Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Dissertation (498) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (255)
- Deutsch (235)
- Mehrsprachig (8)
Schlagworte
- Nachhaltigkeit (34)
- Entrepreneurship (11)
- sustainability (11)
- Biodiversität (10)
- Landwirtschaft (7)
- Pestizid (7)
- Arzneimittel (6)
- Deutschland (6)
- Governance (6)
- Sustainability (6)
- Tourismus (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Entwicklungsländer (5)
- Führung (5)
- Gesundheit (5)
- Kultur (5)
- Training (5)
- Umwelt (5)
- Unternehmen (5)
- Unternehmensgründung (5)
- China (4)
- Kommunikation (4)
- Kompetenz (4)
- Management (4)
- Naturschutz (4)
- Sediment (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- developing countries (4)
- participation (4)
- Abwasser (3)
- Arbeitsmarkt (3)
- Bank (3)
- Bürgerbeteiligung (3)
- Elbe (3)
- Energiewende (3)
- Erneuerbare Energien (3)
- Fotolyse (3)
- Gefühl (3)
- Grundschule (3)
- Heide (3)
- Heidekraut (3)
- Innovation (3)
- Insekten (3)
- Internet (3)
- Investition (3)
- Klimaänderung (3)
- Kulturlandschaft (3)
- Lehrer (3)
- Lehrerbildung (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Personalpolitik (3)
- Polycyclische Aromaten (3)
- Prävention (3)
- Psychologie (3)
- Regulation (3)
- Schadstoff (3)
- Schule (3)
- Stickstoff (3)
- Toxizität (3)
- Transdisziplinarität (3)
- Umweltanalytik (3)
- Unternehmenskultur (3)
- Verantwortung (3)
- agriculture (3)
- governance (3)
- pesticides (3)
- social-ecological systems (3)
- training (3)
- transformation (3)
- Ökologie (3)
- Ökosystem (3)
- Abbau (2)
- Abwasseranalyse (2)
- Agency-Theorie (2)
- Arbeitsmotivation (2)
- Artenreichtum (2)
- Aufsichtsrat (2)
- Auswahl (2)
- Berichterstattung (2)
- Beweidung (2)
- Bildung (2)
- Bildwissenschaft (2)
- Bioassay (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biologischer Abbau (2)
- Brand Management (2)
- Buchenwald (2)
- Calluna vulgaris (2)
- Corporate Social Responsibility (2)
- Depression (2)
- Deschampsia flexnosa (2)
- Emission (2)
- Energieeffizienz (2)
- Energiepolitik (2)
- Energieversorgung (2)
- Entscheidungsprozess (2)
- Entscheidungsverhalten (2)
- Erzieher (2)
- Europa (2)
- Europäische Union (2)
- Familienbetrieb (2)
- Family Firms (2)
- Flammschutzmittel (2)
- Forschung (2)
- Fragebogen (2)
- Gerechtigkeit (2)
- Germany (2)
- Geschlecht (2)
- Geschäftsmodell (2)
- Habitat (2)
- Hochschule (2)
- Interdisziplinäre Forschung (2)
- Internationaler Vergleich (2)
- Israel (2)
- Jugend (2)
- Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (2)
- Kognition (2)
- Konsumentenverhalten (2)
- Kontamination (2)
- Kooperation (2)
- Kulturpolitik (2)
- Käfer (2)
- Laufkäfer (2)
- Leistungsmessung (2)
- Lernen (2)
- Medien (2)
- Meerwasser (2)
- Mitarbeiter (2)
- Mittelstand (2)
- Monitoring (2)
- Motivation (2)
- Nachhaltigkeitsforschung (2)
- Negotiation (2)
- Netzwerkanalyse (2)
- Niedersachsen (2)
- Niederschlag (2)
- Nährstoffkreislauf (2)
- Nährstoffmangel (2)
- Ostsee (2)
- PAH (2)
- PAK (2)
- Partizipation (2)
- Perspektive (2)
- Pharmaceuticals (2)
- Photolysis (2)
- Prestige (2)
- Psychische Gesundheit (2)
- Psychische Störung (2)
- Qualitative Sozialforschung (2)
- Quecksilber (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Reiseveranstalter (2)
- Reiseverhalten (2)
- Screening (2)
- Selbstregulation (2)
- Stakeholder (2)
- Stoffstrommanagement (2)
- Systemtheorie (2)
- Teer (2)
- Teilhabe (2)
- Tourism (2)
- Umfrage (2)
- Umweltbelastung (2)
- Umweltbezogenes Management (2)
- Umweltbilanz (2)
- Umweltkommunikation (2)
- Unternehmenserfolg (2)
- Utilitarismus (2)
- Verhandlung (2)
- Vorstand (2)
- Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (2)
- Wasserverschmutzung (2)
- Wasserwirtschaft (2)
- Wettbewerb (2)
- Widerstandsfähigkeit (2)
- Wissensmanagement (2)
- Wärmespeicher (2)
- adolescence (2)
- calluna vulgaris (2)
- climate change (2)
- communication (2)
- cultural landscape (2)
- decision making (2)
- empirical research (2)
- energy efficiency (2)
- energy transition (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- food security (2)
- identification (2)
