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Institut
- Fakultät Nachhaltigkeit (128)
- Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften (79)
- Fakultät Bildung (53)
- Frühere Fachbereiche (37)
- Institut für Ökologie (IE) (30)
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- Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie (INUC) (23)
- BWL (22)
- Chemie (21)
The dissertation project focuses on empirically investigating consumers' attitudes, motivations and purchasing decisions regarding sustainable products. The focus on this micro perspective, however, does not reflect consumers' roles within the transformation towards sustainable consumption. Therefore, the present framework paper puts the included papers into a greater context and evaluates the findings on a meta-level by applying an enhanced transition management theory. The analysis underlines that consumers' limited personal capabilities are an underlying reason for unsustainable practices. Therefore, the active engagement not only of consumers, but also of companies is required if the transformation is to be successful. If companies actively support consumers in making sustainable choices, consumers can engage in sustainable consumption with only low cognitive efforts. On this basis, genuine sustainable choices are enabled. The dissertation provides practical implications by highlighting potential measures which will help to promote sustainable products from niches to mainstream. In sum, the dissertation project enhances academic understanding of consumers´ sustainable purchasing behavior and reveals the potential of integrating such insights into the management of transformations towards sustainable consumption.
The dissertation analyzes the role of large banks in the context of financial (in)stability. Based on the underlying "too big to fail"-problem (TBTF), the three included papers investigate the reasons for the instability of banking systems on a national and international level. Already in advance, but at least since the years 2007/2008 with the escalation of the financial crisis, especially large banks are under critical supervision of regulators and the society. There exist numerous aspects that should to be taken into account when addressing TBTF which complicates the finding of a solution to the problem. In particular, the thesis investigates three major issues in this context: (1) The contribution of the size of a bank to the development of financial crises or the exposure of large banks to systematic risk and contagious spillovers. (2) The spillover effects from one banking system to another and the importance of banks' foreign asset holdings for the transmission of sovereign risk on foreign banks. (3) The impact of the degree of competition in the German banking market on the stability of the banking system.
The role of tree diversity for individual tree growth, crown architecture and branch demography
(2012)
In the light of the concurrent loss of biodiversity, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) research attracted a great deal of attention and emerged as one of the important fields of research in ecology. Since important ecological interactions such as competition occur between individuals, the understanding of individual tree growth was considered to be fundamental for forest related BEF research. Individual tree growth is determined by the above- and belowground interactions of a tree individual with its local neighbourhood. To obtain a deeper understanding of BEF relationships, I broadened the focus from individual tree growth (usually measured as diameter or biomass increment) to the arrangement and dynamics of the above-ground modules of trees in dependence of their local neighbourhood. More precisely, the main objective of the present thesis was to analyse the impact of tree diversity on individual tree growth, crown architectural and branch demographic variables. Thereby I considered crown architectural variables as important indicators of the competition for light. In addition, crown architectural variables impacted ecosystem services such as erosion control. Furthermore, the results of the present thesis contributed to the current discussion on species coexistence theories, which may be differentiated by two opposing views: one that relies on neutral processes and one that implicates a role for meaningful differences in the ecological strategy (niche) of co-occurring species. The studied forest ecosystems were the subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests of southeast China, which have been under high human pressure due to a long history of intensive land-use. The area is of particular interest for BEF research due to the high species richness of woody plants, including many, yet poorly studied species, and due to the rough terrain with steep slopes, which cause severe soil erosion. The present thesis combines three observational with two experimental studies, applying the local neighbourhood approach along an age gradient from tree saplings to mature trees. In the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve (GNNR), I conducted two observational studies on permanent plots which were chosen according to a space-for-time substitution design. The aim of the first study was to reveal the effects of diversity (species richness, functional diversity) together with other biotic and abiotic variables on morphological growth parameters (crown area, crown displacement and stem inclination) of target trees of four tree species (Castanea henryi, Castanopsis eyrei, Quercus serrata and Schima superba). In the second study, the same target trees together with their neighbours were used to analyse the relation between stand related functional diversity and the horizontal and vertical structure of the canopy. The third study was conducted in a young secondary broad-leaved evergreen forest. Using two target species (Castanopsis fargesii and Quercus fabri), the role of diversity, intra- vs. inter-specific competition and the mode of competition (symmetric vs. asymmetric) on the target individuals was tested by analysing five-year radial growth increments. The two other studies were carried out in an experimentally established plantation, using saplings of four tree species (C. henryi, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Q. serrata