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„Inklusion ist eines der dringlichsten Themen, mit denen sich das Bildungssystem und die Gesellschaft derzeit auseinander zu setzen haben.“ (Autorengruppe Handlungsoptionen 2017, S.4) Dieses Zitat des niedersächsischen Kultusministers aus dem Jahr 2017 macht deutlich, welche Relevanz das Thema Inklusion in den letzten Jahren in der Gesellschaft gewonnen hat. Im Bildungssystem hat sich neben den allgemeinbildenden Schulen auch die Berufsbildende Schule neuen Anforderungen zu stellen und die entstehenden Chancen zu nutzen. Das niedersächsische Kultusministerium hat zur Unterstützung der Berufsbildenden Schulen im Juli 2017 die Handreichung „Handlungsoptionen für die inklusive Berufsbildende Schule“ erstellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird dieses Dokument auf Chancen und Herausforderungen, welche sich für die Berufsbildenden Schulen ergeben, untersucht. Es stellt sich folgende Forschungsfrage: Welche Chancen und Herausforderungen bergen die „Handlungsoptionen für die inklusive Berufsbildenden Schule“ für die Inklusion in Berufsbildenden Schulen in Niedersachsen und wie kann diesen begegnet werden?

Die Kulturlandschaft im Alpenraum war in den letzte Jahrzehnten einem besonders starken Strukturwandel ausgesetzt. Als Region mit einem hohen Anteil an Grenzertragsstandorten lassen sich hier zwei gegenläufige Entwicklungen feststellen: zum einen findet eine Intensivierung der Landnutzung in Bereichen mit guter Zugänglichkeit und maschineller Nutzbarkeit statt, zum anderen kommt es häufig zu einem Rückgang der Nutzungsintensität oder Nutzungsaufgabe in Bereichen, in denen die landwirtschaftliche Bearbeitung schwierig ist. Die Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität werden bei beiden Entwicklungen kritisch gesehen, allerdings mangelt es an detaillierten Untersuchungen. Im Rahmen eines sechsjährigen Forschungsvorhabens wurden auf einer Weidefläche in den Allgäuer Alpen Laufkäfer, Spinnen und Vegetation untersucht. Auf der Fläche fand zu Beginn der Untersuchung eine Nutzungsänderung statt: ein großer Teil der vormals intensiv von Schafen beweideten Fläche wurde auf extensive Rinderbeweidung umgestellt, kleine Teilflächen wurden aus der Nutzung genommen. Der Fokus dieser Dissertation liegt in den Untersuchungen der Laufkäfer. Hier wurde zunächst ein Erfassungsschema für Laufkäfer in schwer erreichbaren Gebieten der Alpen erarbeitet, um intensive und mehrjährige Untersuchungen logistisch durchführen zu können. Dabei wurden die Ergebnisse der Laufkäfererfassung über die gesamte Vegetationsperiode mit den Ergebnissen einer reduzierten Erhebung verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Beprobung über jeweils zwei Wochen Anfang Juni und Anfang Juli den gesamten Datensatz hinreichend repräsentiert. Des weiteren wurde untersucht, ob die Vegetation als Surrogat für die beiden untersuchten Arthropodengruppen (Spinnentiere und Laufkäfer) dienen kann, d.h. die Ergebnisse der Vegetation auf die anderen Artengruppen übertragbar ist. Dies wurde sowohl auf Ebene der Artzusammensetzung als auch des Artenreichtums für die drei Taxa geprüft. Zudem wurde überprüft, ob die unter vegetationskundlichen Aspekten abgegrenzten geschützten Lebensraumtypen auch besonders wertvolle Habitate für die Arthropodengruppen darstellen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass eine ausreichende Kongruenz nicht gegeben und damit die Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen bei der Vegetation auf die untersuchten Arthropodengruppen in den Gebirgslebensräumen nicht gewährleistet ist. Dies hat eine hohe praktische Relevanz, da im Rahmen von Managementplanungen für die FFH-Richtlinie als auch bei der Bayerischen Alpenbiotopkartierung überwiegend ein starker Fokus auf vegetationskundlichen Aspekten liegt und insbesondere artenreiche Arthropodengruppen meist nicht betrachtet werden. Abschließend wurde mittels gemischter Modelle (mixed effects models) untersucht, welche Veränderungen bei den Laufkäfern nach der Nutzungsänderung im Untersuchugnsgebiet auftraten. Sämtliche errechneten Modelle zeigten Veränderungen der abhängigen Variablen über die Zeit: nach Aufgabe der intensiven Schafbeweidung nahmen die Arten- und Individuenzahlen sowie die Biomasse an Laufkäfern zu. Die Tiere wurden durchschnittlich größer und es traten mehr herbivore Laufkäfer auf. Auch konnten unterschiedliche Entwicklungen zwischen den Standorten beobachtet werden. Die beobachteten Veränderungen werden im Artikel detailliert diskutiert. Die meisten Veränderungen, insbesondere die Zunahme der Artenzahlen sowie der durchschnittlichen Körpergröße, deuten auf eine Erholung der Laufkäferfauna von der intensiven Schafbeweidung hin. Die Nutzungsumstellung und die aktuell praktizierte extensive Rinderbeweidung werden im Gebiet naturschutzfachlich positiv bewertet. Die Arbeit liefert eine gute Vorlage und fundierte Begründung, gerade auch im Alpenraum verstärkt Laufkäfer bei der Beantwortung naturschutzfachlicher Fragestellungen einzubinden.

