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In this cumulative thesis, the author presents four manuscripts and two appendixes. In the manuscripts he discusses mindsets and their relation to the effectiveness of negotiation training. His general claim is that mindsets promise to be relevant for training effectiveness. Still, more research needs to be done and chapter 3 presents the Scale for the Integrative Mindset of Negotiators (SIM) that can be used for some of that research. In the appendixes, the author presents two negotiation training exercises. The first addresses an international refugee policy summit and the second a negotiation over the sale of a large solar pv park in Thailand.
This research work aims to create a theoretical base for new urban planning guidelines involving a comprehensive study of housing in Damascus with emphasis on social and cultural factors. The research starts with a historical review of the Muslim City in general and distinguishes between cities that existed before Islam and then were conquered and modified by Muslims and cities established by Muslim Authority. The focus is only on the residential quarters in the city and the local market, mosque and etc (outside the old walled city of Damascus). Other Muslim city urban elements such as Grand mosque, caliph's residency, Citadel and etc. are not in the scope of this study. A brief historical review of Damascus before and during Islam and the development of residential quarters are illustrated. Later, the study analyzes the traditional residential quarter and explores the building guidelines that governed the evolution of the built form of the quarter. Then, the study explores the multi-faceted changes (economic, social and political) that the Middle Eastern region went through, in the last century, in general and the effect of those changes on the city form, case of Damascus. The effect will be traced through examining the decrees that the Authority issued in order to govern land reform and manage public and private domains. Then, the study looks at the ramifications of those decrees on the urban form of Damascus. It also investigates the decrees that were the guide for new planning and organizing developments. The study will inspect the end products of the planning and organizing process by studying several cases of building permits. Then, provides morphology of the new residential sub-quarter and its urban form. Based on lessons learned from the previous decades of housing policy, the study will recommend foundation for governmental norms to produce responsive physical and social urban forms.
The emission of anthropogenic trace substances into the aquatic environment continuously poses challenges to water suppliers. The contamination of raw waters with organic trace substances requires complex water treatment processes to secure drinking water quality. The routine monitoring of these raw waters as well as the behavior and fate of organic trace substances during different treatment processes is of great interest to recognize and counter potential dangers at an early stage. Non-target screening using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) allows the detection of thousands of compounds within a single run and covers known as well as unknown substances. Compared to the established analytical techniques, this is a decisive advantage for the monitoring of raw and process waters during water treatment. While the analytical technique LC-HRMS has undergone significant developments in recent years, the algorithms for data processing reveal clear weaknesses. This dissertation therefore deals with reliable processing strategies for LC-HRMS data. The first part of this work seeks to highlight the problematics of false positive and false negative findings. Based on repeated measurements, various strategies of data processing were assessed with regard to the repeatability of the results. To ensure that real peaks were barely or not removed by the filtering procedure, samples were spiked with isotope-labeled standards. The results emphasize that the processing of sample triplicates results in sufficient repeatability and that the signal fluctuation across the triplicates emerged as a powerful filtering criteria. The number of false positives and false negatives could be significantly reduced by the developed strategies which consequently improve the validity of the data. The second part of this thesis addresses the development of processing strategies particularly aimed at assessing water treatment processes. The detected signals were tracked across the treatment process and classified based on their fold changes. A more reliable signal classification was achieved by implementing a recursive integration approach. Special integration algorithms allow a reliable signal classification even though the signal to be compared was below the intensity threshold. Different combinations of replicates of process influents and effluents were processed for evaluating the repeatability. The good repeatability was indicated by the results of both the plausibility checks and the ozonation process (ozonation of pretreated river water) and thus points to high reliability. The applicability of the developed strategies to real world applications is demonstrated in the last part of this work. Besides the prioritization of the generated results, the main focus was the identification of recognized compounds. The developed strategies clearly improve the validity of the underlying data. The combination of LC-HRMS analysis with reliable processing strategies opens up multiple possibilities for a more comprehensive monitoring of water resources and for the assessment of water treatment processes. The processing strategies and validation concepts may be easily transferred to other research fields.
