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The overall aim of this thesis is to develop empirical probabilistic frameworks that help to quantify the impacts of temporal and spatial scale dependencies and model uncertainties of climate projections regarding precipitation-dependent parameters. The thesis is structured in four articles. Article one is the first study that analyzed climate projections from the spatially highly resolved regional climate model (RCM) ensemble EURO-CORDEX. Additionally, the significance and the robustness of the projected changes are analyzed, and improvements related to the higher horizontal resolution of the new data set are discussed. A major finding is, that RCM simulations provide higher daily precipitation intensities, which are missing in the global climate model (GCM) simulations, and that they show a significantly different climate change of daily precipitation intensities with a smoother shift from low towards high intensities. The second article elaborates on impacts of temporal and spatial aggregation on extreme precipitation intensities. By combining radar data with cloud observations, the different temporal and spatial scaling behavior of stratiform and convective type precipitation events can be analyzed for the first time. The separation between convective and stratiform type events also allows to quantify the contribution of convective events to the extremes. Further, it is shown that temporal averaging has similar effects on the precipitation distribution as spatial averaging. Associated pairs of temporal and spatial resolutions that show comparable intensity distributions are identified. Using precipitation data from radar observations, a gauge station network and a spatially highly resolved regional climate model, the third paper optimizes the process that finds associated temporal and spatial scales (see second article). This information is used to develop a method that adjusts point measurements to the temporal and spatial scale of a previously defined model grid. The study shows that this procedure can be used to improve bias-adjustment methods in areas with a low gauge station density. It is known that the EURO-CORDEX ensemble overestimates precipitation and shows a common cold bias in the Alpine region. The fourth article evaluates how these biases are changing the temperature distribution and the temperature dependency of precipitation-frequencies. These biases are a source of uncertainty that is not captured by the robustness tests performed in the first article. A probabilistic-decomposition-framework is developed to quantify the impact of these biases on precipitation-frequency changes and to investigate causes for the ensemble spread.
The process perspective provides a unifying framework that has substantially contributed to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, much of the research up to now has neglected this process oriented conception of entrepreneurship. There is therefore a need for studies that take the inherent dynamic processes into account and analyze the underlying mechanisms when researching entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on new venture creation and the processes of sustainable opportunity identification and opportunity deviation. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction that highlights the theoretical contributions of this dissertation and gives an overview over the conducted studies. Chapter 2 argues for a process model of entrepreneurship that places entrepreneurs and their actions center stage. The model combines different perspectives and levels of analysis and provides an integrative framework for researching new venture creation. In chapter 3 we establish and test a theoretical model of sustainable opportunity identification. The chapter explains how younger generations identify sustainable opportunities. The findings indicate that sustainable opportunity identification is a process with two transitions from problem to solution identification and from solution identification to sustainable opportunity identification. These transitions are contingent on awareness of consequences and entrepreneurial attitude. Chapter 4 offers insights into how deviation from the original opportunity increases the performance of entrepreneurial teams. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial teams with a high level of error orientation set themselves higher goals when deviating from their original opportunity. Higher goals then lead to higher team performance. Chapter 5 summarizes the overall findings and outlines the general theoretical and practical implications. Each chapter thus contributes to the process perspective by focusing on how different phases of the entrepreneurial process unfold and develop over time. Thereby, this dissertation advances our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process.
Seit den frühen 1990er Jahren wird transdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung in Form von problemorientierten Forschungs- und Lernprojekten konzeptioniert und praktisch umgesetzt, an denen außeruniversitäre Akteuren beteiligt sind. Diese Forschungsarbeit verfolgt drei Ziele: Erstens, die Konzeptualisierung der Begriffe Kultur, Multi-, Inter- und Transkulturalität in der Literatur zur transdisziplinären Nachhaltigkeitsforschung zu untersuchen. Zweitens, die Konzeptionierung und Umsetzung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten in Hinblick auf kulturelles Differenzieren zu analysieren. Drittens, konzeptionelle Beiträge zur Gestaltung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten zu entwickeln. Methodisch wird auf Literaturanalysen und eine qualitative Untersuchung zweier transdisziplinärer Lernforschungsprojekte zurückgegriffen. Unter dem Begriff Forschungs- und Lernprojekt werden in dieser Forschungsarbeit sowohl Forschungsprojekte als auch Lehr-Lernforschungsprojekte gefasst. Zentrale Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind die Folgenden: Erstens wird der Kulturbegriff in der transdisziplinären Nachhaltigkeitsforschung zwar vielfältig verwendet, als Forschungsthema, Hintergrund von Beteiligten, Kooperationsweise, Projektkontext, in Hinblick auf Interkulturalität oder als Wissenskultur, allerdings kaum ausdifferenziert und konkretisiert. Zweitens besteht auf der Ebene der Konzeptionierung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten: 1) ein starkes Übergewicht von Integration und Konsens gegenüber einer Auseinandersetzung mit Differenz, 2) eine implizite Vorauswahl von Beteiligten durch bestimmte Begrifflichkeiten und methodologische Ansätze und 3) eine Reproduktion von Machtverhältnissen durch (dichotome) Symmetrie- und Ausgleichsvorstellungen. Drittens zeigt sich auf der Ebene der Umsetzung von Lernforschungsprojekten: 1) eine starke Prozessorientierung der Projekte, 2) ein Spannungsfeld zwischen einer Öffnung und Steuerung in Hinblick auf den Projektverlauf und 3) vielfältige Differenzaushandlungen in Interaktionen (wie Zeitlichkeit, Verantwortung, Erfahrung, Relevanz). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass politische Implikationen der Forschung und zentrale Ungleichheitskategorien der Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften (u.a. race, class, gender, body) kaum thematisiert werden. Vorschläge zur Gestaltung transdisziplinärer Forschungs- und Lernprojekte werden in Hinblick auf ein Verständnis von Forschungsdesigns als Prozesse, einem Erkunden von Differenzierungen und Forscherpositionen und der Bedeutung eines Verlernens entwickelt.
Die (Re)produktion von Weiblichkeitskonstruktionen durch Werbung am Beispiel der Videospots Zalandos
(2018)
Die Bachelorarbeit untersucht mithilfe der Film- und Fernsehanalyse nach Lothar Mikos den Werbespot "Banküberfall" der Werbeagentur Jung von Matt für den deutschen Online-Versandhandel Zalando in Hinblick auf die Darstellungsweise von Weiblichkeit. Das Material wird daraufhin analysiert, welche Weiblichkeitskonstruktionen es liefert. Es soll erforscht werden, auf welche Praktiken, Mechanismen und Formen der Geschlechterherstellung zurückgegriffen wird, um Weiblichkeit als binäre Struktur zu inszenieren. Der Spot wird dabei im Kontext des vorausgehenden theoretischen Teils analysiert. Dieser stützt sich auf Judith Butlers Annahmen zum prozessualen Sein und Werden von Weiblichkeit. Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass der Zalando-Werbespot, indem er geschlechtsspezifisch agierende Figuren nutzt und Stereotype abbildet, die bereits vorgefertigten Bilder des Frauseins, sowie eine binäre Geschlechterordnung (re)produziert. Diese Annahme wird jedoch nach Lothar Mikos Methode ebenso auf Brüche und Ambivalenzen untersucht. Das Ziel der Arbeit mündet darin aufzuzeigen, durch welche diskursiven, verbalen, sowie nonverbalen Verfahren Weiblichkeit erst als übergreifendes Gesellschaftskonstrukt und später als konkretes Konstrukt im Werbespot hergestellt wird. Das Aufzeigen einer greifbaren Weiblichkeitsvorstellung in der Reklame soll exemplarisch dafür stehen, wie standhaft sich bestimmte Vorstellungen über die Frau auch heutzutage noch in der Gesellschaft, den Medien und der Werbung halten.
Lehrkräfte benötigen professionelle Kompetenzen, um den spezifischen Bedürfnissen von mehrsprachigen Schülern gerecht zu werden. Gelegenheiten zum Kompetenzerwerb im Bereich sprachlicher Heterogenität sind daher unerlässlich in der Lehramtsausbildung. Um angemessene Lerngelegenheiten identifizieren und evaluieren zu können, werden in dieser Arbeit zum einen die kognitiven und motivational-affektiven Facetten professioneller Kompetenz für den Bereich Sprachliche Heterogenität modelliert. Zum anderen werden ein Testinstrument zur Messung der kognitiven Facetten (DaZKom-Test) sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung motivational-affektiver Facetten vorgestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit informiert über die Validierung der Testwertinterpretation des DaZKom-Tests, die Identifizierung von Typen bezogen auf ihre Überzeugungen zu Mehrsprachigkeit in der Schule bei angehenden Lehrkräften, und stellt ein erweitertes theoretisches Kompetenzmodell vor, welches einen internationalen Vergleich von Kompetenzen (angehender) Lehrer ermöglicht. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ist ein besseres Verständnis der Lehramtsausbildung in Bezug auf den Umgang mit mehrsprachigen Schülern möglich.
The concept of empowerment has gained considerable attention in the field of international development. Institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations invest considerable funds and efforts trying to facilitate empowerment in developing countries. Thus, empowerment becomes important when people need to take action and be innovative in overcoming scarcity and fighting against poverty. Research shows the positive effects of empowerment on entrepreneurship-related behavior and outcomes such as proactive behavior, goal achievement, and innovation. Yet, there is a dearth of research addressing the phenomenon of empowerment in entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of empowerment in entrepreneurship and its effects. Particularly, this dissertation targets the interplay between empowerment and entrepreneurship in the context of developing countries. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the different topics of this dissertation. Chapter 2, introduces the construct of psychological empowerment at work as the theoretical foundation to advocate for the importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship. The chapter takes initial steps in drawing the rationale and identifying empirical evidence for the relationship between empowerment and entrepreneurial behavior and outcomes. Specifically, the chapter links the components of psychological empowerment to concrete action characteristics in entrepreneurship such as effectuation and experimentation. Chapter 3 establishes a first empirical link between empowerment and entrepreneurship. The chapter provides the construct of entrepreneurial empowerment and develops a multidimensional measure to measure its dimensions. By means of a nomological network, the chapter reveals the relations of entrepreneurial empowerment with relevant constructs and outcomes derived from entrepreneurship and empowerment research such as innovation, self-reliance, and decision-making. Chapter 4 posits entrepreneurship training, particularly personal initiative training and business literacy training, as effective means to facilitate entrepreneurial empowerment and its effect on business performance. The chapter uncovers the mechanisms accounting for the relationship between entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurial empowerment. Chapter 5 provides general theoretical and practical contributions and finishes with a general conclusion.
Restoration and management of abandoned, dry Continental heathland and sandy grassland communities
(2018)
Whereas heathlands in the Atlantic biogeographical region have been in the centre of interest, dry heathland communities in the Continental biogeographical region have been widely neglected. Thereby, the conservation status of both habitat types is listed as unfavourable-bad across the Continental biogeographical region. Surprisingly, no detailed studies are available on cost-efficient and sustainable restoration and management schemes to successfully restore and maintain highly degraded, long-abandoned Continental heaths and sandy grasslands, and thus, to counteract the poor conservation status of the habitat types. This shows the great need for research for the Continental biogeographical region. Thus, the present thesis provides substantial knowledge about the population dynamics of the key plant species of dry heaths Calluna vulgaris (L.) HULL by investigating key processes in the biology of the species as well as about the restoration and management of long-abandoned, dry Continental heathland and sandy grassland communities. In order to better understand the process of successful Continental heathland restoration, I analysed the reproductive potential (seed production, soil seed bank, and germination ability of seeds) of degenerate Calluna stands as well as the effects of single and combined management options on the generative rejuvenation (i.e., recruitment and survival) of Calluna. The results are based on a comprehensive three-year field experiment including the management options year-round, low-intensity cattle and horse grazing, one-time mowing and one-time shallow soil disturbances combined with greenhouse investigations on the soil seed bank content and germination ability of Calluna seeds. The results showed that even after long-term abandonment, seed production of degenerate Calluna stands and the germination ability of seeds proved to be high, being similar to Atlantic heathlands, whereas the soil seed bank is considerably reduced probably due to the dry conditions in the Continental region. In addition, low-intensity grazing with free-ranging robust breeds and the combination with one-time mowing at the beginning of the restoration process is an effective means of supporting the generative rejuvenation of this key plant species in degraded Continental heaths. The second study of this thesis focussed on the first-year establishment of Calluna in managed and unmanaged dry heaths and heaths in mosaics with dry sandy grasslands. The germination ability of seeds of different life-history phases of Calluna was analysed to determine if the predominance of the late life-history phase restricts the rejuvenation process of this key plant species. In addition, beside effects of management measures (year-round, low-intensity grazing, one-time mowing, one-time shallow soil disturbances) the author analysed the most important safe site conditions that possibly influenced the germination and the first-year survival of Calluna. The results of the study combine field experiments with growth chamber investigations. The author found that life-history phase of Calluna did not significantly affect seed germination and thus, the predominance of the degenerate life-history phase does not restrict the rejuvenation process. In addition, the results of the study revealed that grazing and thus trampling intensity must be temporarily and locally enhanced at the beginning of the restoration process of highly degraded heaths to increase safe site availability for successful Calluna establishment. Thereby, shadowing is the most important safe site condition. In the third study, the author investigated the impacts of year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing on the development of the highly competitive grass Calamagrostis epigejos (henceforth referred to as Calamagrostis), as well as the vegetation structure and plant species richness of long-abandoned but nutrient-poor dry heathland and sandy grassland communities, their mosaics and Calamagrostis stands. Finally, I assessed the local conservation status of the habitat types after seven years of grazing in comparison to long-abandoned sites. The results are based on a comprehensive field study on two spatial scales (plot-level: 25 square meters, macroplot-level: 1 ha). The author found that grazing successfully reduced the coverage and prevented the further spread of Calamagrostis, while simultaneously maintained or improved characteristic species richness and vegetation structure across the different nutrient-poor vegetation types over time, and thus enhanced the local conservation status of habitat types of community interest. In conclusion, the results of the studies considerably improved the understanding of dry, Continental heathland and sandy grassland restoration and management. They provide evidence that even after long-term management abandonment, year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing is a suitable management tool for restoring, maintaining and even improving nutrient-poor heathland and sandy grassland communities. However, at the beginning of the restoration process, additional management measures are necessary to faster restore abandoned habitats, especially highly degraded heaths.