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All of the papers contained in this thesis deal with some aspect of labor market inequality. The impact of September 11th, 2001 on the employment prospects of Arabs and Muslims in the German labor market (chapter 2) examines whether the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th, 2001 have influenced the job prospects of persons from predominantly Muslim countries in the German labor market. Using a large, representative database of the German working population, evidence from regression-adjusted difference-in-differences-estimates indicates that 9/11 did not cause a severe decline in job prospects. This result, which is in line with prior evidence from Sweden and England, is robust over a wide range of control groups. Islamistic terror and the job prospects of Arab men in Britain: Does a country's direct involvement matter? (chapter 3) examines whether the labor market prospects of Arab men in England are influenced by recent Islamistic terrorist attacks. We use data from the British Labour Force Survey from Spring 1999 to Winter 2006 and treat the terrorist attacks on the USA on September 11th, 2001, the Madrid train bombings on March 11th, 2004 and the London bombings on July 7th, 2005 as quasi-experimental events that may have changed the attitudes towards Arab or Muslim men. Using treatment group definitions based on ethnicity, country of birth and religion, evidence from difference-in-differences-estimators combined with matching indicates that the real wages, hours worked and employment probabilities of Arab men were unchanged by the attacks. This finding is in line with prior evidence from Europe. Effects of the obligation to employ severely disabled workers - findings from the introduction of the Law to Combat Unemployment among Severely Disabled People'' (chapter 4) uses new administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency -- the Integrated Employment Biographies Sample IEBS -- to assess the impact of a mandatory employment quota for disabled workers in Germany. We use an exogenous change, introduced through the Law to Combat Unemployment among Severely Disabled People'' (Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit Schwerbehinderter''), as a natural experiment and measure the change in the reemployment probability of the unemployed disabled by means of regression-adjusted difference-in-differences estimators. Our results indicate that the change in the employment quota neither enhanced nor worsened the employment prospects of the disabled. Finally, Intra-firm wage inequality and firm performance -- First evidence from German linked employer-employee-data (chapter 6) deals with the impact of wage inequality on firm performance. Economic theory suggests both positive and negative relationships between intra-firm wage inequality and productivity. This paper contributes to the growing empirical literature on this subject. We combine German employer-employee-data for the years 1995-2005 with inequality measures using the whole wage distribution of a firm and rely on panel-instrumental variable estimators to control for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity problems. Our results indicate a relatively small impact of wage inequality on firm performance in West Germany, while there seems to be a relationship for some inequality measures in East Germany. Further analysis shows that the relationship varies strongly with industrial relations in East Germany.
Recently polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were discovered as emerging persistentorganic pollutants. Because of their unique physicochemical properties due to theircombination of lipophilic and hydrophilic characteristics, PFCs have been widely used inmany consumer products, such as polymerisation aids, stain repellents on carpets, textiles, andpaper products for over 50 years. From the production and use of these products, PFCs can bereleased into the environment. Scientific concern about PFCs increased due to their globaldistribution and ubiquitous detection in the environment, especially in marine mammals.An analytical protocol was developed for the analysis of PFCs in water samples andvarious biological matrices. The samples were analysed for 40 PFCs plus 20 isotope-labelledinternal standards using high performance liquid chromatography/negative electrosprayionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI-MS/MS). Furthermore, the analyticalquality of the laboratory has been approved in interlaboratory studies.In the first part of this Ph.D. thesis was investigated the occurrence, distribution patternand transportation mechanisms of PFCs in seawater. The rivers had a high influence on thedistribution of PFCs in offshore surface water in the German Bight, with decreasingconcentrations with increasing distance from the coast (see publication I). The research onthe spatial distribution of PFCs in coastal area is very important for the understanding of thetransportation and fate of PFCs in the marine environment. Furthermore, the longitudinal andlatitudinal distribution of PFCs in surface water of the Atlantic Ocean was investigated (seepublication II). The results indicate that trans-Atlantic Ocean currents caused the decreasingconcentration gradient from the Bay of Biscay to the South Atlantic Ocean and theconcentration drop-off close to the Labrador Sea. These data are very useful for globaltransportation models, in which industrial areas are considered as sources, and ocean watersas sinks of PFCs.The second part of this Ph.D. thesis examined the mechanisms and pathways of PFCs inharbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and their temporal trends in the German Bight. Firstly, thewhole body burden of PFCs and their tissue distribution (i.e., liver, kidney, lung, heart, blood,brain, muscle, thyroid, thymus, and blubber) was investigated in harbor seals (seepublication III). This study is relevant for calculation of the bioaccumulation potential ofthese compounds in marine mammals. Secondly, the temporal trends over the last decade andassociations between PFC concentration and the evidence of diseases, spatial distribution, ageand sex were evaluated in archived harbor seal livers (see publication IV). The results showsignificant declining concentrations of many PFCs indicating the replacement of these PFCsby shorter chained and less bioaccumulative compounds.Several studies were performed besides the main issue of the Ph.D. work. Firstly, watersamples were collected along the river Elbe into the North Sea to examine the distribution ofPFCs in the dissolved and particulate phase, their discharge into the North Sea, and theinfluence of waste water treatment plant effluents to the riverine mass flow. Furthermore,surface water samples were collected in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea, wherethe occurrence and spatial distribution between river estuaries, coastal waters, in brackish aswell as salt water, and open sea water were compared. Finally, within the frame of a researchstay at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan,the partitioning behaviour of PFCs between pore water and sediment in two sediment coresfrom Tokyo Bay was investigated.This Ph.D. thesis has improved our knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of PFCsin water and biota highlighting association between PFCs and pathological conditions,potential sources and sinks, spatial distribution, and changes in their pattern and long-termperspective trends.