331 Arbeitsökonomie
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Personalpolitische Muster
(2020)
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit Typisierungen der Personalpolitik, die sich darauf rich-ten, charakteristische Muster der Personalpolitik zu identifizieren und deren Zustandekom-men zu erklären. Beschrieben werden der Erkenntniswert, der typologischen Ansätzen zu-kommt, und die Schwierigkeiten, die sich der Identifikation personalpolitischer Muster entge-genstellen. Ungeachtet der sich dabei stellenden Probleme erscheint es wünschenswert und möglich, über lediglich intuitiv plausible Ansätze hinauszugehen und theoretisch gut veran-kerte Typologien zu entwickeln.
Einen breiten Raum nimmt im vorliegenden Beitrag die Darstellung der in der Literatur vor-findlichen Typisierungen der Personalpolitik ein. Zu unterscheiden ist hierbei zwischen Typo-logien, die sich auf das Gesamtsystem Organisation und Typologien, die sich, im engeren Sinne, auf einzelne Funktionsbereiche des Personalwesens beziehen. Das Spektrum der den Typisierungen zugrundeliegenden theoretischen Überlegungen erweist sich zwar als sehr breit, es wird aber dennoch von einigen wenigen Grundthemen bestimmt. Auch schließen sich die Typisierungen nicht gegenseitig aus, sie beleuchten oft einfach unterschiedliche Aspekte der Personalpolitik. Der Gedanke, dass sich verschiedenartige personalpolitische Ausrichtun-gen ergänzen und in ihrer Wirkung verstärken können, wird im Konzept der „Sozio-Bricks“ aufgenommen und vertieft. Hierauf wird gesondert eingegangen.
Danach werden die Erfahrungen aus einer Reihe von empirischen Erkundungen beschrieben, die darauf abzielten, das komplexe Untersuchungsobjekt Personalpolitik näher zu charakteri-sieren und anschaulich zu machen. Als theoretische Referenz diente das Sozio-Bricks-Konzept und es wurde geprüft, ob sich mit dessen Hilfe stimmige, in der betrieblichen Realität vorfind-liche, personalpolitische Muster identifizieren lassen.
Abschließend wird mit der Simulationsmethode noch ein Ansatz theoretischer Erkundungsar-beit skizziert. Der große Vorteil von Simulationsmodellen besteht darin, dass sie dazu zwingen, die Mechanismen zu operationalisieren, die man dafür verantwortlich macht, dass sich be-stimmte personalpolitische Muster herausbilden. Außerdem erlauben entsprechend konzi-pierte Modelle, den Wirkungsverbund der auf die Personalpolitik einwirkenden Kräfte zu un-tersuchen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen den Big Five Persönlich-keitsfaktoren und vier sozialen Teilfähigkeiten Empathie, Kommunikationsfähigkeiten, Koor-dinationsfähigkeiten und Visionsfähigkeiten gemäß dem Modell der gelingenden Interaktion. Außerdem wird untersucht, inwieweit die sozialen Fähigkeiten und die Big Five Persönlich-keitsfaktoren mit dem Berufs- bzw. dem Führungserfolg korrelieren. Als Datenquellen die-nen zwei Online-Befragungen und das Sozioökonomische Panel. Die in diesen Studien ver-wendeten Kurzskalen werden vorgestellt und die deskriptiven Ergebnisse hierzu werden aus-führlich erläutert. Die Zusammenhangsanalysen bestätigen die Ausgangsvermutung, wonach zwischen den sozialen Fähigkeiten, den Persönlichkeitsfaktoren und dem Berufserfolg zum Teil sehr enge Beziehungen bestehen.
Mechanismen der Veränderung personalpolitischer Konstellationen : Ergebnisse von Simulationsstudien
(2020)
Die vorliegende Simulationsstudie befasst sich mit der Etablierung und Veränderung der Personal-politik von Organisationen. Das den Simulationsrechnungen zugrunde liegende Modell beschreibt und erklärt den Einfluss personalpolitischer Kraftfelder auf die personalpolitischen Orientierungen von Organisationen. Berücksichtigt werden dabei die Rückwirkungen, die von der Personalpolitik auf die sie bestimmenden Kräfte ausgehen sowie die Beharrungskräfte, die einer einmal etablier-ten personalpolitischen Konstellation innewohnen. Und schließlich wird den Zufallsprozessen, die das personalpolitische Geschehen wesentlich mitbestimmen, die ihnen gebührende Beachtung ge-schenkt.