Online marketing, especially Paid Search Advertising, has become one of the most important paid media channels for companies to sell their products and services online. Despite being under intensive examination by a number of researchers for several years, this topic still offers interesting opportunities to contribute to the community, particularly because of its large economic impact and practical relevance as well as the detailed and widely unfiltered view of consumer behavior that such marketing offers. To provide answers to some of the important questions from advertisers in this context, the author present four papers in his thesis, in which he extends previous works on optimization topics such as click and conversion prediction. He applies and extends methods from other fields of research to specific problems in Paid Search. After a short introduction, the dissertation starts with a paper in which the authors illustrates a new method that helps advertisers to predict conversion probabilities in Paid Search using sparse keyword-level data. They address one of the central problems in Paid search advertising, which is optimizing own investments in this channel by placing bids in keyword auctions. In many cases, evaluations and decisions are made with extremely sparse data, although anecdotal evidence suggests that online marketing is a typical "Big Data" topic. In the developed algorithm presented in this paper, the authors use information such as the average time that users spend on the advertiser's website and bounce rates for every given keyword. This previously unused data set is shared between all keywords and used as prior knowledge in the proposed model. A modified version of this algorithm is now the core prediction engine in a productive Paid Search Bid Optimization System that calculates and places millions of bids every day for some of the most recognized retailers and service providers in the German market. Next, the author illustrates the development of a non-reactive experimental method for A/B testing of Paid Search Advertising activities. In that paper, the authors provide an answer to the question of whether and under what circumstances it makes economic sense for brand owners to pay for Paid Search ads for their own brand keywords in Google AdWords auctions. Finally, the author presents two consecutive papers with the same theoretical foundation in which he applies Bayesian methods to evaluate the impact of specific text features in Paid Search Advertisements.
The increasing perils of connectivity technologies in the context of large satellite constellations come alongside with legal aspects concerning the protection of the space environment. The interplay of connectivity and sustainability must be regulated. To analyse the legal measures and tools regulating the risks, both sides of the problem are taken into consideration. The technological side of large satellite constellations is summarized under the term cybersecurity. Cyber is a code-based system, i.e. at first sight it requires a specialized field of law. This holds true on space sustainability as well. Large satellite constellations raise the discussion on space debris and junk. The consensus on the LTS guidelines by COPUOS at UNISPACE+50 in 2018 constitutes a milestone in Space Law. Space sustainability requires a particular adoption of legal norms: the idea is very similar to the subject of cybersecurity. Since both areas of issue are internationally driven and have multilateral impact, self-regulation proves ineffective. The genesis of reliable and uniform legal rules requires a different approach considering the multilevel systems of obligations with different binding authority. This thesis evaluates the balance between the future of connectivity and space sustainability in the context of large satellite constellations by considering the impact of legal rules with different binding authority.
In Niedersachsen existiert eine florierende, ausdifferenzierte kulturelle Szene. Vor allem im Musikbereich sind zahlreiche, teilweise international agierende Initiativen und einige kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen wie auch Solokünstler aktiv, die in einem regen Austausch miteinander stehen. Diese Akteure treten in der Regel mit der Erwartung einer positiven Auswirkung und Nutzensteigerung einem Netzwerk bei. Selten wird jedoch hinterfragt oder im Anschluss evaluiert, inwiefern das jeweilige Netzwerk zur positiven Verstärkung der Einzelakteure, im ökonomischen wie auch im sozialen oder kulturellen Sinne geführt hat, beziehungsweise inwieweit Netzwerkbildungen auch zu negativen Effekten für ihre Akteure führen können. In dieser Dissertation wird mit qualitativen Methoden und auf theoretischer Basis der Relationalen Soziologie die Situation in Bezug auf Netzwerkbildungen im Musiksektor von Niedersachsen analysiert. Dies geschieht vor den Fragen, wer die Akteure in Niedersachsen sind, und welchen Funktionsweisen und Mechanismen ihre Vernetzungsbestrebungen unterliegen. Ferner werden die Interaktionen zwischen sozialen Akteuren und institutioneller Kulturarbeit im Musiksektor dargestellt und aufgezeigt, welche Prozesse in diesem Musiknetzwerk unter dem Einfluss institutioneller Strukturen ablaufen.
