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Im Mittelpunkt der Systemprogrammierung steht die Entwicklung, Anpassung, parametergesteuerte Generierung und Betreuung der gesamten Betriebssoftware eines DV-Systems sowie eine Unterstützung bei der Anpassung von Basissoftware und Anwendungssoftware an ein Betriebssystem. Der vorliegende Text beinhaltet folgende Themen: Beschreibung grundlegender Aspekte von Rechnerarchitektur, Sprachkonzepte höherer Programmiersprachen, systemnahe Aspekte der Programmierung, Konzepte der objektorientierten Programmierung etc.
During the nineties of the last century, several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry is shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions are complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this 'revised' contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany sections, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network only. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, high entry lags expected and a probable short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non contestable monopolistic networks.
This paper analyzes conditions for existence of a strongly rational expectations equilibrium (SREE) in models with private information, where the amount of private information is endogenously determined. It is shown that the conditions for existence of a SREE known from models with exogenously given private information do not change as long as it is impossible to use the information transmitted through market prices. In contrast, these conditions are too weak, when there is such learning from prices. It turns out that the properties of the function which describes the costs that are associated with the individual acquisition of information are important in this respect. In case of constant marginal costs, prices must be half as informative than private signals in order for a SREE to exist. An interpretation of this result that falls back on the famous Grossman–Stiglitz–Paradox is also given.
This paper traces the profound decline in German unionism over the course of the last three decades. Today just one in five workers is a union member, and it is now moot whether this degree of penetration is consistent with a corporatist model built on encompassing unions. The decline in union membership and density is attributable to external forces that have confronted unions in many countries (such as globalization and compositional changes in the workforce) and to some specifically German considerations (such as the transition process in postcommunist Eastern Germany) and sustained intervals of classic insider behavior on the part of German unions. The ‘correctives’ have included mergers between unions, decentralization, and wages that are more responsive to unemployment. At issue is the success of these innovations. For instance, the trend toward decentralization in collective bargaining hinges in part on the health of that other pillar of the dual system of industrial relations, the works council. But works council coverage has also declined, leading some observers to equate decentralization with deregulation. While this conclusion is likely too radical, German unions are at the cross roads. It is argued here that if they fail to define what they stand for, are unable to increase their presence at the workplace, and continue to lack convincing strategies to deal with contemporary economic and political trends working against them, then their decline may become a rout.
This paper discusses the interdependencies that exist between vertically-linked industries in the (Spence-)Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition. The main objective is to develop a concept for quantifying the magnitude of sectoral coherence in models of the New Economic Geography. It is motivated by the suggestion, by Venables (1996), that 'strategic industries' be identi®ed in terms of their agglomeration potential. Using a partial-analytic approach, we focus on inter-industrial relations in a closed economy to draw conclusions regarding international trade. We ascertain that two factors have an impact upon the strength of industrial linkages: 1) the monopolistic scope of intermediate suppliers, in terms of (technical) substitution elasticity; and the share in downstream costs for intermediates. Within a simulation study, this paper applies this new theoretical concept to eight basic industries across ten European countries.
An empirical analysis of various waves of the ALLBUS social survey shows that union density fell substantially in western Germany from 1980 to 2004 and in eastern Germany from 1992 to 2004. Such a negative trend can be observed for men and women and for different groups of the workforce. Regression estimates indicate that the probability of union membership is related to a number of personal and occupational variables such as age, public sector employment and being a blue collar worker (significant in western Germany only). A decomposition analysis shows that differences in union density over time and between eastern and western Germany to a large degree cannot be explained by differences in the characteristics of employees. Contrary to wide-spread perceptions, changes in the composition of the workforce seem to have played a minor role in the fall in union density in western and eastern Germany.
Abstract. The ecological literature suggests that biodiversity reduces the variance of ecosystem services. Thus, conservative biodiversity management has an insurance value to risk-averse users of ecosystem services. We analyze a conceptual ecological-economic model in which such management measures generate a private benefit and, via ecosystem processes at higher hierarchical levels, a positive externality on other ecosystem users. We find that ecosystem management and environmental policy depend on the extent of uncertainty and risk-aversion as follows: (i) Individual effort to improve ecosystem quality unambiguously increases. The free-rider problem may decrease or increase, depending on the characteristics of the ecosystem and its management; in particular, (ii) the size of the externality may decrease or increase, depending on how individual and aggregate management effort influence biodiversity; and (iii) the welfare loss due to free-riding may decrease or increase, depending on how biodiversity influences ecosystem service provision.