- inclusion (2)
- innovation (2)
- knowledge management (2)
- landscape ecology (2)
- network (2)
- nitrogen (2)
- nutrient limitation (2)
- precipitation (2)
- problem-solving (2)
- resilience (2)
- scale (2)
- sediment (2)
- sozial (2)
- systems theory (2)
- travel behaviour (2)
- Ästhetik (2)
- Äthiopien (2)
- 21st-century Literature Arts and Aesthetics (1)
- 3D modelling (1)
- AOX (1)
- ATES (1)
- AVEM (1)
- Abandonment (1)
- Abbaubarkeit (1)
- Abgasrückführung (1)
- Ablagerung (1)
- Absetzen (1)
- Abwasserbelastung (1)
- Abwasserentsorgung (1)
- Abwasserkonzentration (1)
- Abwassermarkierungsstoffe (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Abwasserwirtschaft (1)
- Abwassseranalytik (1)
- Abweichung (1)
- Abwärme (1)
- Achtsamkeit (1)
- Activated Sludge (1)
- Active pharmaceutical ingredient (1)
- Affekt (1)
- African Union (1)
- Agrarpolitik (1)
- Agrarsystem (1)
- Akteuer-Netzwerk-Theorie (1)
- Aktivierung (1)
- Aktivkohle (1)
- Algenkultur (1)
- Alkoholismus (1)
- Alkoholkonsum (1)
- Alkoholmißbrauch (1)
- Allergen (1)
- Alltagsmobilität (1)
- Alpen (1)
- Alpine region (1)
- Alter (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Altes Land (1)
- Altlast (1)
- Altlastsanierung (1)
- Ambulante Behandlung (1)
- Amsterdam (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Anden (1)
- Anger (1)
- Angst (1)
- Anthropomorphismus (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Anticancer Drug (1)
- Antriebstechnik (1)
- Anxiety (1)
- Aquatic environment (1)
- Aquatisches Ökosystem (1)
- Aquiferwärmespeicher (1)
- Arbeitnehmer (1)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (1)
- Arbeitsleistung (1)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (1)
- Arbeitsökonomie (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Arctic Atmosphere (1)
- Argument Based Approach (1)
- Aristoteles (1)
- Arktis (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Armenien (1)
- Armut (1)
- Armutsbekämpfung (1)
- Aromatische Verbindungen (1)
- Arrangement of terms (1)
- Art of Life (1)
- Artenvielfalt (1)
- Artrepreneur (1)
- Arzneistoff (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Atmosphäre (1)
- Audit Digitization (1)
- Audit Quality (1)
- Aue (1)
- Auflösung (1)
- Augenfolgebewegung (1)
- Ausgrenzung (1)
- Ausländisches Unternehmen (1)
- Ausstellung (1)
- Automobilabgas (1)
- Autonomes Fahren (1)
- Autonomie (1)
- Außerschulische Bildung (1)
- BEF-China (1)
- BTEX (1)
- BTHG-Reform (1)
- Backstein (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Balancing (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Baltic states (1)
- Baltikum (1)
- Banken (1)
- Bankenkrisen (1)
- Bankenrettung (1)
- Banks (1)
- Baum (1)
- Baustoff (1)
- Baustoffkunde (1)
- Baye´sche-Statistik (1)
- Begriffsgeschichte (1)
- Behinderten-Eingliederungshilfe (1)
- Beitrag (1)
- Belagbildung (1)
- Benefit of Individualization (1)
- Benutzerfreundlichkeit (1)
- Benzo[a]Pyren (1)
- Benzopyrane (1)
- Benzotriazole (1)
- Berufseinstellung (1)
- Berufserfahrung (1)
- Berufsmusikerarbeitsmarkt (1)
- Berufsvorbereitung (1)
- Berufung (1)
- Beschäftigungspflicht (1)
- Bestäuber (1)
- Betrieb / Umwelt (1)
- Betriebswirtschaftslehre (1)
- Beurteilung (1)
- Bevölkerungsentwicklung (1)
- Bevölkerungsökonomie (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Bild (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bildungssteuerung (1)
- Bildungssystem (1)
- Bildungswissenschaften (1)
- Bildverstehen (1)
- Biochar (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biocides (1)
- Biodegradability (1)
- Biodiesel (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversitätsforschung (1)
- Bioethics (1)
- Bioethik (1)
- Biofuel (1)
- Biografieforschung (1)
- Biografieforschung ; Fachberatung ; Professionalisierung ; Spielkreis ; Unterstützungssystem (1)
- Biographical research ; educator ; specialist advisor ; day care centre ; child and youth welfare law ; child care support system (1)
- Biokraftstoff (1)
- Biologische Abbaubarkeit (1)
- Biologische Landwirtschaft (1)
- Biologischer Wirktest (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biomassenproduktion (1)
