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Die vorliegende Dissertation wendet ein theoretisches Modell zum Zusammenhang zwischen Wirtschafts- und Umweltleistung auf existierende und eigene empirische Untersuchungen an. Die auf Basis des Modells formulierten Hypothesen werden mit eigenen empirischen Daten aus Europa insbesondere mit Bezug auf betriebliche Umweltstrategien und auf input-orientierten bzw. output-orientierten Umweltschutz untersucht. Dies ermöglicht insbesondere eine Bewertung des Einflusses der Strategiewahl. Die empirische Untersuchung basiert auf zwei unterschiedlichen Datensätzen. Es werden zunächst empirische Daten zur Umweltleistung von Papierfirmen in verschiedenen Ländern (Niederlande, England, Deutschland und Italien) untersucht, und dabei bei einer output-orientierten Messung der Umweltleistung ein im wesentlichen negativer Zusammenhang zwischen Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsleistung ermittelt. Bei Verwendung eines input-orientierten Maßes für die Umweltleistung wird ein im wesentlichen insignifikanter Zusammenhang gefunden. In der zweiten empirischen Untersuchung wird im Rahmen einer Befragung von Unternehmen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes in England und Deutschland eine Unterscheidung von betrieblichen Umweltstrategien vorgenommen. Dabei erfolgt auf Basis der Kriterien des Environmental Shareholder Value eine Einteilung der Firmen in solche mit wertorientierten Umweltstrategien und solche ohne spezifische Wertorientierung. Auf Basis dieser Unterscheidung wird die aus der zentralen Fragestellung der Dissertation abgeleitete Hypothese untersucht, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen Umweltleistung und Wirtschaftsleistung für Unternehmen mit einer wertorientierten Umweltstrategie positiver ist als für solche ohne spezifische Wertorientierung des Umweltmanagements. Diese Hypothese wird dahingehend bestätigt, dass für Firmen mit wertorientierter Umweltstrategie ein weitgehend positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Umweltleistung und umweltbezogenen Dimensionen der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit nachgewiesen wird.
This thesis has been designed to improve the understanding of the distribution pattern and transport mechanisms of alkylphenols and the phthalates in the coastal margins, especially the roles of the air-sea exchanges in these processes. Henry’s Law Constants (HLC) were determined for the diastereomeric mixture of NP and t- OP in artificial seawater over given temperature range using a dynamic equilibrium system. An analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of trace tertiary octylphenol (t-OP), technical nonylphenol isomers (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate isomers (NP1EO) and the phthalates in the atmosphere and sea water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was successfully applied to the determination of APs and the phthalates in the atmosphere and sea water samples collected from the North Sea. A decreasing concentration profile of NP, t-OP, NP1EO and the phthalates appeared as the distance from the coast increased to the central part of the North Sea. Air-sea exchanges of t-OP, NP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP were estimated using the two-film resistance model based upon relative air-water concentrations. The average of air-sea exchange fluxes indicates a net deposition is occurring. These results suggest that the air–sea vapour exchange is an important process that intervenes in the mass balance of alkylphenols and the phthalates in the North Sea.
When screening projects for potential investment placements, Venture Capitalists have to base their decision on the information provided in the business plan. The aim of this study is to make VCs aware of the influence of various factors which are discussed in business plans, such as the management team and risk minimising strategies. In order to do this, the business plans of four companies which received investment placements were analysed. The analysis revealed the two main success factors to be industrial experience and a filled product pipeline. The results also suggested that the business plan in its current form may not cover all the information needed for an optimal result. However, since this work is only a first approach further research needs to be carried out.
El-Salam Canal Project aims at increasing the Egyptian agricultural productivity through agricultural and stock development by irrigating about 263,500 ha gross of new lands. In order to stretch the limited water supply to cover these reclaimed areas, fresh River Nile water is augmented with agriculture drainage water from Hadus and Lower Serw drains to meet crop requirements, especially during summer months (peak demand). With a growing population and intensified industrial and agricultural activities, water pollution is spreading in Egypt, especially in main drains, which receive almost all kinds of wastes (municipal, rural, domestic and industrial wastes). The medical records indicate that significant numbers of waterborne-disease cases (bilharzias, typhoid, paratyphoid, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, B and C) have been reported in many areas in Egypt (MOHP, 2000). The National Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWQMP) in Egypt covers the Nile River, irrigation canals, drains and groundwater aquifers to assess the status of water quality for different water uses and users. The overall objective of this research is to introduce a rationalization technique for the drainage water quality-monitoring network for Hadus drain as a main feeder of El-Salam Canal Project. Later on, this technique can be applied for other parts in the NWQMP. The rationalization process started firstly with assessing and reformulating the current objectives of the network. Then, the monitoring locations were identified using integrated logical and statistical approaches. Finally, a sampling frequency regime was recommended to facilitate proper and integrated information management. The monitoring objectives were classified into three classes: design oriented, short-term and long-term deductible objectives. Mainly, the objectives “assess compliance with standards”, “define water quality problems”, “determine fate and transport of pollutants”, “make waste-load allocations” and “detect possible trends” were considered in the redesign process of the network. A combination of uni-, bi-, and multi-variate statistical techniques supported by spatial and temporal analysis for the important tributaries (key players) in Hadus drain system, were used for locating the monitoring sites. The key players analysis was carried out in the light of monitoring objectives. As a result, the monitoring network was divided into three priority levels (Layers I, II and III) as following: Layer I: It has the highest priority level and includes eight monitoring locations Layer II: It has the second priority level and includes three monitoring locations Layer III: It has the lowest priority level and includes five monitoring locations Using the method proposed by Lettenmaier (1976), the sampling frequencies were initially estimated and then evaluated for 36 water quality parameters, which were collected on monthly basis during the period from August 1997 to January 2005. The evaluation process was carried out by generating new data sets (subsets) from the original data. Then, the common required statistics from the monitoring network were extracted. The information obtained from different data sets was assessed using visual and statistical comparisons. Three integrated validation methods were employed to ensure that any decisions concerning the proposed program would not affect its ability to accomplish the monitoring objectives. These validation methods employed: descriptive statistics, regression analysis and linear multiple regression in an integrated approach. The validation results ensured that excluding the monitoring locations in layer III did not significantly affect the information produced by the monitoring network. Therefore, a monitoring network including only 11 sites (out of 16) representing the layers I and II was recommended. Based on the evaluation of sampling frequencies, it is recommended to have 6 (instead of 12) samples per year for 18 water quality parameters (COD, TSS, TVS, N-NO3, Pb, Ca, Na, Cl, Visib, BOD, Cu, Fe, Mn, pH, TDS, K, SO4_m and DO). The measured parameter SO4m will automatically replace the SO4 (calculated). SAR and Adj. SAR also can be calculated from the other parameters. For the other fifteen parameters (Mg, EC, Br, Ni, Sal, Cd, TN, TP, Temp, Fecal, Coli and N-NH4, Zn, P and Turb), it is recommended to continue with twelve samples per year. These recommendations may ensure significant reduction in the total cost of the monitoring network. This facilitates a fiscal resource, which is a key prerequisite in developing a successful program. The rescued budget can be redirected to achieve better performance in terms of improving the current resources. In addition, a frame of stakeholders-participation mechanism was proposed to not only facilitate a better coordination among the Egyptian Ministries involved in the water sector but also guarantee effective landowners/farmers involvement. However, applying such a mechanism requires more detailed studies of all the previous experiences gained by many projects trying to achieve better integration between objectives, plans and activities for the different environmental institutions in Egypt.