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Using a large recent representative sample of the adult German population this paper demonstrates that nascent necessity and nascent opportunity entrepreneurs are different with respect to some of the characteristics and attitudes considered to be important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur, and that they behave differently. Given the lack of longitudinal data, however, we have no information about the performance of entrepreneurs from both groups in the longer run.
While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated empirically using aggregate data for countries and industries for a long time, only recently have comprehensive longitudinal data at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their counterparts which sell on the domestic market only. This papers surveys the empirical strategies applied, and the results produced, in 45 microeconometric studies with data from 33 countries that were published between 1995 and 2004. Details aside, exporters are found to be more productive than non-exporters, and the more productive firms self-select into export markets, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity.
Using unique recently released nationally representative high-quality longitudinal data at the plant level, this paper presents the first comprehensive evidence on the relationship between exports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the world market for manufactured goods. It applies and extends the now standard approach from the international literature to document that the positive productivity differential of exporters compared to non-exporters is statistically significant, and substantial, even when observed firm characteristics and unobserved firm specific effects are controlled for. For West German plants (but not for East German plants) some empirical evidence for self-selection of more productive firms into export markets is found. There is no evidence for the hypothesis that plants which start to export perform better in the three years after the start than their counterparts which do not start to sell their products on the world market. Results for West Germany support the hypothesis that the productivity differential between exporters and nonexporters is at least in part the result of a market driven selection process in which those export starters that have low productivity at starting time fail as a successful exporter in the years after the start, and only those that were more productive at starting time continue to export.
Das Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Lüneburg legt hiermit seinen ersten eigenständigen Forschungsbericht vor. Seit 1999 erschien unser Bericht als Teil des Forschungsberichts des Fachbereichs Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften; dieser Bericht wurde nach dem Berichtsjahr 2005 eingestellt, da der Fachbereich seit 2006 Teil der neuen Fakultät II ist. Für die Fakultät II ist bisher kein solcher ausführlich informierender Forschungsbericht vorgesehen.
This paper presents the first empirical test with German establishment level data of a hypothesis derived by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple in a model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either trough exports or foreign direct investment: only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets, and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve these markets via foreign direct investments. Using a non-parametric test for first order stochastic dominance it is shown that, in line with this hypothesis, the productivity distribution of foreign direct investors dominates that of exporters, which in turn dominates that of national market suppliers.
In der öffentlichen Diskussion in Deutschland wird häufig die These vertreten, dass Arbeitsplätze vorwiegend in kleinen und mittleren Firmen geschaffen werden, während die großen Firmen vor allem Arbeitsplätze abbauen. Eine empirische Überprüfung für den Zeitraum 1999 bis 2005 mit Daten aller west- und ostdeutschen Betriebe, die mindestens einen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten haben, zeigt, dass die These vom alleinigen „Jobmotor Mittelstand“ viel zu undifferenziert ist. In mittelständischen Unternehmen werden zwar überproportional viele Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, aber auch überproportional viele abgebaut. Großbetriebe mit 250 und mehr Beschäftigten weisen dagegen sowohl bei der Schaffung als auch beim Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen geringere Werte auf als es ihrem Beschäftigungsanteil entspräche. Wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen, die sich an der Zuordnung eines Unternehmens zu einer Größenklasse orientieren, lassen sich somit nicht mit einem besonders ausgeprägten Beitrag der Firmen aus dieser Größenklasse zum Beschäftigungswachstum rechtfertigen.
Works Councils, Labor Productivity and Plant Heterogeneity: First Evidence from Quantile Regressions
(2006)
Using OLS and quantile regression methods and rich cross-section data sets for western and eastern Germany, this paper demonstrates that the impact of works council presence on labor productivity varies between manufacturing and services, between plants that are or are not covered by collective bargaining, and along the conditional distribution of labor productivity. No productivity effects of works councils are found for the service sector and in manufacturing plants not covered by collective bargaining. Besides demonstrating that it is important to look at evidence based on more than one data set, our empirical findings point to the efficacy of supplementing OLS with quantile regression estimates when investigating the behavior of heterogeneous plants.