- Biomasseverbrennung (1)
- Biosphärenreservat Niedersächsische Elbtalaue (1)
- Biospärenreservat (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Biotest (1)
- Birds (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenbehandlung (1)
- Bodengüte (1)
- Bodenschutz (1)
- Bodenschutzrecht (1)
- Bondholder Relations (1)
- Brache (1)
- Brasilien (1)
- Brick (1)
- Brunnen (1)
- Buenos Aires (1)
- Bundesland (1)
- Business Development (1)
- Business Innovation (1)
- Bürgerenergie (1)
- Bürgerkonferenz (1)
- Bürgermeister (1)
- CMAQ (1)
- CSR reporting (1)
- CSR reputation (1)
- Calamagrostis epigejos (1)
- Call Center (1)
- Capital Structure Decisions (1)
- Caucasus (1)
- Central Eastern Europe (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chemische Waffe (1)
- Christliche Ethik (1)
- Chromatographie (1)
- Citizen Science (1)
- Citizen participation (1)
- Civic engagement (1)
- Cleansing (1)
- Closed Bottle Test (1)
- Coalition dissolution (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Collaborative Energy Visioning (1)
- Commitment <Management> (1)
- Community e Energy (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Computerspiel (1)
- Consulting in further education (1)
- Consumer Protection (1)
- Consumer Research (1)
- Continuing Education (1)
- Controlling (1)
- Cooperation (1)
- Corporate Bond (1)
- Corporate Development (1)
- Corporate Disclosure (1)
- Corporate Entrepreneurship (1)
- Corporate Governance (1)
- Cultural Geography (1)
- Cultural Theory (1)
- Cultural management (1)
- Customer Experience management (1)
- Customer Journey (1)
- Customization (1)
- Cytostatikum (1)
- DAIOS (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNS (1)
- Damascus (1)
- Damaskus (1)
- Data Mining (1)
- Data mining (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbank (1)
- Datenerhebung auf Keyword-Ebene (1)
- Datenschutz (1)
- Decision Making (1)
- Decision-Making (1)
- Decline (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Deliberation (1)
- Demokratisierung (1)
- Deregulation (1)
- Deregulierung (1)
- Derivate (1)
- Derivatives (1)
- Design (1)
- Design Science Research (1)
- Designwissenschaft <Informatik> (1)
- Desinfection (1)
- Desinfektionsmittel (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Deutsch als Zweitsprache (1)
- Deutschunterricht (1)
- Deviation (1)
- Diasporenbank (1)
- Diesel (1)
- Diesel Particulate Filter (1)
- Dieselkraftstoff (1)
- Dieselmotor (1)
- Differenz (1)
- Digital culture (1)
- Digitale Kultur (1)
- Digitale Kulturwissenschaften (1)
- Digitales Lernen (1)
- Dilemma (1)
- Discourse studies (1)
- Discrimination (1)
- Diskriminierung (1)
- Diskursanalyse (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Document Analysis (1)
- Drahtschmiele (1)
- Dream (1)
- Driving Behaviour (1)
- Druckluft (1)
- Druckmessung (1)
- Düngung (1)
- E-Assessment (1)
- E-Learning (1)
- EU (1)
- EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) (1)
- EU Water Framework Directive (1)
- EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie (1)
- EURO-CORDEX (1)
- Earnings Management (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Effectuation (1)
- Effektivität (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Effizienzanalyse (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit (1)
- Eiderstedt (1)
- Eigeninitiative (1)
- Eigentum (1)
- Eingliederungshilfe (1)
- Eisenbahn (1)
- Electronic Commerce (1)
- Electronic music (1)
- Elektrifizierung (1)
- Elektromobilität (1)
- Elektronische Musik (1)
- Elemente (1)
- Embeddedness (1)
- Emission model (1)
- Emissionsmodell (1)
- Emotion regulation (1)
- Emotionale Kompetenz (1)
- Emotionales Lernen (1)
- Emotions (1)
- Emotionsarbeit (1)
- Emotionsregulation (1)
- Emphysem (1)
- Empirische Bildungsforschung (1)
- Empirische Forschung (1)
- Empowerment (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energiegenossenschaft (1)
- Energiemanagement (1)
- Energiepreis (1)
- Energieverbrauch (1)
- Energiewirtschaft (1)
- Energy Policy (1)
- Energy Prices (1)
- Energy supply (1)
- Entdeckendes Lernen (1)
- Entrepeneurship (1)
- Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental Communication (1)
- Environmental Monitoring (1)
- Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (1)
- Environmental balance (1)
- Environmental communication (1)
- Environmental governance (1)
- Epiphyten (1)
- Erfolg (1)
- Erfolgsfaktor (1)
- Ergebnissteuerung (1)
- Erhebung (1)
- Erkenntnistheorie (1)
- Erlebnis (1)
- Erneuerbare Energie (1)
- Erneuerbare Ressourcen (1)
- Ernährungssicherung (1)
- Error Management (1)
- Ertrag (1)
- Erwachsenwerden (1)
- Erzieherin (1)
- Erziehung (1)
- Erzähltechnik (1)
- Estrogen (1)
- Ethik (1)
- Eudaimonia (1)
- European dimension (1)
- Europäische Union (1)
- Europäisierung (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Everyday Practice (1)
- Exhaust gas recirculation (1)
- Exhibition (1)
- Experience (1)
- Exportverhalten (1)
- Exposition (1)
- Externe (1)
- Eye Tracking (1)
- Fachkultur (1)
- Fachunterricht (1)
- Fahrerverhalten (1)
- Fahrrad (1)
- Failure (1)
- Familienunternehmen (1)
- Fatty Acids (1)
- Federal Soil Protection Act (1)
- Fehleranalyse (1)
- Fehlerbehandlung (1)
- Fehlermanagement (1)
- Fehlerverhütung (1)
- Feldversuch (1)
- Ferntourismus (1)
- Fettsäuren (1)
- Feuchtgebiet (1)
- Fibroblast (1)
- Filmanalyse (1)
- Filmgenre (1)
- Filmwissenschaft (1)
- Financial Reporting Quality (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Finanzstabilität (1)
- Fischerei (1)
- Flechten (1)
- Fließgewässer (1)
- Flood (1)
- Fonds (1)
- Foodplain (1)
- Forschung und Entwicklung (1)
- Forschungsevaluation (1)
- Forschungsprojekt (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fotografie (1)
- Fotografische Praxis (1)
- Franchising (1)
- Frauenförderung (1)
- Freiheit (1)
- Freileitung (1)
- Fremdenverkehr (1)
- Fremdkapital (1)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (1)
- Freundschaft (1)
- Frühkindliche Bildung (1)
- Frühwarnsystem (1)
- Funktionalismus (1)
- Fusion (1)
- Führung und Management in der Frühkindlichen Bildung (1)
- Führungskraft (1)
- Führungskräfte (1)
- Führungskräfteentwicklung (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GIS (1)
- Game Studies (1)
- Game studies (1)
- Gamification (1)
- Gamifizierung (1)
- Ganzheitliches Denken (1)
- Ganztagsschule (1)
- Gastronomie (1)
- Gebäude (1)
- Geistige Behinderung (1)
- Gemeindeverfassung (1)
- Generationengerechtigkeit (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genossenschaft (1)
- Genossenschaftsbank (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Gentoxikologie (1)
- Genzken, Isa (1)
- Geografie (1)
- Geoinformationssystem (1)
- Geology (1)
- German as second language (1)
- Geschlechterrollen (1)
- Geschäftsführung (1)
- Gesundheitserziehung (1)
- Gesundheitsförderung (1)
- Gesundheitsmarkt (1)
- Gesundheitsorientierte Führung (1)
- Gesundheitspolitik (1)
- Gesundheitssektor (1)
- Gesundheitsspezifische Führung (1)
- Gesundheitssystem (1)
- Gesundheitswesen (1)
- Getränkehandel (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Gewalttoleranz (1)
- Gewässer (1)
- Gewässerbelastung (1)
- Gewässerkunde (1)
- Globalisierung (1)
- Glück (1)
- Good healthy school (1)
- Governance System (1)
- Graphen (1)
- Graslandschaft (1)
- Grenzarbeit (1)
- Grounded Theory (1)
- Grounded theory (1)
- Grundschüler (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasserverschmutzung (1)
- Gruppendynamik (1)
- Gründungsförderung (1)
- Gute gesunde Schule (1)
- Gymnasium (1)
- HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (1)
- HPLC-MS (1)
- Handicraft (1)
- Handlung (1)
- Handlungssicherheit (1)
- Handlungsspielraum (1)
- Handwerk (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Haushalt (1)
- Haushaltschemikalie (1)
- Health Education (1)
- Health-specific leadership (1)
- Heatherlandmanagement (1)
- Heavy metall pollution (1)
- Heidemahd (1)
- Heidemanagement (1)
- Heimatpresse (1)
- Herbizid (1)
- Hirnfunktion (1)
- Historische Geographie (1)
- Historische Sozialforschung (1)
- History of dance 1900 - 1930 (1)
- Hochschulinkubatoren (1)
- Hochschulwahl (1)
- Hochschulöffnung (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Holocene (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Homelessness (1)