This doctoral thesis examines how European merger control law is applied to the energy sector and to which extent its application may facilitate the liberalisation of the electricity, natural gas and petroleum industries so that only those concentrations will be cleared that honour the principles of the liberalisation directives (IEMD and IGMD ). In its communication on an energy policy for Europe, adopted on 10/01/2007, the Commission emphasized that a real internal European energy market is essential to meet Europe’s three energy objectives, i.e. competitiveness to cut costs for citizens and undertakings to foster energy efficiency and investment, sustainability including emissions trading, and security of supply with high standards of public service obligations (Art. 106 TFEU). The EU issued three pre-liberalisation directives since the 1990s. Dissatisfied with the existing monopolistic structures, i.e. in Germany through demarcation and exclusive concession agreements for the supply of electricity and natural gas, which were until 1998 exempted from the cartel prohibition provision (§ 1 GWB), and the prevalence of exclusive rights on the energy markets, the Commission triggered infringement proceedings against four member states under Art. 258 TFEU. The CJEU confirmed that the Commission has the power to abolish monopoly rights under certain circumstances and the rulings had the effect of convincing the member states to enter into negotiations for an opening up of energy markets owing to the internal market energy liberalization directives of 1996 / 1998 / 2003 / 2009 / 2019 (IEMD and IGMD) . The core element of the IEMD and IGMD is to abolish exclusive rights and offer primarily at least large industrial electricity and gas consumers to choose their supplier (market opening for eligible consumers) and to grant negotiated or regulated third party access to transmission and distribution grids so to address natural monopolies. The second liberalization package of 2003 brought a widening of market opening and acceleration of pace of market opening to a greater number of eligible customers (all non-household consumers since July 2004 and all consumers since July 2007) and an increase in the provisions on management and legal unbundling. In parallel, two regulations regulate the access to cross-border electricity infrastructure (interconnectors) and the third party access to gas transmission networks. Two further Directives addressed the security of natural gas and power supply and a third deals with energy end use efficiency and services , a fourth dealt with the promotion of co-generation and a fifths covers marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive in combination with the Hydrocarbons-Licensing Directive ) backed by the public procurement directive in the energy sector. A regulation covers energy statistics. The implementation of the second energy package was slow and the Commission launched infringement proceedings against 5 member states in front of the CJEU (Art. 258, 256 TFEU). The 3rd energy package of 2009 addressed ownership unbundling of key-infrastructure ownership and energy wholesale and retail supply consisting of three regulations and two directives, deals with independent regulators, an agency for the cooperation of energy regulators (ACER) and cross-border cooperation (the European Network for transmission system operators for electricity and gas [ENTSO-E/G] and a regulation on cross-border grid access for electricity and natural gas. Another new regulation deals with market integrity and transparency . Hence, new regulations regulate guidelines on electricity balancing, congestion management, long-term capacity allocation, the code for grid access and transmission system operation . Other regulations address the guidelines for a European cross-border energy infrastructure, which has to be interpreted in the context of European environmental impact assessment law, the submission of data in electricity markets, establish a network code on demand connection , rule on a network code for grid access for direct current transmission systems, define guidelines on electricity transmission system operation, regulate a network code on electricity emergency , deal with security of natural gas supply and establish a programme to aid economic recovery by granting financial assistance. Finally, Directives promote the usage of renewable energies, regulate common oil stocks, the safety of offshore oil and gas production and the quality of petrol and diesel fuels. The 4th liberalization package consists of a new IEMD2019 and IGMD2019, of a new regulation on European cross-border electricity trade, of a regulation on risk preparedness in the electricity sector, of a new agency for the cooperation of European energy regulators, addresses energy efficiency and rules on good governance in the energy union. Since 2008, the Art. 194 I-II TFEU governs the ordinary legislation procedure in the energy sector (internal market in energy, security of energy supply, energy efficiency, energy saving, renewable energies, interconnection of energy grids) notwithstanding of unanimous decision making in case of energy taxation matters (Art. 194 III TFEU). A brief analysis of the economic implications of concentrations is followed by an assessment of the evolution of European merger control law under Art. 66 