and S. superba), which were planted in monoculture, twoand four-species combinations and in three densities. The fourth study focused on mechanisms of coexistence and the role of species richness, species composition, species identity and density on sapling growth. The fifth study tested the effect of sapling density and identity on the througfall kinetic energy, which represents a measure for the erosive power of rain. It was found that functional diversity does affect crown architectural and canopy related parameters of forests in the GNNR. However, no effects of species richness on radial-growth were detected in the younger forest. Since I also did not find strong effects of species richness on saplings in the experimental plantation, diversity effects may evolve at a later age stage. The importance of the diversity effect may be related reversely to that of species identity in an age gradient of forest stands. The findings suggest that different mechanisms of coexistence operate simultaneously but that their relative importance may shift through the life stages of trees. During the sapling stage, species-specific differences in growth and architectural traits support niche theory. In older forest stands, no species-specific differences in growth parameters could be detected. However, I did find effects of functional diversity on horizontal canopy structure. I conclude that mechanisms of coexistence may not only change with forest stand age, but may also differ for distinct traits. The present thesis, being the first to apply the local neighbourhood approach with regard to crown architecture and branch demography within the BEF field of research, stresses the importance of this individual based approach. Although the observed forest systems are very complex, crown architectural and canopy structural variables were found to be affected by diversity. The finding that the degree of erosive power of rain could be elucidated by crown architectural variables, encourages further studies to reveal possible relations between biodiversity and other ecosystem functions or services, which might be mediated by crown architectural and canopy structural variables.
Understanding that entrepreneurship can be better modeled from a systemic point of view is a primordial aspect that determines the important role of universities in entrepreneurial ecosystems. What makes the ecosystem approach a valuable tool for understanding social systems is that, from a holistic perspective, their behavior seems to have emerging characteristics. This dissertation presents a dual scientific account of the entrepreneurship phenomenon in universities. The work is divided into two equal parts, each of which is composed of two research papers. The narrative of the first half takes on a macro perspective view, consisting of one theoretical and one empirically-based conceptual case study. This part conceptually depicts a systematic approach to entrepreneurialism in higher education, namely an ecosystems perspective. The second half concentrates on the meso- and micro levels of study from the university's point of view, comprising of a case study as historical account for the emergence of the entrepreneurial university, and of a metasynthesis of empirical case studies in entrepreneurial universities, which serves as the basis for the development of entrepreneurial university archetypes. This doctoral work contributes to an in-depth understanding of Entrepreneurship in universities regarding its systemic qualities and archetypal characteristics of entrepreneurial universities. It argues for an ecosystem's perspective on the phenomenon of entrepreneurial activity, highlighting the fundamental role that universities play as the heart of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Furthermore, this research expands on the novel concept of the entrepreneurial university by using extensive case study literature to empirically identify distinct archetypes that better reflect the diverse reality of how universities engage as entrepreneurial actors by way of differentiated entrepreneurial structures, systems, and strategies.
Für die lernförderliche Verknüpfung von Theorie und Praxis in der Lehrerbildung bieten sich insbesondere innovative Lerntools wie das Lernarrangement Videokonferenzsystem an. Selten liegt der Fokus bei der Forschung zu Theorie und Praxis allerdings auf den Überzeugungen der Lehramtsstudierenden zu Theorie und Praxis. Man weiß deswegen nur wenig darüber, was Lehramtsstudierende über diese beiden Konzepte denken. In dieser Studie wird deswegen der Frage nachgegangen, welche Überzeugungen Lehramtsstudierende zu Theorie und Praxis haben. Des Weiteren wird anhand des Lernarrangements Videokonferenzsystem untersucht, inwieweit Lehramtsstudierende Verknüpfungen von Theorie und Praxis als solche wahrnehmen und ob sich die Überzeugungen zu Theorie und Praxis nach der Arbeit mit dem Lernarrangement Videokonferenzsystem verändern können. Anhand qualitativer Leitfadeninterviews wurden 54 Lehramtsstudierende der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg zu zwei Messzeitpunkten befragt und anschließend mithilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Studierenden theoriekonforme, unvollständige sowie der Theorie widersprechende Überzeugungen zu Theorie und Praxis haben und dass ihnen beide Konzepte wichtig sind. Allerdings wissen die Studierenden häufig nicht, wie sie Theorien nutzen können. Positiv für das Lernen der Studierenden scheint dabei zu sein, wenn diese möglichst viele unterschiedliche Praxiselemente sowie Theorie-Praxis-Verhältnisse in ihrem Studium wahrnehmen. Die Studierenden erkennen das Lernarrangement Videokonferenzsystem als eine Verknüpfung von Theorie und Praxis an. Sie nennen außerdem die grundliegenden Konzepte des Lernarrangements Videokonferenzsystem als lernförderlich. Schließlich scheinen die Überzeugungen der Studierenden zu Theorie und Praxis veränderbar zu sein. Aus den Ergebnissen der Studie lässt sich ableiten, dass eine einfache Erhöhung des Praxisbezugs in der Lehrerbildung nicht zielführend scheint. Es werden aber mehr Konzepte benötigt, die Theorie und Praxis sowie ihre unterschiedlichen Verhältnisse miteinander verbinden. Des Weiteren bedarf es im Studium mehr Kommunikation über sowie Lerngelegenheiten zu Theorie und Praxis.
