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Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen den Big Five Persönlich-keitsfaktoren und vier sozialen Teilfähigkeiten Empathie, Kommunikationsfähigkeiten, Koor-dinationsfähigkeiten und Visionsfähigkeiten gemäß dem Modell der gelingenden Interaktion. Außerdem wird untersucht, inwieweit die sozialen Fähigkeiten und die Big Five Persönlich-keitsfaktoren mit dem Berufs- bzw. dem Führungserfolg korrelieren. Als Datenquellen die-nen zwei Online-Befragungen und das Sozioökonomische Panel. Die in diesen Studien ver-wendeten Kurzskalen werden vorgestellt und die deskriptiven Ergebnisse hierzu werden aus-führlich erläutert. Die Zusammenhangsanalysen bestätigen die Ausgangsvermutung, wonach zwischen den sozialen Fähigkeiten, den Persönlichkeitsfaktoren und dem Berufserfolg zum Teil sehr enge Beziehungen bestehen.
The literature on term bids by presidents tends to focus on the institutional arrangements to hinder such term bids in the first place, on presidential strategies to circumvent the constitutional law, or on counteractions of political elites. Mobilizations against such attempts by presidents to run for office again, after reaching the end of their last allowed term, are often solely included as "pressures from below". To address these shortcomings, this dissertation explores the issue of term amendment struggles through the lenses of contentious politics systematically combined with insights of revolution theories and democratization studies. Its conceptual perspective therefore lies on the interactions of actors and their constellations to each other as well as to institutions. The author deduces three diverse pathways to promote institutional change and prevent democratic backslidings – through political elites, (political) allies, and security forces. By selecting two cases that are most similar in terms of institutions and youth movements at the forefront, Senegal (2011-12) and Burkina Faso (2013-14), this analysis offers insight in the divergence of the struggles and their outcome. Because in both cases, the announcement of the presidents to run for another term in office led to broad mobilization led by youth movements against such tenure amendments, the political system in general and socioeconomic inequalities - but with diverging results. In Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaoré eventually resigned while Abdoulaye Wade in Senegal candidated again, legitimized by the Constitutional Court. Based on extensive fieldwork, including interviews with movement leaders and their allies, as well as a comprehensive media analysis and the SCAD databank for the analysis of protest events, the author differentiates and reconstructs the various phases of the conflict. The results of the dissertation point at two dimensions most relevant to comprehend the dissimilar pathways the struggles took – the reach of mobilization and, closely interlinked to the first, the refusal of soldiers to obey orders. It shows further that these differences go back to the respective history of each country, its former protest waves, and political culture. Although both presidents faced mass mobilization against their unconstitutional candidature, only in Burkina Faso it eventually led to an ungovernable situation. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on lessons learned for future democratic backslidings by presidents to come and avenues for future research – and thus offers fruitful insights.
Empirische Studien aus dem Bereich der Lehrerbildungsforschung haben gezeigt, dass die Arbeit mit Unterrichtsvideos eine wirksame Möglichkeit darstellt, um professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehramtsstudierenden zu erweitern. In der Unterrichtsforschung werden Unterrichtsvideos darüber hinaus auch als Messinstrument zur Wahrnehmung von Unterrichtsqualität genutzt. Dabei werden meist Filmaufnahmen verwendet, die mit einer Überblicks- oder Lehrerkamera gefilmt wurden. In diesem Kontext äußern Bildungswissenschaftler die Annahme, dass die gefilmte Kameraperspektive einen Effekt auf die Beobachtung und Beurteilung der Unterrichtsvideos haben kann. Empirische Befunde sind zu dieser Hypothese bisher wenig vorhanden. Die vorliegende Dissertation hat sich daher - in der Tradition standardisierter Videostudien - das Ziel gesetzt, das bisherige standardisierte Kamerasetting inhaltlich-konzeptionell durch die Installierung mehrerer Schülerkameraperspektiven weiterzuentwickeln. Auf dieser Grundlage wurde geprüft, ob die Rater durch den Einsatz multiperspektivischer Videos in ihrer Einschätzung der Unterrichtsqualität zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen gelangen. Die Befunde belegen, dass Rater ein Unterrichtsgeschehen mit den etablierten Perspektiven der Überblicks- oder Lehrerkamera nahezu ähnlich einschätzen. Mit weiteren Kameraperspektiven, die auf die Schüler gerichtet sind, wird jedoch eine deutlich breitere Beurteilung in den Dimensionen "Kognitive Aktivierung", "Klassenmanagement" und "Individuelle Förderung" deutlich. Mehrere Kameraperspektiven ermöglichen detaillierte Aussagen über Unterricht. Von diesem Ergebnis können auch Studierende in der Lehrpersonenausbildung profitieren. Schülerkameraperspektiven eröffnen Dozierenden insbesondere zur Thematik "heterogene Schülerschaft" ein didaktisches Lehrmittel und Werkzeug, das eine Videoanalyse zu Mikrointeraktionen zwischen Schüler-Lehrpersonen-Interaktionen dynamisch und simultan erlaubt.
Das bilinguale Wiki „Schreiben im Studium | Academic writing“ ist eine Online-Ressource zum Thema „wissenschaftliches Schreiben“. Die bereitgestellten Informationen dienen dazu, die Selbstreflexion der Lesenden hinsichtlich ihres eigenen Schreibhandelns anzuregen. Das Wiki richtet sich primär an Studierende. Es kann aber auch in der schreibdidaktischen Lehre von Mitarbeitenden von Schreibzentren oder als Nachschlagewerk für schreibwissenschaftlich Interessierte eingesetzt werden.
Der Einstieg in das Wiki erfolgt über folgende thematische Zugänge:
• den Prozess des Schreibens selbst,
• den Text bzw. ein Schreibprojekt,
• die Frage nach dem eigenen Schreibtyp,
• Informationen zu Schreibratgebern.
Theoretische Hintergründe und Beschreibungen werden mit praktischen Tipps, Arbeitsblättern und Hinweisen auf Schreibratgeber angereichert und teilweise durch Videos erläutert.
Technological development made it possible to store and process data on a scale not imaginable decades ago — a development that also includes network data. A particular characteristic of network data is that, unlike standard data, the objects of interest, called nodes, have relationships to (possibly all) other objects in the network. Collecting empirical data is often complicated and cumbersome, hence, the observed data are typically incomplete and might also contain other types of errors. Because of the interdependent structure of network data, these errors have a severe impact on network analysis methods. This cumulative dissertation is about the impact of erroneous network data on centrality measures, which are methods to assess the position of an object, for example a person, with respect to all other objects in a network. Existing studies have shown that even small errors can substantially alter these positions. The impact of errors on centrality measures is typically quantified using a concept called robustness. The articles included in this dissertation contribute to a better understanding of the robustness of centrality measures in several aspects. It is argued why the robustness needs to be estimated and a new method is proposed. This method allows researchers to estimate the robustness of a centrality measure in a specific network and can be used as a basis for decision making. The relationship between network properties and the robustness of centrality measures is analyzed. Experimental and analytical approaches show that centrality measures are often more robust in networks with a larger average degree. The study of the impact of non-random errors on the robustness suggests that centrality measures are often more robust if missing nodes are more likely to belong to the same community compared to missingness completely at random. For the development of imputation procedures based on machine learning techniques, a process for the evaluation of node embedding methods is proposed.
Tropical forests worldwide support high biodiversity and contribute to the sustenance of local people’s livelihoods. However, the conservation and sustainability of these forests are threatened by land-use changes and a rapidly increasing human population. This dissertation, therefore, aimed to characterize biodiversity patterns in the moist Afromontane forests of southwestern Ethiopia and to examine how biodiversity patterns are affected by land-use and land-use changes (mediated by coffee management intensity, landscape attributes and housing development) in a context of a rapidly growing rural population. To achieve this goal, the author takes an interdisciplinary approach where, first, she examined the effects of coffee management intensity on diversity patterns of woody plants and birds, spanning a gradient of site-level disturbance from nearly undisturbed forest interior to highly managed shade coffee forests. Results showed that specialized species of woody plants (forest specialists) and birds (forest specialists, insectivores and frugivores) were affected by coffee management intensity. The richness of forest specialist trees and the richness and/or abundance of insectivores, frugivores and forest specialist birds decrease with increasing levels of disturbance. Second, the author investigated the effects of landscape context on woody plants, birds and mammals. Community composition and specialist species of woody plants and birds were sensitive to landscape context, where woody plants responded positively to gradients of edge-interior and birds to gradients of edge-interior and forest cover. Further results showed that a diverse mammal community, with 26 species, occurs at the forest edge of shade coffee forests and that the leopard, an apex predator in the region depended on large areas of natural forest. A closer examination of leopard activity patterns revealed a shift in the diel activity as a response to human disturbance inside the forest, further highlighting the importance of natural undisturbed forests for leopards in the region. Together, these findings demonstrate the value of low managed shade coffee forests for biodiversity, and importantly, emphasize the irreplaceable value of undisturbed natural forests for biodiversity. Third, the researcher investigated the effects of prospective rural population growth (mediated by housing development) on the forest mammal community. Here, population growth was projected to negatively influence several mammal species, including the leopard. Housing development that encroached the forest entailed worse outcomes for biodiversity than a combination of prioritized development in already developed areas and coffee forest protection. Fourth, to understand the motivations behind high human fertility rates in the region, she examined the determinants of women fertility preferences, including their perceptions on social and biophysical stressors affecting local livelihoods such as food insecurity and environmental degradation. Fertility preferences were influenced by underlying social norms and mindsets, a perceived utilitarian value of children and male dominance within the household, and were only marginally affected by perceptions of social and biophysical stressors. The findings suggest the need for new deliberative and culturally sensitive approaches that engage with pervasive social norms to slow down population growth. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the key value of moist Afromontane forests in southwestern Ethiopia for biodiversity conservation. It indicates the need to promote coffee management practices that reduce forest degradation and highlights that high priority should be given to the conservation of undisturbed natural forests. It also suggests the need to integrate conservation goals with housing development in landscape planning. A promising approach to achieve the above conservation priorities would be the creation of a Biosphere Reserve and to promote the ecological connectivity between the larger forest remnants in the region. Finally, this dissertation demonstrates the importance of placed-based holistic approaches in conservation that consider both proximate and distal drivers of forest biodiversity decline.