Social insects like honeybees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) face a relatively high risk to be attacked by pests and pathogens. To decrease the risk of infection, in addition to an innate immune system, these species have evolved various cooperative defense mechanisms which contribute to the overall health of the colonies and are therefore also referred to as social immunity. The collection and use of plant resin is another important strategy of social immunity. Resin is a sticky, often aromatic substance with antimicrobial and deterrent properties secreted by plants for protection of the vegetative tissue. Honeybees and stingless bees take advantage of these properties by using resins for nest construction (often mixtures of resin and wax called "propolis" or "cerumen") and as defense against pests and pathogens. Plant resins, thus, play a crucial role for the ecology of these species and are an important resource for them. Nevertheless, how bees exploit available resin sources and if resin collection can protect colonies from diseases received comparatively little attention in the past. Therefore the aim of this thesis is to provide new insights into the plant origin and significance as well as the influence of resin resource diversity on bee colony health. For honeybees (A. mellifera) in temperate regions, precise information about which resin sources they use is largely lacking. By chemical comparing bee-collected resins and tree resins, the researcher traced back the resin sources used by individual bees. Results show that honeybees collect distinct resin types that are related to different tree species (several poplar species: Populus balsamifera, P. xcanadensis; Betula alba; Aesculus hippocastanum; several poplar species). With this study, the author provided the first evidence, that A. mellifera in temperate regions use a variety of different tree species as resin sources and, moreover, show preferences for specific resin sources. Furthermore, the researcher conducted an experimental field study in which she investigated whether propolis, as it is naturally deposited in the nests, can protect honeybee colonies against some of the most important pathogens (Varroa destructor mite, Deformed Wing Virus). The results of this study showed that propolis in (semi-) natural conditions can increase the disease resistance of honeybee colonies, underscoring the importance of resins for honeybee health. Resin collection by stingless bees is comparatively well studied and it is known that these species commonly forage on a variety of different plant species. To increase knowledge on whether and how bees may profit from a diversity of resin resources, the researcheer tested how the protective function of a resin varied among different sources (and their mixtures) and various potential aggressors (predators, parasites and pathogens). The results of this study revealed that resins from different trees vary in their effectivity against different target organisms. Moreover, resin blends were more effective than some of the individual resins, suggesting that bees can benefit from a variety of resin resources. In summary, honeybees in temperate regions, similar to tropical stingless bees, use a variety of different tree species as resin sources. Because resins from different tree species varied in their protective function, this indicates that bees can profit from a variety of different resins/resin sources by improving the defense against diverse pests and pathogens. Conversely, the lack of resin had a negative impact on the disease resistance of colonies. Consequently, availability as well as the variety of suitable resin sources is of great importance for the health of bees.
