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Works Councils, Labor Productivity and Plant Heterogeneity: First Evidence from Quantile Regressions
(2006)
Using OLS and quantile regression methods and rich cross-section data sets for western and eastern Germany, this paper demonstrates that the impact of works council presence on labor productivity varies between manufacturing and services, between plants that are or are not covered by collective bargaining, and along the conditional distribution of labor productivity. No productivity effects of works councils are found for the service sector and in manufacturing plants not covered by collective bargaining. Besides demonstrating that it is important to look at evidence based on more than one data set, our empirical findings point to the efficacy of supplementing OLS with quantile regression estimates when investigating the behavior of heterogeneous plants.
In der öffentlichen Diskussion in Deutschland wird häufig die These vertreten, dass Arbeitsplätze vorwiegend in kleinen und mittleren Firmen geschaffen werden, während die großen Firmen vor allem Arbeitsplätze abbauen. Eine empirische Überprüfung für den Zeitraum 1999 bis 2005 mit Daten aller west- und ostdeutschen Betriebe, die mindestens einen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten haben, zeigt, dass die These vom alleinigen „Jobmotor Mittelstand“ viel zu undifferenziert ist. In mittelständischen Unternehmen werden zwar überproportional viele Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, aber auch überproportional viele abgebaut. Großbetriebe mit 250 und mehr Beschäftigten weisen dagegen sowohl bei der Schaffung als auch beim Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen geringere Werte auf als es ihrem Beschäftigungsanteil entspräche. Wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen, die sich an der Zuordnung eines Unternehmens zu einer Größenklasse orientieren, lassen sich somit nicht mit einem besonders ausgeprägten Beitrag der Firmen aus dieser Größenklasse zum Beschäftigungswachstum rechtfertigen.
This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses derived from a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t-1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t-1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped to export in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.
Weder junge noch alte Firmen sind jeweils homogen. Die wichtigste Entdeckung in mikroökonometrischen Studien ist und bleibt – mit den Worten von James Heckman (2001, p. 674) in seiner Nobelpreis-Rede – „the evidence on the pervasiveness of heterogeneity and diversity in economic life.“ Brown, Hamilton und Medoff (1990, 91) beendeten ihr Buch zu großen und kleinen Firmen mit der Bemerkung: „Sentiment aside, the results of our research suggest a clear message for policies affecting large and small firms: do not judge employers by their size alone.“ Dies gilt hier entsprechend für junge und alte Firmen – auch die dürfen nicht allein nach ihrem Alter beurteilt werden.
Forschungsbericht 2004
(2005)
Based on data from a recent representative survey of the adult population in Germany this paper documents that the patterns of variables influencing nascent and infant entrepreneurship are quite similar and broadly in line with our theoretical priors – both types of entrepreneurship are fostered by the width of experience and a role model in the family, and hindered by risk aversion, while being male is a supporting factor. Results of this study using cross section data are in line with conclusions from longitudinal studies for other countries finding that between one in two and one in three nascent entrepreneurs become infant entrepreneurs, and that observed individual characteristics – with the important exception of former experience as an employee in the industry of the new venture - tend to play a minor role only in differentiating who starts and who gives up.
While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated empirically using aggregate data for countries and industries for a long time, only recently have comprehensive longitudinal data at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their counterparts which sell on the domestic market only. This papers surveys the empirical strategies applied, and the results produced, in 45 microeconometric studies with data from 33 countries that were published between 1995 and 2004. Details aside, exporters are found to be more productive than non-exporters, and the more productive firms self-select into export markets, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity.
Markteintritte, Marktaustritte und Produktivität - Empirische Befunde zur Dynamik in der Industrie
(2006)
This paper presents the first empirical test with German establishment level data of a hypothesis derived by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple in a model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either trough exports or foreign direct investment: only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets, and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve these markets via foreign direct investments. Using a non-parametric test for first order stochastic dominance it is shown that, in line with this hypothesis, the productivity distribution of foreign direct investors dominates that of exporters, which in turn dominates that of national market suppliers.
