizes and explains previous research findings with the help of meta-analytic methods that are still uncommon in financial accounting research. The authors find a negative relationship between family firms and earnings management on average across 37 primary studies (and 305 effect sizes in total). Furthermore, they show that the considerable variation in size and direction of primary effect sizes can be explained by researchers choice of study design, earnings management proxy and different institutional settings. The second paper explores institutional owners as a different set of shareholders and their impact on financial reporting quality. The study enables the authors to compare the results against the backdrop of the previous chapter and to see different rationales that managers in institutionally-owned companies might have to engage in earnings management. Here, the authors study 511 effect sizes from a total of 87 primary studies and find that the average effect is slightly negative, meaning institutional owners on average can get more transparent earnings figures from the companies they invest in. Similar to the work they did on family firms, they find considerable heterogeneity between results from primary studies. Specifically, their multivariate meta-regression models can explain 26% of the variability in effect sizes, mainly attributable to study design choices. The third paper is concerned with managers and how managerial personality drives the propensity to engage in fraudulent accounting activities. The author uses a primary sample of 956 professionals, who work in accounting and finance departments, and ask them to rate their immediate superior on dark triad personality traits, as well as common actions taken by management to obscure and manipulate earnings figures. He finds that managers with high ratings for dark triad personality traits engage to a greater extent in fraudulent accounting practices, than managers scoring low on the dark triad scale. Moreover, the author can show that traditional risk management mechanisms, like internal audit departments, are only partially effective. Specifically, he finds that only internal audit departments that are fully staffed by external personnel can curb the adverse effect of dark triad managers on financial reporting quality. This suggests that managers with dark personalities can take advantage of mixed or entirely in-house internal audit departments. Overall, this dissertation contributes significantly to both literature streams of corporate governance and financial reporting quality. This work can explain a significant degree of heterogeneity in previous findings on the link between different kinds of ownership and earnings management. Further, it stresses that the considerable variation in current findings is not mainly attributable to cross-country differences, as previously suggested, but in no small part attributable to study design features. Finally, the author can provide additional evidence on current research linking executive personality traits and financial reporting practices.
This dissertation is based on three empirical studies on the thematic complex of the comparative advantages of self-employment and business start-ups out of unemployment. The first study examines the characteristics of persons who present a broad range of experience in terms of professional competencies. The extent to which self-reported entrepreneurial competence and the assessment of professionally self-employed activities correlate with the number of professional competencies acquired is examined in particular. It emerged from previous studies that the tendency to establish new businesses increases with the variety of experience. More recent studies show, however, that different causes may lie behind this correlation. The results of this study show that both entrepreneurial competence and the estimation of self-employment increase with the number of professional competencies. However, the analyses would indicate that entrepreneurial competence (self-assessment) is more strongly correlated and that an actual increase in qualifications lies behind the self-assessed entrepreneurial competence. Moreover, it emerges that self-assessed entrepreneurial competence increases at decreasing marginal rates with the number of professional competencies. The second study examines the extent to which professional background and, in particular, the professional and employment experience of an individual influence the duration he or she remains in self-employment. This is studied on the basis of data from a survey of founders who become self-employed out of unemployment. The study is based on the idea that individual characteristics can be used productively in different forms of employment and that specific competence and comparative characteristics affect the time-dependent exit from self-employment. The results initially confirm previous findings, in particular that firm characteristics do not play a very significant role in the decision to start up a business from a position of unemployment. Broad-based qualifications plus business skills, a high level of intrinsic motivation for self-employment and exploitable professional experience display a strong positive correlation with the duration in self-employment; this would suggest corresponding comparative advantages for self-employment. However, business skills alone reduce the time-dependent probability of survival in self-employment and accelerate exits into employment. The third study analyzes features of local labor markets in terms of their influence on the duration of self-employment. The basis of the study is provided by process-produced data generated by the German Federal Employment Agency on the employment biographies of individuals who received support in establishing businesses with a view to exiting unemployment. Individual characteristics were examined in addition to regional determinants. The idea behind the study is that local labor market conditions can have different comparative effects on income possibilities in both positions of employment and self-employment. The exit from self-employment is described as a change in work activity which arises following the evaluation of different income options. The results show that local labor market conditions have a considerable influence on the duration of self-employment and that the effect of local labor market conditions is very complex. The results would prompt the expectation that a one-dimensional perspective based on the local unemployment rate does not provide an adequate measure of general economic conditions. Increasing regional unemployment reduces the duration of self-employment while increasing uncertainty on the local labor market results in its extension. Moreover, all local characteristics display reducing to reversing marginal effects. Tests of individual characteristics show that persons from small businesses, master craftsmen and foremen, and persons with high income premiums remain longer in their last employment situation than the controls. These characteristics are clearly associated with comparative advantages for self-employment. The study also corroborates the impression that people with business backgrounds quickly leave self-employment for employed positions.