Die heutige industrielle Landwirtschaft birgt vielfältige Probleme wie die Degradierung der Böden, den Verlust von Biodiversität, Nitrate im Grundwasser sowie die hohe Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energieträgern. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz bietet das Konzept der regenerativen Landwirtschaft, welches weltweit zunehmend Beachtung findet. Deren Ziel ist es, Agrarökosysteme und insbesondere die Böden kontinuierlich zu verbessern, indem durch bestimmte landwirtschaftliche Methoden und ganzheitliches Management unter anderem gestörte Nährstoff-, Wasser- und Kohlenstoff- Kreisläufe wieder geschlossen werden. Die Verwendung von Pflanzenkohle als Bodenhilfsstoff könnte ein mögliches Werkzeug der regenerativen Landwirtschaft sein, da Forschungen gezeigt haben, dass Pflanzenkohle durch ihre spezifischen Eigenschaften in der Lage ist, die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Bodens langfristig zu beeinflussen und dadurch zum Bodenaufbau beizutragen. Es handelt sich jedoch um eine vergleichsweise neue Methode, die in Deutschland bislang wenig praktiziert wird, und es gibt einige Kritik an der Produktion und Verwendung von Pflanzenkohle. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es daher herauszufinden, ob und auf welche Weise die Verwendung von Pflanzenkohle im Ackerbau ein Bestandteil einer regenerativen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland sein kann. Hierfür wurden auf Grundlage der vorhandenen Literatur einige Thesen aufgestellt. Für die empirische Erhebung von Praxiswissen wurden leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews mit je einem Vertreter der Anbauweisen biologisch-dynamisch, organisch-biologisch und der Permakultur geführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden ergänzt durch ein Interview mit einer Expertin aus dem Bereich der Pflanzenkohleproduktion, um technische Details zu konkretisieren. Im Ergebnis wird unter anderem deutlich, dass der Pflanzenkohleeinsatz für jede Fläche gründlich überlegt werden muss. Allgemein sollte Pflanzenkohle nur in kleinen, dezentralen landwirtschaftlichen Systemen eingesetzt werden und Teil einer Abfall-Management-Strategie sein. Es müssen sowohl das Ziel der Anwendung, als auch die Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Kohle bekannt sein und ein Einsatz sollte nur in einem System erfolgen, welches bereits regenerativ bewirtschaftet wird.
The overall aim of this thesis is to develop empirical probabilistic frameworks that help to quantify the impacts of temporal and spatial scale dependencies and model uncertainties of climate projections regarding precipitation-dependent parameters. The thesis is structured in four articles. Article one is the first study that analyzed climate projections from the spatially highly resolved regional climate model (RCM) ensemble EURO-CORDEX. Additionally, the significance and the robustness of the projected changes are analyzed, and improvements related to the higher horizontal resolution of the new data set are discussed. A major finding is, that RCM simulations provide higher daily precipitation intensities, which are missing in the global climate model (GCM) simulations, and that they show a significantly different climate change of daily precipitation intensities with a smoother shift from low towards high intensities. The second article elaborates on impacts of temporal and spatial aggregation on extreme precipitation intensities. By combining radar data with cloud observations, the different temporal and spatial scaling behavior of stratiform and convective type precipitation events can be analyzed for the first time. The separation between convective and stratiform type events also allows to quantify the contribution of convective events to the extremes. Further, it is shown that temporal averaging has similar effects on the precipitation distribution as spatial averaging. Associated pairs of temporal and spatial resolutions that show comparable intensity distributions are identified. Using precipitation data from radar observations, a gauge station network and a spatially highly resolved regional climate model, the third paper optimizes the process that finds associated temporal and spatial scales (see second article). This information is used to develop a method that adjusts point measurements to the temporal and spatial scale of a previously defined model grid. The study shows that this procedure can be used to improve bias-adjustment methods in areas with a low gauge station density. It is known that the EURO-CORDEX ensemble overestimates precipitation and shows a common cold bias in the Alpine region. The fourth article evaluates how these biases are changing the temperature distribution and the temperature dependency of precipitation-frequencies. These biases are a source of uncertainty that is not captured by the robustness tests performed in the first article. A probabilistic-decomposition-framework is developed to quantify the impact of these biases on precipitation-frequency changes and to investigate causes for the ensemble spread.
The process perspective provides a unifying framework that has substantially contributed to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, much of the research up to now has neglected this process oriented conception of entrepreneurship. There is therefore a need for studies that take the inherent dynamic processes into account and analyze the underlying mechanisms when researching entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on new venture creation and the processes of sustainable opportunity identification and opportunity deviation. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction that highlights the theoretical contributions of this dissertation and gives an overview over the conducted studies. Chapter 2 argues for a process model of entrepreneurship that places entrepreneurs and their actions center stage. The model combines different perspectives and levels of analysis and provides an integrative framework for researching new venture creation. In chapter 3 we establish and test a theoretical model of sustainable opportunity identification. The chapter explains how younger generations identify sustainable opportunities. The findings indicate that sustainable opportunity identification is a process with two transitions from problem to solution identification and from solution identification to sustainable opportunity identification. These transitions are contingent on awareness of consequences and entrepreneurial attitude. Chapter 4 offers insights into how deviation from the original opportunity increases the performance of entrepreneurial teams. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial teams with a high level of error orientation set themselves higher goals when deviating from their original opportunity. Higher goals then lead to higher team performance. Chapter 5 summarizes the overall findings and outlines the general theoretical and practical implications. Each chapter thus contributes to the process perspective by focusing on how different phases of the entrepreneurial process unfold and develop over time. Thereby, this dissertation advances our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process.