TIME for REFL-ACTION: Interpersonal Competence Development in Project-based Sustainability Courses
(2021)
This dissertation investigates interpersonal competence development in project-based sustainability courses. Visions of a sustainable, safe, and just future cannot be reached by one individual alone. Thus, future change agents need to be able to collaborate and engage with stakeholders, to approach the manifold crises, challenges, problems, and conflicts we are facing together, and to promote and push forward sustainability transitions and transformations. Therefore, this research investigates three project-based sustainability graduate courses by comparing and contrasting teaching and learning outcomes, processes, and environments. A comparative case study approach using a Grounded Theory-inspired research design which triangulates several qualitative methods and perspectives is applied to allow for generalizable insights. Thereby, this dissertation provides empirically-informed insights which are further discussed in relation to selected teaching and learning theories. This leads, first, to a discussion of practical implications within (and beyond) sustainability higher education; and second, provides a theoretical foundation for interpersonal competence development in project-based learning settings – so that educating future change agents can gain momentum. Findings of this research show that embracing conflicts when they occur (i.e. before they provoke cascading effects in the form of further conflicts down-the-road) is an effective strategy to help further develop interpersonal competence. This requires a conflict-embracing attitude. Attitude, in general, seems to be key in interpersonal competence and competence development overall. Self-reflection, if not explicitly required by outside influences (such as instructors), arises naturally from a self-reflective attitude, and is shown to provide the basis for developing interpersonal competence. This research introduces the term "Refl-Action" which stresses the importance of pairing "learning by doing" (as is often the focus in project-based learning settings) with conscious moments of "reflecting about the doing". More specifically, the research presented here identified four learning processes for interpersonal competence development: receiving input, experiencing, reflecting, and experimenting. Based on the empirical data, when the four processes are purposefully combined, following a meaningful sequence attitudes, knowledge, and skills in collaborative teamwork and impactful stakeholder engagement, are fostered (two facets of interpersonal competence). Each of the four learning processes is set in motion through various interactions students engage in during project-based sustainability courses: student-student (labeled "peer"), student-instructor (labeled "deliberate"), student-stakeholder (labeled "professional"), and student-mentor (labeled "supportive") interactions. When these interactions are made explicit subjects of inquiry - i.e. the (inter-)action is linked with (self-)reflection – different learning processes complement one another: Interpersonal competence facets (collaborative teamwork and impactful stakeholder engagement) and domains (attitudes, knowledge, skills) are fostered. While, overall, interactions, processes, and conflicts have been identified as supportive for interpersonal competence development, trust has emerged as another variable inviting further investigation.