All of the papers contained in this thesis address the topic of population economics, especially in relation to labor markets. The first chapter, Introduction, gives an overview of the papers discussed in this thesis. In the second chapter, Age and Gender Differences in Job Opportunities, job opportunities for older workers are analyzed. Newly-employed women and men who are older than the age of 55 are more limited in their occupational choices than younger women and men. Different measures of segregation such as the Duncan Index and Hutchens Index show unequal distribution of jobs over age. Older women in particular face the highest segregation. Several years of the IAB Employment Sample are used in the analysis. In the third chapter, Explaining Age and Gender Differences in Employment Rates: A Labor Supply Side Perspective, the labor supply of older individuals is analyzed. The comparison of reservation wages and entry wages shows age- and gender-specific differences. Nonemployed individuals at the age of 55 and older have the highest reservation wages. Reservation wages for females are always higher than those for males. Entry wages increase with age for males, but not for females. Furthermore, the job satisfaction of women decreases with age while satisfaction with leisure tends to increase. This may explain why employment rates for females are lower than for males. The German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) data is used in the paper. In the forth chapter, Somewhere over the Rainbow: Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Germany, sexual orientation-based differences in income are analyzed. Although Germany has an anti-discrimination law that has explicitly prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation since 2006, there are significant income differences for gay men and lesbian women. While gay men have an income discount of 5 to 6 percent relative to married heterosexual men, lesbian women have an income premium of 9 to 10 percent relative to heterosexual married women. These differences within the gender types can be explained partially by selection into specific occupations and sectors. One wave of the German Mikrozensus data is used in the analysis. The fifth chapter, A Note on Happiness in Eastern Europe, is no more related to Germany, but takes an international position. Estimations on life satisfaction show typical results, such as a u-shaped effect in relation to age. Marriage and a good state of health have positive effects on life satisfaction or utility, while individual unemployment has a negative effect. Several years of the European Values Study (EVS) and the World Value Survey (WSV) are used in the paper. The thesis is finished by a final chapter, Conclusion
This cumulative dissertation embraces four empirical papers addressing socio-economic issues relevant to policy-makers and society as a whole. These papers cover important aspects of human life including health at birth, life satisfaction, unemployment periods and retirement decisions. The analyses are carried out applying advanced econometric methods and are based on data sets consisting of survey data as well as administrative records. The first joint paper investigates the causal impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on neonatal health in Italy in the 2000s combining detailed information on mother's residential location from birth certificates with PM10 concentrations from air pollution monitors. Variation in local weekly rainfall is exploited as an instrumental variable for non-random air pollution exposure. Using quasi-experimental variation in rainfall shocks allows to identify the effect of PM10, ruling out potential bias due to confounder pollutants. The paper estimates the effect of exposure for both the entire pregnancy period and separately for each trimester to test whether the neonatal health effects are driven by pollution exposure during a particular gestation period. This information enhances our understanding of the mechanisms at work and help prevent pregnant mothers from most dangerous exposure periods. Additionally, the effects of prenatal exposure to PM10 are estimated by maternal labor market status and maternal education level to understand how the pollution burden is shared across different population groups. This decomposition allows to identify possible mechanisms through which environmental inequality reinforces the negative impact of early-life exposure to air pollution. This study finds that average PM10 and days with PM10 level above the hazard limit reduce birth weight, gestational age, and measures of overall newborn health. Effects are largest for third trimester exposure and for low-income and less educated mothers. The second joint paper updates previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the effects are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is, on average, significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased in the first years after the German reunification and remained quite stable and sizable since the mid-nineties. The results further indicate that gender differences are small. Finally, the East-West gap is significantly smaller and shows a trend towards convergence for younger birth cohorts. The third joint paper explores the effects of a major reform of unemployment benefits in Germany on the labor market outcomes of individuals with some health impairment. The reform induced a substantial