ECSCT, Art. 101 and 102 TFEU, the merger control regulation of 1989 and its significant amendments of 1997 and 2004. Then, the theoretical findings are contrasted to the results of recent merger proceedings in the energy sector with a focus on the VEBA/VIAG decision. Several deficiencies are established which limit the efficacy of merger control as a tool of offsetting shortcomings in the secondary EC law with regard to the liberalisation of the electricity and gas supply industry (IEMD and IGMD). Commitments proposed by the parties of a given concentration and accepted by the Commission as being sufficient to remedy a serious potential of dominance may only be of subsidiary relevance to the liberalisation of sectors owing to a number of analytical and practical drawbacks. One dominant drawback relates to the fact that the commitments depend always on parties' proposals and can never be imposed ex officio. Others relate to the blunt authorisations provided by the wording of Art. 6 and 8 MR1997 and MR2004 as to the implementation of undertakings. With regard to acquisitions of U.K. regional electricity companies by EdF, it is elaborated that the current merger control law leaves no scope for reciprocity considerations regarding acquisitions by incumbent companies in liberalised markets even though the acquirer is a protected public undertaking. Moreover, it is established that different decisions apply inconsistent market definitions. By means of the VEBA/VIAG and RWE/VEW cases, the question is addressed which causes are responsible for the established analytical and practical deficiencies of merger control in the energy sector. It is stated that the weaknesses of the IEMD 2009/72/EC and IGMD 2009/73/EC are partly responsible for weak undertakings which do not sufficiently remove the scope for dominance on the affected markets and which do not rule out any possibility of impediments of effective negotiated or regulated TPA and do not remove any commercial incentive of the grid subsidiaries of the vertically integrated companies as to access which discriminates between intra and extra group applicants. It is reported that another argument relates to the limited scope that the Commission has if it wants to remedy deficiencies of written primary law owing to the extraordinary nature of the implied powers doctrine based on the principle of constitutional state. Adverse political influence against competition authorities is also judged. Further, it is analysed that accidental regulation based on incidental provisions imposed on undertakings which may or not implement a concentration is by no means a consistent and non-discriminatory and predictable tool to overcome drawbacks of primary or secondary European law in a given sector owing to the democratic principle and the constitutional state doctrine. It is discussed that secondary legislation with regard to energy networks is inter alia restricted by Art. 345 TFEU and provisions of national constitutions which protect property rights against dis-proportionate expropriations or re-definitions of property. Further, legal authorisations of said calibre will have to be connected to a system of state liability law. Adverse political pressures are considered. The same is true for egoistic national policies which abstain from transnational task forces in order to settle difficulties and disputes. Furthermore, the adverse effect of different stages of the maturity of domestic markets, different consumer patterns and a potential isolation of the system is not neglected, because these conditions make it more difficult to apply consistent standards as to the appropriate market definition in order to facilitate harmonisation. The implementation of the VEBA/VIAG merger is discussed, as the former was further complicated owing to specifically evaluated circumstances which were difficult to predict. Nevertheless, the Commission is not exempted from the duty to take due care concerning potential impediments as to the realisation of parties' commitments. In contrast to the negative aspects, it can be highlighted that the Commission quickly realised flaws of the energy liberalisation project as expressed by the present form of the IEMD and IGMD. Consequently, the co-ordinative and innovative mechanisms of Florence and Madrid were created in order to boost the development of effective cross border trade - i.e. tariff systems and interconnector congestion management. It will be concluded that undertakings put forward by the parties and accepted by the Commission should be restricted to a subsidiary legal instrument, only applied if strictly necessary to overcome certain detrimental aspects of given concentrations in order to provide a hint for the legislator, to specify its legislation. Competition as a de-central distributor of risk, wealth and power will be extended to its maximum extent, if wholesale consumers benefit from lower energy prices which allow greater productivity of European products on the world markets in combination with higher environmental standards owing to modern, cost-efficient plants. A successful implementation will be described by liquid spot markets for power accompanied by tools of financial risk management like forwards, futures and options. These will be valuable indicators of efficient liberalisation of the European electricity and gas supply industries.