Systemanalyse für Softwaresysteme ist ein Manuskript zum Selbststudium und zur Begleitung von Lehrveranstaltungen. Es vermittelt eine Einführung in die Systemanalyse in diesem Informatik-Kontext. Systemanalyse wird dargestellt als ein zielorientiertes Vorgehen mit vielfältigen Konkretisierungs- und Abstraktionsaktivitäten. Die Vorgehensweise wird anhand von Beispielen erläutert.
This paper examines whether the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 have influenced the job prospects of Arabs in the German labor market. Using a large, representative database of the German working population, the attacks are treated as a natural experiment that may have caused an exogenous shift in attitudes toward persons who are perceived to be Arabs. Evidence from regression-adjusted difference-in-differences-estimates indicates that 9/11 did not cause a severe decline in job prospects. This result is robust over a wide range of control groups and several definitions of the sample and the observation period. Several explanations for this result, which is in line with prior evidence from Sweden, are offered.
Datenmodelle sind ein zentraler Bestandteil betrieblicher Informationssysteme. In der Praxis eingesetzte Datenmodelle erreichen oft eine erhebliche Komplexität. Eine Möglichkeit zur Reduktion der Komplexität besteht darin, gleiche oder ähnliche Teilstrukturen zu identifizieren. Durch Ausnutzung solcher Strukturanalogien kann dann das Datenmodell vereinheitlicht und vereinfacht werden. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die bestehenden Ansätze zur Definition, Identifikation und Ausnutzung von Strukturanalogien in Datenmodellen weiterzuentwickeln.
Dieses Papier präsentiert deskriptive Evidenz zur Struktur von Ich-AG-Gründungen und Gründern aus dem Arbeitsagenturbezirk Lüneburg. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Befragung aller Gründer, die zwischen Juni 2004 und Februar 2005 selbstständig geworden sind und von der Arbeitsagentur Lüneburg gefördert wurden.
Reviewing the development of network access charges in the German electricity market since 2002 reveals significant variation. While some firms continually increased or decreased their access charges, a variety of firms exhibited discontinuous behavior with price changes in both directions. From an economic viewpoint this price setting turbulence is astonishing because grid operators are non-contestable natural monopolists, which in this time period were regulated by Negotiated Third Party Access (NTPA). Depending on the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of NTPA, expected behavior would be either regulated average cost prices or monopoly prices, but not the observed turbulence. Although in 2005 NTPA scheme was replaced by a Regulated Third Party Access (RTPA) scheme with a regulator, an analysis of the factors influencing the price setting behavior within this period offers valuable information for the new regulator and the still discussed new incentive regulation, which is expected to start in 2009. Using multivariate estimations based on firm data covering the years 2000-2005, we test the hypotheses that asymmetric influence of regulatory threat, different cost and price calculation knowledge, strategic use of structural features and the obligation to publish specific access charges have influenced the electricity network access charges in Germany.
This paper aims to determine if the contingent valuation method (CVM) can provide valid results useful in policy-making. This will be investigated by using a CV study that captures the willingness to pay (WTP) for the municipal cultural supply in Lueneburg, Germany. In contrast to previous CV studies that included a wide range of descriptive statistics, the empirical analysis of the current study focuses on multivariate analysis to explore the factors associated with the WTP. The results reflect current hypotheses in cultural economics. Thus, higher education levels and higher income are positively correlated with higher WTP. While the results indicate a highly significant impact of non-use values on the WTP for cultural goods across the different regression models, the findings for some variables differ considerably in magnitude across different regression models.
In this paper, we conduct a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realize economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient, we apply a Data Envelopment Analysis super-efficiency bootstrapping model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a reference set consisting of separated firms which use a different production technology. We find that for a majority of European railways economies of scope exist.
Wissen äußert sich in der Fähigkeit, Sachverhalte wahrheitsgetreu zu beschreiben, ihre Ursachen zu erkennen und zu erklären. Grundlage einer angewandten Wissenschaft der Unternehmensführung ist Wissen über das Verhalten von Unternehmen. Die Entscheidungsforschung ist als Versuch zu verstehen, solches Wissen zu schaffen. Sie nimmt dabei eine sehr spezielle Perspektive ein, die sie von anderen unternehmenstheoretischen Ansätzen unterscheidet, d.h. andere wissenschaftliche Ansätze beabsichtigen zwar ebenfalls die Erklärung des Unternehmensverhaltens, sie wählen aber einen anderen Ausgangspunkt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht auf einige ausgewählte Studien ein, die dazu dienen können, das Anliegen der entscheidungsorientierten Betrachtungsweise an einer ausgewählten Fragestellung zu verdeutlichen. Er soll außerdem zeigen, wie die Erkenntnisse der Entscheidungsforschung dazu beitragen können, die Unternehmensführung zu verbessern. Zu diesem Zweck wird das deskriptive dem normativen Vorgehen gegenübergestellt.