Als theoretische Grundlage dient eine erweiterte und auf die Erklärung der Personalpolitik hin aus-gerichtete Version der Anreiz-Beitrags-Theorie, wonach sich, je nach den gegebenen Feldkraft-konstellationen, angepasste Sozialordnungen herausbilden. Die Elemente und Strukturen dieser Sozialordnungen sind aufeinander abgestimmt und stützen sich gegenseitig. Daraus entwickeln sich interne „Bindungskräfte“, die den verschiedenen Sozialordnungen ihre je eigene Stabilität ver-leihen. Die in dieser Theorie thematisierten Zusammenhänge werden in dem Simulationsmodell konkretisiert und in entsprechende Rechenvorschriften transformiert. Damit wird es möglich, den Ablauf und die Wirkung der von der Theorie unterstellten Mechanismen anhand von konkret be-nennbaren Vorgängen zu analysieren.
Due to increased life expectancy, a growing number of retirees are spending more and more time in retirement. Life satisfaction in later life therefore becomes an increasingly important societal issue. Good work ability and health are prerequisites for a self-determined transition to retirement, for example allowing for a continuation of gainful employment beyond retirement age. Such continued employment is one way of dealing with the consequences of a historically unique long retirement phase: a self-determined continued employment can have a positive effect on individual well-being, on societal level relieve the burden on the pension insurance system, and on meso-level provide companies with urgently needed human capital. The self-determination of life circumstances is postulated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a basic psychological need with effects on individual well-being. This dissertation investigates work ability as a concept that supports workers, employers, and societies in the extension of working lives, and how work ability is related to the level of self-determination in the transition to retirement, and ultimately life satisfaction.
In the first study of this dissertation, the Work Ability Survey-R (WAS-R) was translated from English into German and then evaluated regarding its psychometric properties and construct validity. The WAS-R operationalizes work ability as the interplay of personal and organizational resources and thus allows companies to derive targeted interventions to maintain work ability.
In the second study, the WAS-R was examined together with the questionnaire Work-Related Behavior and Experience Pattern (Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster, AVEM) regarding its construct validity. A striking feature of this study was the high number of participants with the answering pattern indicating low work-related ambitions and protection. Persons with this pattern are in danger of entering the risk pattern for burnout in the future. The findings support the validity of the WAS-R.
In the third contribution, two studies examined the experience of control (i.e., autonomy) in the transition to retirement as a mediator between previous work ability, health, and financial well-being, and later life satisfaction in retirement. Control was found to partially mediate the relationship between work ability and later life satisfaction. Different mechanisms on later life satisfaction of work ability and health, and the subjective and objective financial situation were found.
This dissertation contributes to research on and practice with aging workers in two ways: (1) The German translation of the WAS-R is presented as a useful instrument for measuring work ability, assessing individual and organizational aspects and therefore enabling employers to make targeted interventions to maintain and improve work ability, and eventually enable control during later work life, the retirement transition and even old age. (2) This dissertation corroborates the importance of good work ability and health, even in old age, as well as control in these phases of life. Work ability is indirectly related to life satisfaction in the long period of retirement, mediated by a sense of control in the transition to retirement. This emphasizes the importance of the need for control as postulated by the SDT also in the transition to retirement.
My dissertation embraces four empirical papers addressing socio-economic issues relevant to policy-makers and society as a whole. These papers cover important aspects of human life including health at birth, life satisfaction, unemployment periods and retirement decisions, and are intended to provide a contribution to the respective research areas. The analyses are carried out applying advanced econometric methods and are based on data sets consisting of survey data as well as administrative records.