reduction in the potential duration of regular unemployment benefits for older workers. This work analyzes the reform in a wider framework of institutional interactions, which allows to distinguish between its intended and unintended effects. The results based on routine data collected by the German Statutory Pension Insurance and a Difference-in-Differences design provide causal evidence for a significant decrease in the number of days in unemployment benefits and increase in the number of days in employment. However, they also suggest a significant increase in the number of days in unemployment assistance, granted upon exhaustion of unemployment benefits. Transitions to unemployment assistance represent an unintended effect, limiting the success of a policy change that aims to increase labor supply via reductions in the generosity of the unemployment insurance system. The fourth, single-authored paper explores how an increase in the early retirement age affects labor force participation of older workers. The analysis is based on a social security reform in Germany, which raised the early retirement age over several birth cohorts to boost employment of older people and ultimately alleviate the burden on the public pension system. Detailed administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency allow to distinguish between employment and unemployment as well as disability pensions and retirement benefits claims. Using a Regression Kink design in a quasi-experimental framework, the author shows that the raised early retirement age had positive employment effects and negative effects on retirement benefits claims. The results also show that some population groups are more sensitive to a reduction in retirement options and more likely to seek benefits from other government programs. In this respect, the author finds that workers in manufacturing sector respond to the raised early retirement age by claiming benefits from the disability insurance program designed to compensate for reduced earnings capacity due to severe health problems. The treatment heterogeneity analysis further suggests that high-wage workers are more likely to delay exits from employment, which is in line with incentives but might also indicate an increased inequality within the affected birth cohorts induced by the reform. Finally, women seem to rely on alternative sources of income such as retirement benefits for women, or spouse's or partner's income not observed in the data. All things considered, workers did not adjust to the increased early retirement age by substituting early retirement with other government programs but rather responded to the reform in line with the policy intent. At the same time, the findings point to heterogeneous behavioral responses across different population groups. This implies that raising the early retirement age is an effective policy tool to increase employment only among older people who have the real choice to delay employment exits. Therefore, reforms that raise statutory ages should ensure social support for workers only marginally attached to the labor market or not able to work longer due to potential health problems or other circumstances.
Many dynamics are reshaping the global macroeconomics and finance. This cumulative dissertation empirically examines the impacts of two major global dynamics, the disaster risks and the China's rise, on the global economy. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation and summarizes the dissertation. Chapter 2 investigates how geopolitical risks affect financial stress in the whole financial system and its sub-sectors (banking, stock, foreign exchange, bond) of major emerging economies. Chapter 3 shows how different disaster risks (financial, geopolitical, natural-technological) can explain the returns and risk premiums of stock and housing in advanced economies between 1870 and 2015. Chapter 4 examines how the rise of China is contributing to higher economic growth in emerging economies, especially after the Global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Chapter 5 illustrates how a close trade and investment relation with China has helped African countries to reduce poverty and to improve their income distribution.
This dissertation comprises three stand-alone research papers dealing with different aspects of labor market characteristics: bonus payments and the gender pay gap; second job holding; and workers un-covered by collective bargaining. The first paper investigates whether and how non-base compensation in the form of bonus payments, overtime pay, and shift premia contributes to the gender pay gap. Unionization along with collective bargaining coverage has been on the decline on recent decades. Using German administrative data, the second paper examines which workers in firms covered by col-lective bargaining agreements still individually benefit from these union agreements, which workers are not covered anymore and what this means for their wages. The third paper studies the development and persistence of second job holding in Germany after a legislative change in the year 2003 allowed the extensive dispensation of marginal second jobs from taxes and social security contributions. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, the author documents a substantial increase in second job holding in Germany since 2003 and finds in a dynamic panel model setting that there is true state dependence in second job holding.