Seit den frühen 1990er Jahren wird transdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung in Form von problemorientierten Forschungs- und Lernprojekten konzeptioniert und praktisch umgesetzt, an denen außeruniversitäre Akteuren beteiligt sind. Diese Forschungsarbeit verfolgt drei Ziele: Erstens, die Konzeptualisierung der Begriffe Kultur, Multi-, Inter- und Transkulturalität in der Literatur zur transdisziplinären Nachhaltigkeitsforschung zu untersuchen. Zweitens, die Konzeptionierung und Umsetzung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten in Hinblick auf kulturelles Differenzieren zu analysieren. Drittens, konzeptionelle Beiträge zur Gestaltung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten zu entwickeln. Methodisch wird auf Literaturanalysen und eine qualitative Untersuchung zweier transdisziplinärer Lernforschungsprojekte zurückgegriffen. Unter dem Begriff Forschungs- und Lernprojekt werden in dieser Forschungsarbeit sowohl Forschungsprojekte als auch Lehr-Lernforschungsprojekte gefasst. Zentrale Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind die Folgenden: Erstens wird der Kulturbegriff in der transdisziplinären Nachhaltigkeitsforschung zwar vielfältig verwendet, als Forschungsthema, Hintergrund von Beteiligten, Kooperationsweise, Projektkontext, in Hinblick auf Interkulturalität oder als Wissenskultur, allerdings kaum ausdifferenziert und konkretisiert. Zweitens besteht auf der Ebene der Konzeptionierung von transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Lernprojekten: 1) ein starkes Übergewicht von Integration und Konsens gegenüber einer Auseinandersetzung mit Differenz, 2) eine implizite Vorauswahl von Beteiligten durch bestimmte Begrifflichkeiten und methodologische Ansätze und 3) eine Reproduktion von Machtverhältnissen durch (dichotome) Symmetrie- und Ausgleichsvorstellungen. Drittens zeigt sich auf der Ebene der Umsetzung von Lernforschungsprojekten: 1) eine starke Prozessorientierung der Projekte, 2) ein Spannungsfeld zwischen einer Öffnung und Steuerung in Hinblick auf den Projektverlauf und 3) vielfältige Differenzaushandlungen in Interaktionen (wie Zeitlichkeit, Verantwortung, Erfahrung, Relevanz). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass politische Implikationen der Forschung und zentrale Ungleichheitskategorien der Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften (u.a. race, class, gender, body) kaum thematisiert werden. Vorschläge zur Gestaltung transdisziplinärer Forschungs- und Lernprojekte werden in Hinblick auf ein Verständnis von Forschungsdesigns als Prozesse, einem Erkunden von Differenzierungen und Forscherpositionen und der Bedeutung eines Verlernens entwickelt.