The joint paper with Alessandro Palma and Daniela Vuri "Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Neonatal Health" in Chapter 2 investigates the causal impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on neonatal health in Italy in the 2000s combining detailed information on mother’s residential location from birth certificates with PM10 concentrations from air pollution monitors. Variation in local weekly rainfall is exploited as an instrumental variable for non-random air pollution exposure. Using quasi-experimental variation in rainfall shocks allows to identify the effect of PM10, ruling out potential bias due to confounder pollutants. The paper estimates the effect of exposure for both the entire pregnancy period and separately for each trimester to test whether the neonatal health effects are driven by pollution exposure during a particular gestation period. This information enhances our understanding of the mechanisms at work and help prevent pregnant mothers from most dangerous exposure periods. Additionally, the effects of prenatal exposure to PM10 are estimated by maternal labor market status and maternal education level to understand how the pollution burden is shared across different population groups. This decomposition allows to identify possible mechanisms through which environmental inequality reinforces the negative impact of early-life exposure to air pollution. This study finds that average PM10 and days with PM10 level above the hazard limit reduce birth weight, gestational age, and measures of overall newborn health. Effects are largest for third trimester exposure and for low-income and less educated mothers. These findings imply that further policy efforts are needed to fully protect fetuses from the adverse effects of air pollution and to mitigate the environmental inequality of health at birth.
The joint paper with Christian Pfeifer "Life Satisfaction in Germany After Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence" in Chapter 3 updates previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the effects are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is, on average, significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased in the first years after the German reunification and remained quite stable and sizable since the mid-nineties. The results further indicate that gender differences are small. Finally, the East-West gap is significantly smaller and shows a trend towards convergence for younger birth cohorts.
The joint paper with Christian Pfeifer "Unemployment Benefits Duration and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Germany" in Chapter 4 explores the effects
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of a major reform of unemployment benefits in Germany on the labor market outcomes of individuals with some health impairment. The reform induced a substantial reduction in the potential duration of regular unemployment benefits for older workers. This work analyzes the reform in a wider framework of institutional interactions, which allows to distinguish between its intended and unintended effects. The results based on routine data collected by the German Statutory Pension Insurance and a Difference-in-Differences design provide causal evidence for a significant decrease in the number of days in unemployment benefits and increase in the number of days in employment. However, they also suggest a significant increase in the number of days in unemployment assistance, granted upon exhaustion of unemployment benefits. Transitions to unemployment assistance represent an unintended effect, limiting the success of a policy change that aims to increase labor supply via reductions in the generosity of the unemployment insurance system.
The single-authored paper "How Older Workers Respond to Raised Early Retirement Age: Evidence from a Kink Design in Germany" in Chapter 5 explores how an increase in the early retirement age affects labor force participation of older workers. The analysis is based on a social security reform in Germany, which raised the early retirement age over several birth cohorts to boost employment of older people and ultimately alleviate the burden on the public pension system. Detailed administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency allow to distinguish between employment and unemployment as well as disability pensions and retirement benefits claims. Using a Regression Kink design in a quasi-experimental framework, I show that the raised early retirement age had positive employment effects and negative effects on retirement benefits claims. The reform did not affect unemployment benefits or disability pensions claims. My results also show that some population groups are more sensitive to a reduction in retirement options and more likely to seek benefits from other government programs. In this respect, I find that workers in manufacturing sector respond to the raised early retirement age by claiming benefits from the disability insurance program designed to compensate for reduced earnings capacity due to severe health problems. The treatment heterogeneity analysis further suggests that high-wage workers are more likely to delay exits from employment, which is in line with incentives but might also indicate an increased inequality within the affected birth cohorts induced by the reform. Finally, women seem to rely on alternative sources of income such as retirement benefits for women, or spouse's or partner's income not observed in the data. All things considered, workers did not adjust to the increased early retirement age by substituting early retirement with other government programs but rather responded to the reform in line with the policy intent. At the same time, the findings point to heterogeneous behavioral responses across different population groups. This implies that raising the early retirement age is an effective policy tool to increase employment only among older people who have the real choice to delay employment exits. Therefore, reforms that raise statutory ages should ensure social support for workers only marginally attached to the labor market or not able to work longer due to potential health problems or other circumstances.
Der vorliegende Text berichtet über die Ergebnisse eines Projektes, das im Rahmen einer Seminarveranstaltung im Wintersemester 2019/2010 an der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg durchgeführt wurde. Der Text wurde von Albert Martin verfasst. An der Konzipierung, Fragenformulierung, Durchführung und Auswertung der Umfrage haben die folgenden weiteren Personen mitgewirkt: Aliena Barth, Lena Kathleen Bittrich, Lars Brockmann, Tabea Brüning, Frederik Heyn, Viktor Kessler, Dana Kiefer, Kira Lockhorn, Dylan Lord, Christina Nast, Gregor Radden, Julian Rippe, Christian Smit, Pia Steinhage, Timo Woidich