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Research on motivational and cognitive processes in entrepreneurship has commonly relied on a static approach, investigating entrepreneurs' motivation and cognition at only one point in time. However, entrepreneurs' motivation and cognition are dynamic processes that considerably change over time. The goal of this dissertation is thus to adopt a dynamic perspective on motivational and cognitive processes in entrepreneurship. In three different chapters, the work examines dynamic changes in the level and impact of three different processes, i.e., creativity, entrepreneurial passion, and opportunity identification. In Chapter 2, the thesis develops a theoretical model on the alternating role of creativity in the course of the entrepreneurial process. The model emphasizes that the effects of two components underlying creativity, i.e., divergent and convergent thinking, considerably change both in magnitude and in direction throughout the entrepreneurial process. In Chapter 3, the author establishs and empirically tests a theoretical model on entrepreneurial passion. The theoretical analysis and empirical results show that the relationships between feelings of entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial success are dynamic and reciprocal rather than static and unidirectional. In Chapter 4, the author develops and tests a theoretical model on the effect of entrepreneurship training on opportunity identification over time. The theoretical and empirical investigation indicates that entrepreneurship training effects systematically decay over time and that action planning and entrepreneurial action sustain the effects in the long term.
Körperliche Aktivität birgt hohe gesundheitliche Gewinne, wenn sie regelmäßig und dauerhaft praktiziert wird. Bestimmend für Verhaltensqualität und -prognose sind befriedigte implizite Motive. Stimmen sie mit den expliziten Zielen der Person überein, entsteht Wohlbefinden und Motivation. Welche psychogenen Motivprofile bei Personen im Präventionssport dominieren, ist unbekannt und wurde hier qualitativ untersucht. Mittels semiprojektiven Foto-Elicitation Interviews, speziell der Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique, wurden acht Probanden qualitativ zu expliziten Zielen und impliziten Motiven ihrer körperlicher Aktivität im Präventionssetting befragt. Ihr Involvementniveau zu aktivem Gesundheitshandeln wurde zuvor standardisiert erhoben. Ausgewertet wurde durch induktive Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring sowie bildmetaphorisch nach Lakoff und Johnson, ein motivationales Netzwerk kartiert und die Ergebnisse kommunikativ validiert. Die Analyse ergab fünf explizite Handlungsgründe für gesundheitsförderliche körperliche Aktivität, die teils bekannte Ziele des Freizeitsports bestätigen, teils neue Aspekte aufdecken. Insbesondere das explizite Ziel Regeneration und seine Affektqualität scheinen die Motivation zu verstärken. Die erhobenen hohen Ausprägungen des impliziten Leistungs- und Autonomiemotivs waren mit positiven Affekten und Wohlbefinden assoziiert. Anschluss- und Machtmotive blieben unauffällig. Wesentliche Genderunterschiede zeigten sich bei keinem der Partialergebnisse.
In spite of growing interest in companies’ contribution to sustainable development, the implementation of corporate sustainability, i.e. the integration of environmental, social, and economic issues, is not well understood. This cumulative PhD thesis aims to answer the research question whether sustainability management is only a transitory management fashion, or whether an effective implementation is actually taking place. The thesis consists of five papers, which are either published in refereed academic journals, accepted to be published, or planned to be resubmitted. The papers analyze three important elements of the implementation of corporate sustainability: motivation (why?), organizational units (who?) and management tools (how?). Combining these three elements supplies a framework for discussing the implementation of corporate sustainability management. The results, which are mostly based on surveys of large German companies, reveal that companies predominantly manage corporate sustainability because they seek legitimacy, rather than a competitive advantage, and because they follow acknowledged standards, guidelines, or ratings (institutional isomorphism) – possibly out of uncertainty on how to best handle a concept so complex and novel. Public relations is the organizational unit engaging in sustainability management most strongly, whereas accounting, finance, and management control engage the least. Hence, corporate sustainability is currently not implemented as a crossfunctional approach. Yet, there is indication of a growing strategic relevance of corporate sustainability. This is also reflected in the awareness and application of sustainability management tools, which have been increasing continuously between 2002 and 2010 – especially in terms of integrative tools serving to balance environmental, social, and economic issues. Furthermore, market incentives are gaining in importance over time. The thesis relates these results to management fashion theory. Although there is some indication that sustainability management might in fact be a transitory fashion, an analysis over time reveals an ongoing development of the elements analyzed. Thereby, the thesis demonstrates that corporate sustainability management can be considered more than a management fashion. One implication of the analysis is that both companies and researchers are called upon to foster the implementation of corporate sustainability, with positive incentives, e.g. by markets and consumers, turning out to be promising starting points. As opposed to pressure and expectations by stakeholders, focusing on opportunities might be more suitable to induce actual change of processes, products, services, or even business models in companies. In conclusion, the author hopes to make a significant contribution to the discussion on the implementation of corporate sustainability and to stimulate the development of new theoretical approaches.