Die (Re)produktion von Weiblichkeitskonstruktionen durch Werbung am Beispiel der Videospots Zalandos
(2018)
Die Bachelorarbeit untersucht mithilfe der Film- und Fernsehanalyse nach Lothar Mikos den Werbespot "Banküberfall" der Werbeagentur Jung von Matt für den deutschen Online-Versandhandel Zalando in Hinblick auf die Darstellungsweise von Weiblichkeit. Das Material wird daraufhin analysiert, welche Weiblichkeitskonstruktionen es liefert. Es soll erforscht werden, auf welche Praktiken, Mechanismen und Formen der Geschlechterherstellung zurückgegriffen wird, um Weiblichkeit als binäre Struktur zu inszenieren. Der Spot wird dabei im Kontext des vorausgehenden theoretischen Teils analysiert. Dieser stützt sich auf Judith Butlers Annahmen zum prozessualen Sein und Werden von Weiblichkeit. Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass der Zalando-Werbespot, indem er geschlechtsspezifisch agierende Figuren nutzt und Stereotype abbildet, die bereits vorgefertigten Bilder des Frauseins, sowie eine binäre Geschlechterordnung (re)produziert. Diese Annahme wird jedoch nach Lothar Mikos Methode ebenso auf Brüche und Ambivalenzen untersucht. Das Ziel der Arbeit mündet darin aufzuzeigen, durch welche diskursiven, verbalen, sowie nonverbalen Verfahren Weiblichkeit erst als übergreifendes Gesellschaftskonstrukt und später als konkretes Konstrukt im Werbespot hergestellt wird. Das Aufzeigen einer greifbaren Weiblichkeitsvorstellung in der Reklame soll exemplarisch dafür stehen, wie standhaft sich bestimmte Vorstellungen über die Frau auch heutzutage noch in der Gesellschaft, den Medien und der Werbung halten.
Lehrkräfte benötigen professionelle Kompetenzen, um den spezifischen Bedürfnissen von mehrsprachigen Schülern gerecht zu werden. Gelegenheiten zum Kompetenzerwerb im Bereich sprachlicher Heterogenität sind daher unerlässlich in der Lehramtsausbildung. Um angemessene Lerngelegenheiten identifizieren und evaluieren zu können, werden in dieser Arbeit zum einen die kognitiven und motivational-affektiven Facetten professioneller Kompetenz für den Bereich Sprachliche Heterogenität modelliert. Zum anderen werden ein Testinstrument zur Messung der kognitiven Facetten (DaZKom-Test) sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung motivational-affektiver Facetten vorgestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit informiert über die Validierung der Testwertinterpretation des DaZKom-Tests, die Identifizierung von Typen bezogen auf ihre Überzeugungen zu Mehrsprachigkeit in der Schule bei angehenden Lehrkräften, und stellt ein erweitertes theoretisches Kompetenzmodell vor, welches einen internationalen Vergleich von Kompetenzen (angehender) Lehrer ermöglicht. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ist ein besseres Verständnis der Lehramtsausbildung in Bezug auf den Umgang mit mehrsprachigen Schülern möglich.
The concept of empowerment has gained considerable attention in the field of international development. Institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations invest considerable funds and efforts trying to facilitate empowerment in developing countries. Thus, empowerment becomes important when people need to take action and be innovative in overcoming scarcity and fighting against poverty. Research shows the positive effects of empowerment on entrepreneurship-related behavior and outcomes such as proactive behavior, goal achievement, and innovation. Yet, there is a dearth of research addressing the phenomenon of empowerment in entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of empowerment in entrepreneurship and its effects. Particularly, this dissertation targets the interplay between empowerment and entrepreneurship in the context of developing countries. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the different topics of this dissertation. Chapter 2, introduces the construct of psychological empowerment at work as the theoretical foundation to advocate for the importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship. The chapter takes initial steps in drawing the rationale and identifying empirical evidence for the relationship between empowerment and entrepreneurial behavior and outcomes. Specifically, the chapter links the components of psychological empowerment to concrete action characteristics in entrepreneurship such as effectuation and experimentation. Chapter 3 establishes a first empirical link between empowerment and entrepreneurship. The chapter provides the construct of entrepreneurial empowerment and develops a multidimensional measure to measure its dimensions. By means of a nomological network, the chapter reveals the relations of entrepreneurial empowerment with relevant constructs and outcomes derived from entrepreneurship and empowerment research such as innovation, self-reliance, and decision-making. Chapter 4 posits entrepreneurship training, particularly personal initiative training and business literacy training, as effective means to facilitate entrepreneurial empowerment and its effect on business performance. The chapter uncovers the mechanisms accounting for the relationship between entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurial empowerment. Chapter 5 provides general theoretical and practical contributions and finishes with a general conclusion.