All of the papers contained in this thesis deal with some aspect of labor market inequality. The impact of September 11th, 2001 on the employment prospects of Arabs and Muslims in the German labor market (chapter 2) examines whether the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 have influenced the job prospects of persons from predominantly Muslim countries in the German labor market. Using a large, representative database of the German working population, evidence from regression-adjusted difference-in-differences-estimates indicates that 9/11 did not cause a severe decline in job prospects. This result, which is in line with prior evidence from Sweden and England, is robust over a wide range of control groups. Islamistic terror and the job prospects of Arab men in Britain: Does a country's direct involvement matter? (chapter 3) examines whether the labor market prospects of Arab men in England are influenced by recent Islamistic terrorist attacks. We use data from the British Labour Force Survey from Spring 1999 to Winter 2006 and treat the terrorist attacks on the USA on September 11th, 2001, the Madrid train bombings on March 11th, 2004 and the London bombings on July 7th, 2005 as quasi-experimental events that may have changed the attitudes towards Arab or Muslim men. Using treatment group definitions based on ethnicity, country of birth and religion, evidence from difference-in-differences-estimators combined with matching indicates that the real wages, hours worked and employment probabilities of Arab men were unchanged by the attacks. This finding is in line with prior evidence from Europe. Effects of the obligation to employ severely disabled workers - findings from the introduction of the Law to Combat Unemployment among Severely Disabled People'' (chapter 4) uses new administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency -- the Integrated Employment Biographies Sample IEBS -- to assess the impact of a mandatory employment quota for disabled workers in Germany. We use an exogenous change, introduced through the Law to Combat Unemployment among Severely Disabled People'' (Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit Schwerbehinderter''), as a natural experiment and measure the change in the reemployment probability of the unemployed disabled by means of regression-adjusted difference-in-differences estimators. Our results indicate that the change in the employment quota neither enhanced nor worsened the employment prospects of the disabled. Finally, Intra-firm wage inequality and firm performance -- First evidence from German linked employer-employee-data (chapter 6) deals with the impact of wage inequality on firm performance. Economic theory suggests both positive and negative relationships between intra-firm wage inequality and productivity. This paper contributes to the growing empirical literature on this subject. We combine German employer-employee-data for the years 1995-2005 with inequality measures using the whole wage distribution of a firm and rely on panel-instrumental variable estimators to control for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity problems. Our results indicate a relatively small impact of wage inequality on firm performance in West Germany, while there seems to be a relationship for some inequality measures in East Germany. Further analysis shows that the relationship varies strongly with industrial relations in East Germany.
Against the background of recent economic attempts to explain individual economic decisions by structural and institutional factors, this thesis examined to what extent cultural norms exhibit quantitatively important explanatory power for individual economic outcomes, namely individual’s savings and working choices. While an extensive literature deals with the relation between culture and aggregate economic outcomes, those results obtained may reveal distorted cultural effects due to unobserved omitted variables at the country level. Thus, for the purpose of this thesis, four empirical studies were conducted based on individual and household level data for the USA and Germany, respectively. Due to difficulties in defining a coherent concept of culture, Chapters 2 to 4 use individual religiosity, as measured by one’s religious affiliation and religious involvement, as a proxy for culture. Using individual survey data for the USA, namely the PSID, for the years 2003 to 2009, the aim of Chapter 2 was, firstly, to analyze the extent to which religious beliefs and religious commitment are associated with distinct individual savings behavior as a basis for culture-induced heterogeneity in aggregate economic outcomes. One’s religiosity was found in the cross-sectional analysis to be a robust determinant of individual savings choices, even once I control for differences in individual characteristics. To identify the causal effect of religion on individual savings choices, secondly, the results from the multivariate analysis were verified by using the longitudinal structure of the PSID and by an instrumental variable approach, where own individual religious belief were instrumented with the share of one’s religious tradition in the region of ancestry. Neither of these approaches was able to replicate the positive relation between religious affiliation and savings behavior found in the cross-sectional analysis Although the estimates are subject to inefficiencies due to data limitations, this paper mainly sheds light on the endogeneity bias inherent in the relation between cultural factors and economic outcomes. However, taking actively part in religious activities was found to affect the amount saved positively. Thus, one may argue that religious traditions impose religious rules and establish social networks that enhance an individual’s ability and willingness to save money. As opposed to the vital religious market in the USA, Chapters 3 and 4 analyzed the relationship between individual religiosity and risk-taking preferences as well as individual financial behavior within Germany. Using German micro-data, namely the GSOEP, for the years 2003 and 2004, while controlling for the overall level of general risk assessment, evidence is provided that different religious affiliations are associated with distinct financial risk taking attitudes as well as with distinct individual propensities to trust strangers, another central determinant of a household’s financial choices. Further, the extent to which religion-induced heterogeneity in risk-taking preferences actually influences investment and trusting decisions of households in Germany was examined. As compared to the results obtained for the relation between religiosity and savings behavior in the USA, the main differences in economic attitudes and behavior in Germany occur between Christian and Non-Christian religions. However, religious networks were found in both countries to be more important for economic outcomes than religious belief. Chapter 5 purposed to replicate epidemiological studies conducted for North America (Fernández, 2007; Fernández and Fogli, 2009; Gevrek et al., 2011) in Germany using a quite smaller sample which were drawn from data provided by the GSOEP for the years 2001 to 2011. Applying probit and Tobit estimation techniques the results contradict the findings obtained by these previous contributions. While cultural norms towards labor market behavior of women, as measured by past female LFP rates in the country of own or parental origin, were found to be negatively associated with labor market outcomes for first-generation immigrant women in Germany, no statistically significant relation was revealed for the second generation. However, in accordance with the findings from Chapters 2 to 4, religiosity, and especially the Islamic belief, was showed to be negatively related to labor market outcomes of both generations.