- Hotelgewerbe (1)
- Human Resources (1)
- Hybrides Geschäftsmodell (1)
- Hydrography (1)
- Hydrological tracers (1)
- Hypnose (1)
- Hypnosis (1)
- ITE-Netzwerk (1)
- ITE-network (1)
- Identification (1)
- Identifikation (1)
- Identifizierbarkeit (1)
- Identität (1)
- Ikonographie (1)
- Implementation (1)
- Implementationsforschung (1)
- Indien (1)
- Individualisierung (1)
- Individualismus (1)
- Individuum (1)
- Industrial Engineering (1)
- Informal Housing Market (1)
- Informationsmanagement (1)
- Ingenieurwissenschaften (1)
- Inklusion (1)
- Inklusion <Soziologie> (1)
- Innovation management (1)
- Innovationsbereitschaft (1)
- Innovationsfähigkeit (1)
- Innovationsmanagement (1)
- Ins (1)
- Insolation (1)
- Institutional Change (1)
- Institutional Ownership (1)
- Institutional change (1)
- Institutionalismus (1)
- Institutionelle Eigentümer (1)
- Institutioneller Wandel (1)
- Insurance (1)
- Integration (1)
- Integrationspolitik (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Interaktionsmodell (1)
- Interaktive Kunst (1)
- Interessengruppen (1)
- Interessenverband (1)
- Interface (1)
- Interface <Schaltung> (1)
- Interkulturelle Erziehung (1)
- Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (1)
- Internationalisierung (1)
- Invertebraten (1)
- Involvement (1)
- Ionisierung (1)
- John Stuart Mill (1)
- Joint Investment (1)
- Jordan (1)
- Kalt-Plasma-Veraschung (1)
- Kaltes Plasma (1)
- Kapitalbedarf (1)
- Kapitalstruktur (1)
- Karriere (1)
- Kaufentscheidung (1)
- Kaukasus (1)
- Keimfähigkeit (1)
- Kind (1)
- Kindergarten (1)
- Kindergarten ; Biografieforschung ; Kindertagesstätten ; Familienrecht ; Erzieher; Soziale Unterstützung (1)
- Kindergarten Plus (1)
- Kindergarten teacher (1)
- Kindertageseinrichtung (1)
- Kita-Leitung (1)
- Kleinbauer (1)
- Kleinunternehmen (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimamodell (1)
- Klimasimulation (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Koalition (1)
- Koalitionsbildung (1)
- Kollaborative Initiativen (1)
- Kollektivismus (1)
- Kollisionszelle (1)
- Kommunale Selbstverwaltung (1)
- Kommunalverfassungen (1)
- Kommunalverwaltung (1)
- Kommunikationspolitik (1)
- Kommunikationstraining (1)
- Kompetenzdelegation (1)
- Kompetenzmessung (1)
- Komplexität (1)
- Konditionengestaltung (1)
- Konferenz (1)
- Konflikt (1)
- Konfliktlösung (1)
- Konsum (1)
- Kontext (1)
- Kontextanalyse (1)
- Koproduktion (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Kraftstofffilter (1)
- Kreditgenossenschaft (1)
- Kulturelle Differenz (1)
- Kulturelle Entwicklung (1)
- Kulturelle Kooperation (1)
- Kulturgeographie (1)
- Kulturkonflikt (1)
- Kulturmanagement (1)
- Kulturraum (1)
- Kulturtheorie (1)
- Kulturtourismus (1)
- Kulturwirtschaft (1)
- Kunde (1)
- Kunsterziehung (1)
- Kunstvermittlung (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- Körperpflege (1)
- Kündigungsschutz (1)
- Küstengebiet (1)
- LC-HRMS (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LISREL (1)
- Labor Economics (1)
- Labor market (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landschaftsbiogeographie (1)
- Landschaftsschutz (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Langstreckentransport (1)
- Large N-Analyse (1)
- Latent Profile Analysis (1)
- Latent variable modeling (1)
- Latente Variable (1)
- Law (1)
- Leadership (1)
- Lean Management (1)
- Lean Production (1)
- Lebenskunst (1)
- Lebenslauf (1)
- Lebensmittelkontrolle (1)
- Lebensmittelsicherheit (1)
- Lebensraum (1)
- Lebensunterhalt (1)
- Lehrerausbildung (1)
- Lehrergesundheit (1)
- Lehrkräfte (1)
- Lehrkräftegesundheit (1)
- Leistung (1)
- Leistungsbewertung (1)
- Leitbild (1)
- Lernarrangement (1)
- Lerngruppe (1)
- Lernsoftware (1)
- Leverage Ratio (1)
- Leverage-Effekt (1)
- Levoglucosan (1)
- Lieferant (1)
- Lieferketten (1)
- Lieferung (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquidity Risc (1)
- Liquiditätsrisiko (1)
- Lobbyismus (1)
- Lower Sxony (1)
- Luftaustausch (1)
- Luftbewegung (1)
- Luftverschmutzung (1)
- Lunge (1)
- Lust (1)
- Ländlicher Raum (1)
