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Conflicts between intragenerational and intergenerational justice in the use of ecosystem services
(2012)
The principle of sustainability contains two objectives of justice regarding the conservation and use of ecosystems and their services: (1) global justice between different people of the present generation ("intragenerational justice"); (2) justice between people of different generations ("intergenerational justice"). International sustainability policy attaches equal normative importance to both objectives of justice. Accordingly, environmental philosophers ethically justify that people living today and people living in the future have equal rights to certain basic goods, including ecosystems and their services (e.g. Feinberg 1981, Visser’t Hooft 2007). Whereas ideal theories of sustainability and justice do not recognize interdependencies between intragenerational and intergenerational justice, conflicts in attaining the justices possibly arise in policy implementation. Identifying and preventing such conflicts is fundamental to devise an ethically legitimate, politically consistent and actually effective sustainability policy. This dissertation systematically investigates conflicts between intragenerational and intergenerational justice in the use of ecosystem services. Human wellbeing depends on the services provided by ecosystems. Yet, humans substantially degrade world’s ecosystems, and therewith cause the loss of important ecosystem services (MEA 2005: 26ff.). The idea of sustainability demands to use ecosystem services in accordance with the two objectives of intragenerational justice and intergenerational justice. Reality, however, is far from attaining these objectives: Both today’s global poor and future persons are, resp. will be, disproportionately affected by the loss of vital ecosystem services (MEA 2005: 62, 85). Especially severe affected are the rural poor who directly depend on local ecosystem services for food, income and health. The political discourse on the relationship between the objectives of intra- and intergenerational justice in the use of ecosystem services (‘justice-relationship’) is blurred. Further, the political discourse lacks a common understanding of justice in ecosystem-use and a systematic reflection on the actual ‘justice-relationship’, such as on the factors that cause conflicts between the two justices. In this dissertation, I investigate the ‘justice-relationship’ along three central questions: • What conception(s) of justice can adequately address the distribution of access rights to ecosystem services? • How must sustainability policy be designed to enhance both intragenerational and intergenerational justice in the use of ecosystem services? • (How) Can economics be helpful for characterizing and assessing trade-offs between the two justices? I approach these questions both generally and by the example of a case study, the MASIPAG farmer network in the Philippines. Methodologically, I combine a normative and a positive analysis of the relationship between intra- and intergenerational justice in the use of ecosystem services: The normative analysis serves the explication, justification and reflection of the norms underlying the ‘justice-relationship’; the positive analysis serves the description of the ‘justice-relationship’ in the sustainability discourse and in practical contexts, as well as the provision of explanations on the determinants of the ‘justice-relationship’. As methodological approach, I apply the “comprehensive multi-level approach” as developed by Baumgärtner et al. (2008) – investigating the ‘justice-relationship’ simultaneously on the three levels of (i) concept, (ii) model and (iii) case study.
In den meisten Volkswirtschaften der Welt stellen Treibhausgas- und insbes. CO2-Emissionen eine unumgängliche Notwendigkeit für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung dar, so dass bei der Zuteilung von Emissionskontingenten an einzelne Staaten insbesondere die Frage zwischenstaatlicher Gerechtigkeit an Bedeutung gewinnen wird. In dieser Arbeit werden daher Kriterien für die Verteilung von Emissionsrechten im Rahmen eines globalen Emissionshandels (EH)-Systems unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit untersucht. Anhand von drei Prinzipien distributiver Gerechtigkeit werden Zuteilungskriterien, die in die internationalen Verhandlungen eingebracht wurden, betrachtet. Basierend auf der Analyse dieser Kriterien wird exemplarisch ein Verteilungsszenario dargelegt, dem das "egalitäre" Kriterium einer strikt bevölkerungsabhängigen Zuteilung zugrunde liegt. Die Ergebnisse einer darauf aufbauenden Kalkulation zeigen, dass eine pro Kopf-Verteilung der Emissionszertifikate den Großteil der 'Entwicklungsländer' zu weitaus höheren Emissionen berechtigen würde, wohingegen die industrialisierte Welt nur noch zu einem Bruchteil ihres gegenwärtigen Emissionsaufkommens berechtigt wäre. Mittels des Instruments des EH könnte aus einer solchen Primärverteilung ein beträchtlicher Finanztransfer von Nord nach Süd resultieren und auf diesem Wege globale Wohlfahrtsdisparitäten vermindern.