Die vorliegende Studie versucht, einige Aspekte der „Qualität“ strategischen Handelns in KMU zu beleuchten. Im Einzelnen geht es um die folgenden Teilfragen: Welche inhaltlichen Strategien verfolgen KMU? Welche strategischen Orientierungen („Handlungsdispositionen“)lenken das Handeln von KMU? Entspricht das Zustandekommen strategischer Entscheidungen den Anforderungen an einen
Abstract Es ist ein verbreitetes Vorurteil, dass kleinere Unternehmen weniger gut geführt werden als größere Unternehmen. Empirische Unterstützung erfährt diese Auffassung durch Erhebungen, die zeigen, dass kleinere Unternehmen das vorhandene betriebswirtschaftliche Instrumentarium nicht in gleichem Umfang nutzen wie größere Unternehmen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass dieser Tatbestand nichts über die Qualität der Unternehmensführung aussagt. Die Unternehmensgröße schafft zwar unterschiedliche Handlungsvoraussetzungen. Die Fähigkeit effiziente Handlungsstrukturen zu entwickeln bleibt davon jedoch unberührt.
Abstract As simple as it is, results describing the world are heavily dependent on the quality of the underlying data. One of the very crucial variables in microanalytical analyses of well-being and human resources is income. The more, when the situation of the self-employed is regarded. This paper focus on the distribution of income based on very sound data: the German Income Tax Statistic (Einkommensteuerstatistik) 1992. New is the actual possibility to use for the first time such a sound microdatabase to analyze the self-employed in particular: a 100.000 microdata sample of the population wide German Income Tax Statistic. New is the comparison between income from dependent and self-employed work with emphasis on the entrepreneurs and professions, and new is the indepth decomposition inequality analysis of the aggregated groups and of the single professions based on an inequality generalized entropy decomposition approach. One overall striking result is: the occupational status as an employee, entrepreneur or as a profession with its connected low between inequality share is by far not the overall driving factor to ‘explain’ the overall income distribution and inequality picture of the re-unified Germany; it is the within group inequality which counts in particular.
Many fewer women than men try the entrepreneurial way in Germany. Any explanation for this phenomenon must be complex, as many factors are relevant for its production. Among other things, it is possible to speculate on sexual/gender discrimination, on more or less voluntary decisions of women or on different starting conditions for potential entrepreneurs. We assume that these options are closely related. This paper will concentrate, though, on the third alternative. Its focus will be set on the “family field,” or more precisely, on the role of family law in hindering women from trying self-employment. The family field in Germany has not evolved in the sense of gender equality along with all other areas of society - e.g., entrepreneurship. No gender equality is possible if the family field is not part of it. This paper analyses causes and consequences for this phenomenon.
Key Words: Gender studies, Family Law, Entrepreneurship, chance equality, social sustainability
Umsonstläden und couchsurfing sind Beispiele neuer Nutzungsformen
Der massive Ausbau der Photovoltaik (PV) stellt das deutsche Stromversorgungssystem vor Herausforderungen. Es gilt, die Stromerzeugung aus PV dem Bedarf anzupassen, Netzüberlastungen durch Solarstrom zu verhindern und den Strom in den Markt zu integrieren. Diese Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern dezentrale Stromspeicher als Lö-sungsansatz zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen geeignet sind und inwieweit der derzeitige Rechtsrah-men diesen Ansatz fördert. Es zeigt sich, dass dezentrale Speicher einen Beitrag zur System- und Marktintegrati-on der PV leisten könnten, die rechtliche Förderung aber unzureichend ist, um dieses Potential auszuschöpfen.
In dieser Arbeit wird das Thema der Suffizienz als Aspekt der Frage nach dem guten Leben betrachtet. Der Rekurs auf das gute Leben ermöglicht den Rückgriff auf die Konzeptionen des guten Lebens von Epikur und der Stoa. Diese Konzeptionen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Suffizienz untersucht und es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich durch deren Aktualisierung individualethische Zugänge zu Suffizienz ergeben. Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass die von den Philosophen vorgeschlagenen Lebensweisen suffizient sind und sich unter verschiedenen Anknüpfungspunkten an heutige gesellschaftliche Probleme aktualisieren lassen. Über die in den Konzeptionen thematisierten Zielen des lustvollen Lebens (Epikur) und der Selbstmächtigkeit (Stoa) ergeben sich individualethische Zugänge zu Suffizienz. Diese benötigen nicht den Rückgriff auf das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit.