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Do exporters really pay higher wages? First evidence from German linked employer-employee data
(2006)
Many plant-level studies find that average wages in exporting firms are higher than in non-exporting firms from the same industry and region. This paper uses a large set of linked employer-employee data from Germany to analyze this exporter wage premium. We show that the wage differential becomes smaller but does not completely vanish when observable and unobservable characteristics of the employees and of the work place are controlled for. For example, blue-collar (white-collar) employees working in a plant with an export-sales ratio of 60 percent earn about 1.8 (0.9) percent more than similar employees in otherwise identical non-exporting plants.
This paper traces the profound decline in German unionism over the course of the last three decades. Today just one in five workers is a union member, and it is now moot whether this degree of penetration is consistent with a corporatist model built on encompassing unions. The decline in union membership and density is attributable to external forces that have confronted unions in many countries (such as globalization and compositional changes in the workforce) and to some specifically German considerations (such as the transition process in postcommunist Eastern Germany) and sustained intervals of classic insider behavior on the part of German unions. The ‘correctives’ have included mergers between unions, decentralization, and wages that are more responsive to unemployment. At issue is the success of these innovations. For instance, the trend toward decentralization in collective bargaining hinges in part on the health of that other pillar of the dual system of industrial relations, the works council. But works council coverage has also declined, leading some observers to equate decentralization with deregulation. While this conclusion is likely too radical, German unions are at the cross roads. It is argued here that if they fail to define what they stand for, are unable to increase their presence at the workplace, and continue to lack convincing strategies to deal with contemporary economic and political trends working against them, then their decline may become a rout.
Using a large recent representative sample of the adult German population this paper demonstrates that nascent necessity and nascent opportunity entrepreneurs are different with respect to some of the characteristics and attitudes considered to be important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur, and that they behave differently. Given the lack of longitudinal data, however, we have no information about the performance of entrepreneurs from both groups in the longer run.
Based on data from a recent representative survey of the adult population in Germany this paper documents that the patterns of variables influencing nascent and infant entrepreneurship are quite similar and broadly in line with our theoretical priors – both types of entrepreneurship are fostered by the width of experience and a role model in the family, and hindered by risk aversion, while being male is a supporting factor. Results of this study using cross section data are in line with conclusions from longitudinal studies for other countries finding that between one in two and one in three nascent entrepreneurs become infant entrepreneurs, and that observed individual characteristics – with the important exception of former experience as an employee in the industry of the new venture - tend to play a minor role only in differentiating who starts and who gives up.
Die Realschulen und ihre Bildungsgänge sind bisher wenig erforscht. Zwar gehören „methodische Mischansätze“ heute selbstverständlich zur Forschungsstrategie, a-ber an dieser Untersuchung ist es neu, dass es sich um eine interdisziplinäre Ana-lyse des Bildungsganges auf mehreren Ebenen handelt, d. h. es wird die theoreti-sche, historische, empirische, strukturelle und curriculare Perspektive dargestellt, da eine begrenzte Sicht zur Beantwortung der Fragen nicht ausreicht. Hintergrund ist die aus multikausalen Gründen in Bewegung geratene Bildungsde-batte: Der Aufbau eines Schulsystems in den neuen Ländern führte zu neuen Or-ganisationsformen, die Bildungsaspiration lässt durch die Expansion neue Richtungen der Schülerströme entstehen, die eine schrumpfende Hauptschule, eine begehrte Realschule und ein attraktives Gymnasium mit sich bringen. Knappe Finanzen lassen die Notwendigkeit von Schülertransporten zugunsten mehrerer Schulangebote vor Ort überdenken, internationale Studien zur Leistungsmessung (TIMSS, PISA) schrecken die deutschen Bildungsforscher durch die schlechten Ergebnisse der deutschen Schülerinnen und Schüler auf. Das Zusammenwachsen der europäi-schen Staaten stellt erhöhte Anforderungen an alle Beteiligten. Indem wesentliche Strukturfragen unseres Schulsystems mit dem Realschulbil-dungsgang untersucht werden, dient diese differenzierte Sichtweise dem wissen-schaftlichen Fortschritt.
Es soll versucht werden, mit Hilfe von Aussagen der Systemtheorie das Subsidiaritätsprinzip näher zu beleuchten. Dies hat vor allem zwei Gründe: Publikationen zur Systemtheorie nehmen in den letzten Jahren genauso zu wie die zum Subsidiaritätsprinzip. Dies liegt vor allem an der Europadiskussion (siehe Stamm, in diesem Band) und an der Diskussion über das Verhalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gegenüber Länder und Kommunen.