- Löhne (1)
- Lüneburg univerity (1)
- Lüneburg/Universität (1)
- Lüneburger Heide (1)
- MIDI <Musikelektronik> (1)
- Makroinvertebraten (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Manager Effekte (1)
- Manipulation (1)
- Manometric Respirometry Test (1)
- Manometrischer Respirationstest (1)
- Markenpolitik (1)
- Marketing (1)
- Martha C. Nussbaum (1)
- Martha Craven (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Massendaten (1)
- Massentourismus (1)
- Material Flow Analysis (1)
- Material Flow Management (1)
- Materials Science (1)
- Mathematics Competence (1)
- Mathematik (1)
- Mathematikunterricht (1)
- Mathematische Kompetenz (1)
- Maturity Model (1)
- Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Menschenhandel (1)
- Media (1)
- Medienarchäologie (1)
- Mediengeschichte (1)
- Medienkunst (1)
- Meereis (1)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Mensch-Raubtier-Konflikte (1)
- Menschenhandel (1)
- Menschenwürde (1)
- Mental Disorder (1)
- Mental Health (1)
- Mental Illness (1)
- Mental Models (1)
- Mentale Modelle (1)
- Mercury (1)
- Mergers and Acquisitions (1)
- Meta-Analyse (1)
- Meta-Analysis (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Migration (1)
- Migrationshintergrund (1)
- Mindset (1)
- Mitarbeitergesundheit (1)
- Mitbestimmung (1)
- Mittelalter (1)
- Mittlerer Osten (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Mobilitätssozialisation (1)
- Mobilitätsverhalten (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Moos (1)
- Moralisches Handeln <Motiv> (1)
- Motorenöl (1)
- Multi-Level-Verwaltung (1)
- Musik (1)
- Mutagenität (1)
- Mykorrhiza (1)
- Mündigkeit (1)
- NABEG (1)
- NSO-Heterocycles (1)
- NSO-Heterozyklen (1)
- Nachbarschaft (1)
- Nachfolge (1)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit <Motiv> (1)
- Nachhaltigkeits-Transition (1)
- Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation (1)
- Nachhaltigkeitstransformation (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nahwärmeversorgung (1)
- Namibia (1)
- National Educational Panel Study (1)
- Natural Language Processing (1)
- Neo-Aristotelismus (1)
- Neoinstitutionalismus (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Netzwerke (1)
- Neue Medien (1)
- New Economy (1)
- New Public Governance (1)
- Nichtstaatliche Organisation (1)
- Nordafrika (1)
- Nordseeküste (1)
- North Africa (1)
- Nussbaum (1)
- Nutzen (1)
- Nutzerverhalten (1)
- Nährstoffaufnahme (1)
- Nährstoffbilanz (1)
- Nährstoffentzug (1)
- OPE (1)
- Obdachlosigkeit (1)
- Obere Jordantal (1)
- Oberflächengewässer (1)
- Oberflächenwasser (1)
- Obstbau (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Ochreous deposits (1)
- Older Workers (1)
- Online-Befragung (1)
- Online-Dienst (1)
- Online-Gesundheitstraining (1)
- Online-Marketing (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Open Science (1)
- Opportunity (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Optionsschein (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organisational Development (1)
- Organisationsentwicklung (1)
- Organisationstheorie (1)
- Organisationswandel (1)
- Organisatorischer Teilbereich (1)
- Organisatorisches Lernen (1)
- Organophosphor (1)
- Organophosphorus (1)
- Ostmitteleuropa (1)
- Outsourcing (1)
- Ozon (1)
- Ozonisierung (1)
- Ozonungsprodukte (1)
- PBDEs (1)
- PFCs (1)
- PKW (1)
- Palynologie (1)
- Paläoklima (1)
- Peer (1)
- Pellicle (1)
- Perfektionismus (1)
- Performance Analysis (1)
- Person centered assistance (1)
- Personalauswahl (1)
- Personalentwicklung (1)
- Personalmarketing (1)
- Personalwesen (1)
- Personenkraftwagen (1)
- Personenzentrierung (1)
- Perspektiven (1)
- Persönlichkeit (1)
- Persönlichkeitsstruktur (1)
- Peru (1)
- Pesticide formulation (1)
- Pflanzen (1)
- Pflanzenkohle (1)
- Pflanzenschutzmittel (1)
- Pflege (1)
- Philippinen (1)
- Philippines (1)
- Phonologische Bewusstheit (1)
- Phosphor (1)
- Photodegradation (1)
- Photosynthese (1)
- Photosynthesis (1)
- Planarchromatographie (1)
- Pleistozän (1)
- Pluralismus (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarraum (1)
- Polarregionen (1)
- Polen (1)