Metals fulfill crucial functions in areas as diverse as renewable energy, digitization and life style appliances, mobility, communication, or medicine. In the context of sustainability, achieving a more sustainable metal use means (i) minimizing the adverse effects associated with metal production and use and (ii) sustaining the availability of metals in a way that benefits present and future generations. Urgent need to act to avoid bottlenecks as well as meeting the challenge of possible conflicts of use among those areas of application calls for appropriate strategy making to intervene in the complex field of metal production and use that involves various, often interlinked operating levels, actors, and spatial and temporal scales. This dissertation focuses on strategies as a means to intervene in a system. It pursues the question, which design features could guide future strategy making to foster sustainability along the whole metal life cycle, and especially, how a better understanding of temporalities, i.e. understanding time in a diverse sense, could improve strategy design and help to bridge the assumed "transformation-material gap". This research converges the results from four research studies. A conceptual part explores the role of temporalities for interventions in complex and interlinked systems, which adds to the conceptual basis, on which the empirical part builds up to explore present and future interventions in metal production and use. The research revealed three essential needs that future strategies must tackle: (i) managing the complex interlinkages of processes and activities on various operational levels and spatial and temporal scales, (ii) providing clear guidance concerning the operationalization of sustainability principles, and (iii) keeping activities within the planet’s carrying capacity and embracing constant change as an inherent system characteristic. In response to these needs, the author developed three guidelines with two design features each (one relating to content, and one to the process of formulating and implementing the strategy) to guide future strategy making. The results show that time matters in this respect. If considered in close relation to space and diversely understood in the sense of temporalities, it serves to (i) understand the impact (duration and magnitude) of an intervention, (ii) recognize patterns of change that go beyond establishing linear, one-dimensional connections, and (iii) design interventions in a way that considers the resilience of a system. These findings can contribute to closer considering our understanding of transformation processes towards sustainability in future interventions in metal production and use.
Increased international compliance with human rights and democracy standards is a core issue for both human rights and democratizing actors as well as for victims of human rights abuse. International human rights organizations (IHROs) are expected to make positive contributions to this end, even though they possess low levels of authority. This authority has been renegotiated multiple times in various reform processes. An oversimplified expectation would have us assume that democracies would want to strengthen IHROs, and that autocracies would seek to weaken them. As the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was reformed in 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2011, some autocracies strived to abolish parts of the UNHRC. Other autocracies aimed "merely" to weaken them. Democracies displayed an even larger variance. The question that drives this research work is how we can explain the broad variety of state preferences for strengthening or weakening IHROs. Previous research has mostly concentrated on democracies, leaving autocracies understudied. It also treated countries as black boxes. To account for such shortcomings, first, the author systematically tests the relationship between the UNHRC and its authoritarian and democratic members by means of inferential statistics. Second, he analyzes a bottom-up process inherent to New Liberalism. It scrutinizes the role of domestic societal actors, domestic institutions, as well as pressures on the international stage. The results reveal that societal actors, along with the interplay of wealth and regime type in the international realm, figure as the most important predictors of delegation preferences voiced by autocracies and democracies during the reform of the monitoring bureaucracy Special Procedures of the UNHRC. Societal actors play a more important role in democracies than in autocracies. Institutionalized domestic oversight mechanisms help societal actors to conduct effective lobbying at the domestic level. Oversight mechanisms are more important than the rule of law and electoral institutions. Regarding international coalition building, authoritarian regimes turn out to be better organized than democracies. The author concludes that supporters of strong IHROs shall 1. empower domestic societal actors; 2. disrupt cohesive delegation preferences of authoritarian regimes; and 3. invest in independent domestic oversight mechanisms.oversight mechanisms.
Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird ein neues Struktur-Prozess-Modell (OASIS-Modell) zur Abbildung von Informationsprozessen im Rahmen touristischer Entscheidungs-prozesse erarbeitet und begründet. Teilaspekte des Modells werden mit Hilfe eines Mehr-Methoden-Ansatzes empirisch überprüft. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Methoden zur Erhebung der Informations-verarbeitung. Dazu liegen eigene Ergebnisse mit drei verschiedenen empirischen Methoden (Befragungen, IDM-Experimente, Eye-Tracking-Experimente) vor. Ein Schwerpunkt der Methodenentwicklung und des Methodeneinsatzes wurde auf die Information Display Matrix gelegt. Dazu wurde mit dem IDM Visual Processors ein komplett neues Experimentalsystem erarbeitet. Das Programm verknüpft flexible Experimentalsituationen mit einer integrierten Auswertungslogik, so dass die Datenanalyse erheblich vereinfacht oder überhaupt erst mit vertretbarem Aufwand ermöglicht wird. Vom System noch nicht geleistete Analyseaufgaben können aufgrund der verwendeten Standarddatenbank mit Hilfe einfacher Datenexports in anderen Systemen erledigt werden. Im Rahmen der Analyselogik werden erstmals auch dreischrittige Transitionen in Echtzeit berechnet. Damit ist es möglich, weitere abgeleitete Koeffizienten mit vertretbarem Analyseaufwand zu generieren.Zentrales inhaltliches Ergebnis der Arbeit ist die Erstellung eines Modells zur Strukturierung und empirischen Überprüfung des Informationsverhaltens von Urlaubsreisenden. Dieses nach seinen fünf zentralen Dimensionen benannte OASIS-Modell vereint 1. Ein fünfdimensionales Informationsfeld 2. Ein Strukturmodell der möglichen Einflussfaktoren nach vier Dimensionen 3. Die Integration der beiden Modellelemente in eine funktionale und zeitliche Dimension des Entscheidungs- und Informationsprozesses. Die Entwicklung des Modells beruhte auf der genauen Analyse von ca. 20 bereits bestehenden Prozess- und Strukturmodellen sowohl des allgemeinen als auch des touristischen Entscheidungs- und Informationsverhaltens. Im Vergleich zu bestehenden Modellansätzen sind damit vor allem die folgenden Fortschritte gelungen: 1. Das Informationsfeld wird durch die Teilung in fünf Dimensionen für die Analyse besser fassbar: Sowohl die Wirkung der persönlichen, situationalen, produktbezogenen und externen Einflussfaktoren auf jede der Dimensionen als auch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Dimensionen können empirisch überprüft werden. Zwar ergibt sich allein innerhalb der Dimensionen des Informationsfeldes eine Zahl von 10 bi-dimensionalen und 45 multidimensionalen Wirkungsfeldern, die durch entsprechende Analysen hinterlegt werden müssten. Damit wird aber lediglich die Komplexität des tatsächlichen Informations- und Entscheidungsverhaltens abgebildet. 2. Die vier Dimensionen der Einflussfaktoren erlauben wiederum die Analyse ihrer Wirkung auf das Informationsfeld, aber auch die Analyse ihrer Wechselbeziehungen. 3. Die Einbettung des Strukturmodells in einen längeren Prozess und die Definition einer vier-schrittigen Informationsepisode wird postuliert. Im Zuge der Untersuchung ist es gelungen, mit Hilfe verschiedener Erhebungs- und Analysemethoden Teilbereiche des Modells zu prüfen und zu erklären. Ein gesamtheitliche Überprüfung des Modells wird aber auch in Zukunft kaum gelingen. Insofern gibt es für die zukünftige Forschung nur zwei Wege: Entweder die Komplexität des Modells so weit zu reduzieren, dass es mit einem einheitlichen Analyseansatz greifbar wird (wogegen aber die große Zahl bereits vorhandener Teilmodelle spricht), oder das Modell als Arbeitsrahmen zu sehen, in dem Teilbereiche sukzessive untersucht und überprüft werden. Dieser Weg ist mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung begonnen worden.
Artificial intelligence, most prominently in the form of machine learning, is shaping up to be one of the most transformational technologies of the 21st century. Auditors are among the professions forecasted to be the most affected by artificial intelligence, as the profession encompasses many highly structured and repetitive tasks. Automating such tasks would naturally increase the efficiency of financial statement audits. By allowing auditors to focus on higher value-added tasks, and the capability to analyze large volumes of data at a fracture of the time a human would need, artificial intelligence would also benefit the effectiveness of auditing. Despite these benefits, to this day, the actual adoption of artificial intelligence in the audit domain remains rather limited. The audit profession is highly regulated and has to consider requirements regarding, e.g. the application of professional standards, codes of conduct, and data protection obligations. Hence, the question arises of how audit firms can be supported in their efforts to adopt artificial intelligence and how machine learning systems can be designed to comply with the specific demands of the audit domain. The goal of this dissertation is to better understand the adoption of artificial intelligence in the audit domain and to actively support the adoption of artificial intelligence in auditing based on this understanding. To this end, we employ a mixture of research methods. On the one hand, the research presented here adopts a qualitative approach, examining the adoption of artificial intelligence and other advanced analytical technologies of the audit domain through taxonomy development and grounded theory. The findings of these studies inspire the second stream of work within this dissertation, which adopts a quantitative and design-oriented approach: It focuses on using machine learning to extract information from invoices for tests of details. Tests of details are essential substantive audit procedures used in nearly every audit. This dissertation proposes a new machine learning model architecture for information extraction from invoices, compares different machine learning models, and proposes design principles for machine learning pipelines for an audit application addressing the test of details through action design research.