This doctoral thesis contains four empirical studies analysing the personal accountability of prime ministers and the electoral presidentialisation of parliamentary elections in European democracies. It develops the concept of presidentialised prime ministerial accountability as a behavioural element in the chain of accountability in parliamentary systems. The ongoing presidentialisation of parliamentary elections, driven by changes in mass communication and erosion of societal cleavages, that fosters an increasing influence of prime ministers' and other leading candidates' personalities on vote choices, has called performance voting – and the resulting accountability mechanism of electoral punishment and reward of governing parties – into question. This thesis analyses whether performance voting can be extended to the personal level of parliamentary governments and asks whether voters hold prime ministers personally accountable for the performance of their government. Furthermore, it explores how voters change their opinion of prime ministers and how differences in party system stability and media freedom between Western and Central Eastern Europe contribute to higher electoral presidentialization in Central Eastern European parliamentary elections. This thesis relies on several national data sources: the "British Election Study", the "German Longitudinal Election Study" and other German election surveys, the "Danish Election Study", as well as, data from the "Forschungsgruppe Wahlen". In addition, it utilises cross-national data from the "Comparative Study of Electoral Systems".
Contemporary liberal-democracies are under stress and traditional political parties have become detached from their electorates. Since the 1980s, parties have been experiencing a crisis of legitimation, whose effects have become intensive especially in the early twenty-first century. New populist challengers have tried to fill the representative void left by mainstream parties; at the same time, technocracy has become one of the most prominent form of representation. Political responsibility and responsiveness appear often incompatible in the eyes of voters. Moreover, political personalization and processes of presidentialization have led to a situation where single political leaders have become the crucial political actors, to the detriment of party organizations. This Habilitation thesis investigates the linkage between representative democratic institutions in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems and political elites, trying to understand how this linkage has been affected by the change of party democracy. In particular, the thesis analyzes political institutions’ functioning in democratic contexts as well as parties’ responses and elites’ paths to power as indicators of a process of adaptation. Four main research questions inform the analysis: what structural opportunities and constraints do political elites meet when it comes to exercising political power?; how have the decline of party government and political personalization modified opportunity structures?; how do parties and elites cope with democratic change?; has democratic change produced new criteria for successful political careers? The institutional focus is on political executives and representative assemblies at different levels of government. Findings highlight that political elites adopts strategies of resistance and respond to democratic change through incremental steps. In other words, rather than anticipatory, political elites appear reactive, when they are confronted with substantial modifications of the political opportunity structure. Overall, the study contributes to the debate about the changing role of parties and political elites as connectors between the state and the society and provides insights about future developments.
Der vorliegende Text berichtet über die Ergebnisse eines Projektes, das im Rahmen einer Seminarveranstaltung im Wintersemester 2019/2010 an der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg durchgeführt wurde. Der Text wurde von Albert Martin verfasst. An der Konzipierung, Fragenformulierung, Durchführung und Auswertung der Umfrage haben die folgenden weiteren Personen mitgewirkt: Aliena Barth, Lena Kathleen Bittrich, Lars Brockmann, Tabea Brüning, Frederik Heyn, Viktor Kessler, Dana Kiefer, Kira Lockhorn, Dylan Lord, Christina Nast, Gregor Radden, Julian Rippe, Christian Smit, Pia Steinhage, Timo Woidich