Restoration and management of abandoned, dry Continental heathland and sandy grassland communities
(2018)
Whereas heathlands in the Atlantic biogeographical region have been in the centre of interest, dry heathland communities in the Continental biogeographical region have been widely neglected. Thereby, the conservation status of both habitat types is listed as unfavourable-bad across the Continental biogeographical region. Surprisingly, no detailed studies are available on cost-efficient and sustainable restoration and management schemes to successfully restore and maintain highly degraded, long-abandoned Continental heaths and sandy grasslands, and thus, to counteract the poor conservation status of the habitat types. This shows the great need for research for the Continental biogeographical region. Thus, the present thesis provides substantial knowledge about the population dynamics of the key plant species of dry heaths Calluna vulgaris (L.) HULL by investigating key processes in the biology of the species as well as about the restoration and management of long-abandoned, dry Continental heathland and sandy grassland communities. In order to better understand the process of successful Continental heathland restoration, I analysed the reproductive potential (seed production, soil seed bank, and germination ability of seeds) of degenerate Calluna stands as well as the effects of single and combined management options on the generative rejuvenation (i.e., recruitment and survival) of Calluna. The results are based on a comprehensive three-year field experiment including the management options year-round, low-intensity cattle and horse grazing, one-time mowing and one-time shallow soil disturbances combined with greenhouse investigations on the soil seed bank content and germination ability of Calluna seeds. The results showed that even after long-term abandonment, seed production of degenerate Calluna stands and the germination ability of seeds proved to be high, being similar to Atlantic heathlands, whereas the soil seed bank is considerably reduced probably due to the dry conditions in the Continental region. In addition, low-intensity grazing with free-ranging robust breeds and the combination with one-time mowing at the beginning of the restoration process is an effective means of supporting the generative rejuvenation of this key plant species in degraded Continental heaths. The second study of this thesis focussed on the first-year establishment of Calluna in managed and unmanaged dry heaths and heaths in mosaics with dry sandy grasslands. The germination ability of seeds of different life-history phases of Calluna was analysed to determine if the predominance of the late life-history phase restricts the rejuvenation process of this key plant species. In addition, beside effects of management measures (year-round, low-intensity grazing, one-time mowing, one-time shallow soil disturbances) the author analysed the most important safe site conditions that possibly influenced the germination and the first-year survival of Calluna. The results of the study combine field experiments with growth chamber investigations. The author found that life-history phase of Calluna did not significantly affect seed germination and thus, the predominance of the degenerate life-history phase does not restrict the rejuvenation process. In addition, the results of the study revealed that grazing and thus trampling intensity must be temporarily and locally enhanced at the beginning of the restoration process of highly degraded heaths to increase safe site availability for successful Calluna establishment. Thereby, shadowing is the most important safe site condition. In the third study, the author investigated the impacts of year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing on the development of the highly competitive grass Calamagrostis epigejos (henceforth referred to as Calamagrostis), as well as the vegetation structure and plant species richness of long-abandoned but nutrient-poor dry heathland and sandy grassland communities, their mosaics and Calamagrostis stands. Finally, I assessed the local conservation status of the habitat types after seven years of grazing in comparison to long-abandoned sites. The results are based on a comprehensive field study on two spatial scales (plot-level: 25 square meters, macroplot-level: 1 ha). The author found that grazing successfully reduced the coverage and prevented the further spread of Calamagrostis, while simultaneously maintained or improved characteristic species richness and vegetation structure across the different nutrient-poor vegetation types over time, and thus enhanced the local conservation status of habitat types of community interest. In conclusion, the results of the studies considerably improved the understanding of dry, Continental heathland and sandy grassland restoration and management. They provide evidence that even after long-term management abandonment, year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing is a suitable management tool for restoring, maintaining and even improving nutrient-poor heathland and sandy grassland communities. However, at the beginning of the restoration process, additional management measures are necessary to faster restore abandoned habitats, especially highly degraded heaths.