- Politik (1)
- Polychlorierte Biphenyle (1)
- Polymerisation (1)
- Population Economics (1)
- Populäre Musik (1)
- Post (1)
- Postal sector (1)
- Potenzial (1)
- Preisrisiko (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Prevention program (1)
- Principal-Agent Relationship (1)
- Prinzipal-Agenten-Struktur (1)
- Priorisierung (1)
- Privatisierung von Weltraumaktivitäten (1)
- Privatkonkurs (1)
- Problem (1)
- Problemverhalten (1)
- Process Optimization (1)
- Procrastination (1)
- Produktionstechnik (1)
- Produktivität (1)
- Produktmanagement (1)
- Produktmarketing (1)
- Produktwahrnehmung (1)
- Projekt (1)
- Projektmanagement (1)
- Prokrastination <Psychologie> (1)
- Promotion (1)
- Prozessoptimierung (1)
- Prozessperspektive (1)
- Präferenzstrategie (1)
- Präventionsprogramm (1)
- Prüfungsqualität (1)
- Pseudo-Independence (1)
- Publikumsfonds (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pädagogik (1)
- QSAR (1)
- Qualitative Forschung (1)
- Qualitative Reserach (1)
- Quality Management (1)
- Qualitätsentwicklung (1)
- Qualitätskontrolle (1)
- Qualitätsmanagement (1)
- Quartär (1)
- Quartät (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- RCM (1)
- Randomisierter Test (1)
- Rauchen (1)
- Realschule (1)
- Rechnungslegungsmanipulation (1)
- Recht (1)
- Redox-Akkumulator (1)
- Redoxpotential (1)
- Region (1)
- Regionalentwicklung (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reha (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Reifegradmodell (1)
- Reifung (1)
- Reinigungsmittel (1)
- Reise (1)
- Reisebüro (1)
- Religion (1)
- Renaturierung <Ökologie> (1)
- Renewable Ressources (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Reporting (1)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (1)
- Research and Development (1)
- Ressourcenabhängigkeitstheorie (1)
- Ressourcenökonomie (1)
- Retail Fonds (1)
- Retirement (1)
- Rezeption (1)
- Rhodamin B (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikobewertung (1)
- Risikokapital (1)
- Robustheit (1)
- Rohrleitungen (1)
- Ruhestand (1)
- Räumliche Verteilung (1)
- Rückgang (1)
- SEKEM Group (1)
- SEKEM education program (1)
- SMOKE-EV (1)
- SPE (1)
- STEIM (1)
- Samen (1)
- Say-on-Pay (1)
- Scents (1)
- Schadstoffbelastung / Abwasser (1)
- Schadstoffeintrag (1)
- Schadstofftransport (1)
- Scheinselbständigkeit (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schlaftanz (1)
- Schnee (1)
- Schreiben (1)
- Schreibunterricht (1)
- Schulentwicklung (1)
- Schulleistungsmessung (1)
- Schweden (1)
- Schwerbehinderter (1)
- Schwermetallbelastung (1)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel (1)
- Science-society collaboration (1)
- Scientific Comunication (1)
- Sea Ice (1)
- Sedimente (1)
- Seehund (1)
- Selbstbild (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Selbstschutz (1)
- Selbststeuerung (1)
- Selbständigkeit (1)
- Self-Assessment (1)
- Semiotik (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sickerwasser (1)
- Skala (1)
- Skalenabhängigkeit (1)
- Sleep (1)
- Sleep dancing (1)
- Social Dilemma (1)
- Social Investment (1)
- Social Media (1)
- Social entrepreneurship (1)
- Social standards (1)
- Social-emotional learning (1)
- Socio-Cognitive Model (1)
- Socio-technical Systems (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil treatment (1)
- Solar (1)
- Sondermaschine (1)
- Sozialassistent (1)
- Soziale Probleme (1)
- Soziale Software (1)
- Soziales Dilemma (1)
- Soziales Engagement (1)
- Soziales Lernen (1)
- Soziales Netzwerk (1)
- Soziales System (1)
- Sozialgesetzbuch (1)
- Sozialklausel (1)
- Sozialkompetenz (1)
- Sozialwirtschaft (1)
- Sozio-technische Systeme (1)
- Sparen (1)
- Sparkasse (1)
- Speicher (1)
- Speichereffizienz (1)
- Speicherkosten (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spielbasiertes Fremdsprachenlernen (1)
- Sprachliche Heterogenität (1)
- Sputum (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Stadtlandschaft (1)
- Stakeholder Theory (1)
- Standortplanung (1)
- States´egislative practices (1)
- Steuerungsfähigkeit von Kommunalparlamenten (1)
- Stewardship Theorie (1)
- Stickstoffbelastung (1)
