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- Frühere Fachbereiche (46) (entfernen)
Many public goods are characterized by rivalry and/or excludability. This paper introduces both non-excludable and excludable public inputs into a simple endogenous growth model. We derive the equilibrium growth rate and design the optimal tax and user-cost structure. Our results emphasize the role of congestion in determining this optimal financing structure and the consequences this has in turn for the government’s budget. The latter consists of fee and tax revenues that are used to finance the entire public production input and that may or may not suffice to finance the entire public input, depending upon the degree of congestion. We extend the model to allow for monopoly pricing of the user fee by the government. Most of the analysis is conducted for general production functions consistent with endogenous growth, although the case of CES technology is also considered.
While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated empirically using aggregate data for countries and industries for a long time, only recently have comprehensive longitudinal data at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their counterparts which sell on the domestic market only. This papers surveys the empirical strategies applied, and the results produced, in 45 microeconometric studies with data from 33 countries that were published between 1995 and 2004. Details aside, exporters are found to be more productive than non-exporters, and the more productive firms self-select into export markets, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity.
This paper presents the first empirical test with German establishment level data of a hypothesis derived by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple in a model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either trough exports or foreign direct investment: only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets, and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve these markets via foreign direct investments. Using a non-parametric test for first order stochastic dominance it is shown that, in line with this hypothesis, the productivity distribution of foreign direct investors dominates that of exporters, which in turn dominates that of national market suppliers.
Using a large recent representative sample of the adult German population this paper demonstrates that nascent necessity and nascent opportunity entrepreneurs are different with respect to some of the characteristics and attitudes considered to be important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur, and that they behave differently. Given the lack of longitudinal data, however, we have no information about the performance of entrepreneurs from both groups in the longer run.
Using representative data from the German social survey ALLBUS 2002 and the European Social Survey 2002/03, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of trade union never-membership in Germany. We show that between 54 and 59 percent of all employees in Germany have never been members of a trade union. Individuals’ probability of never-membership is significantly affected by their personal characteristics (in particular age, education and status at work), their political orientation and (to a lesser degree) their family background, and by broad location. In addition, occupational and workplace characteristics play a significant role. Most important in this regard is the presence of a union at the workplace.
Diese Ideensammlung ist aus dem Seminar „Vorbereitung des Fachpraktikums Deutsch“ (SS 2003) an der Universität Lüneburg hervorgegangen und soll Anregungen für die Unterrichtspraxis zum Umgang mit Fabeln im Deutschunterricht liefern. Die Sammlung ist keine Unterrichtseinheit: Es fehlt die Sachanalyse der exemplarisch ausgewählten Fabel „Die beiden Ziegen“, die didaktisch-methodische Reflexion ihres Gehalts und ihrer sprachlichen Form sowie die auf eine bestimmte Lehr-Lernsituation bezogene Konkretisierung. Gedacht ist, dass Deutschlehrerinnen und -lehrer für ihren konkreten Unterricht einzelne Arbeitsblätter auswählen, umgestalten und ergänzen. Die Anregungen zu verschiedenen Schüleraktivitäten sind in der Weise konzipiert, dass sie in unterschiedlichen Jahrgangsstufen und Schulformen verwendet werden können. Für den Unterricht in höheren Jahrgangsstufen bis hin zum Leistungskurs Deutsch finden sich im Anhang weiterführende Materialien zur Entstehung- und Rezeptionsgeschichte der Fabel „Die beiden Ziegen“.