- Stickstoffoxide (1)
- Stilistik (1)
- Storage Costs (1)
- Storage Efficiency (1)
- Strafe (1)
- Strategic Innovation (1)
- Strategie (1)
- Strontium (1)
- Strukturfonds (1)
- Strukturreform (1)
- Städtebau (1)
- Subsaharisches Afrika (1)
- Subsistenz (1)
- Suffizienz (1)
- Suggestion (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Supervision (1)
- Sustainability Management (1)
- Sustainability Transformation (1)
- Sustainability governnace (1)
- Swedish school system (1)
- Syrien (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Systemdenken (1)
- Systems thinking (1)
- Süßstoff (1)
- TCEP (1)
- TRNSYS (1)
- TXRF (1)
- Tabakrauch (1)
- Tagebuch (1)
- Tanz (1)
- Tanz 1900 bis 1930 (1)
- Teacher health (1)
- Teacher training (1)
- Teaching Mathematics (1)
- Teamführung (1)
- Teilnahme (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Terrorismus (1)
- Tertiäre Popmusikerausbildung (1)
- Textilindustrie (1)
- Theater (1)
- Theorie des guten Lebens (1)
- Thermal energy storage (1)
- Tiermedizin (1)
- Tierwelt (1)
- Too-big to-fail (1)
- Totalreflexionsröntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (1)
- Totholz (1)
- Tourism research (1)
- Tourismusforschung (1)
- Townscape (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Traditionelle Siedlungsformen (1)
- Transformation products (1)
- Transformative Forschung (1)
- Transitionsmanagement (1)
- Transkulturalität (1)
- Transnational civil society (1)
- Trauermücken (1)
- Traum (1)
- Trinkwasser (1)
- Tugendethik (1)
- Tugendhaftigkeit (1)
- Tugendtheorie (1)
- UV photolysis (1)
- UV treatment (1)
- UV-Behandlung (1)
- Ultraviolett-Bestrahlung (1)
- Umwelt Balanced Scorecard (1)
- Umweltanalyse (1)
- Umweltbildung (1)
- Umweltgefährdung (1)
- Umwelthaftung (1)
- Umweltplanung (1)
- Umweltpolitik (1)
- Umwelttoxizität (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- Umweltüberwachung (1)
- Unesco (1)
- University Choice (1)
- Universität (1)
- Universitätsklinik (1)
- Universitätskultur (1)
- Unsicherheit (1)
- Unternehmensbezogene Dienstleistung (1)
- Unternehmensethik (1)
- Unternehmenskommunikation (1)
- Unternehmensperformance (1)
- Unternehmensplanung (1)
- Unternehmensverbindung (1)
- Unternehmer (1)
- Unternehmerische Unverantwortlichkeit (1)
- Unternehmertum-Training (1)
- Unternehmerverhalten (1)
- Unterricht (1)
- Unwissenheit (1)
- Upper Jordan Valley (1)
- Urban planning (1)
- Urlaubsreise (1)
- Vagheit (1)
- Validity (1)
- Validität (1)
- Vegetationsstruktur (1)
- Verbraucherforschung (1)
- Verbraucherschutz (1)
- Verbraucherzufriedenheit (1)
- Verbrennung (1)
- Verbundwirtschaft (1)
- Vereinigte Staaten (1)
- Vereinte Nationen (1)
- Verfall (1)
- Vergütung (1)
- Vergütungsvotum (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhandlungsergebnis (1)
- Verkauf (1)
- Verkehr (1)
- Verkehrspsychologie (1)
- Verockerung (1)
- Versagen (1)
- Versicherung (1)
- Versicherungswert (1)
- Verstädterung (1)
- Verteilungsgerechtigkeit (1)
- Vertical Linkages (1)
- Vertikale Bindung (1)
- Vertikale Verknüpfungen (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Verwaltungsreform (1)
- Videokonferenzsystem (1)
- Villa 31 (1)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (1)
- Vorland (1)
- Vorschulkind (1)
- Vögel (1)
- Vögel in Agrarlandschaften (1)
- WEB (1)
- WHO (1)
- Wachstumskritik (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wald (1)
- Waldkiefer (1)
- Waldschaden (1)
- Waldökologie (1)
- Waldökosystem (1)
- Warrants (1)
- Waschmittel (1)
- Wasseranalyse (1)
- Wasseraufbereitung (1)
- Wasserbehandlung (1)
- Wassergüte (1)
- Wasserqualität (1)
- Wasseruntersuchung (1)
- Wasserzyklus (1)
- Wastewater treatment plant (1)
- Water Recycling (1)
- Water Resources Management (1)
- Water pollution (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Weather Parameter (1)
- Web 2.0 (1)
- Web-Nachsorge (1)
- Wehninger Werder (1)
- Weibliches Unternehmertum (1)
- Weichmacher (1)
- Weide (1)
- Weimar Republic (1)
- Weimarer Republik (1)
- Weiterbildung (1)
- Weiterbildungsberatung (1)
- Weltgesundheitsorganisation (1)
- Weltraum (1)
- Weltraumabkommen (1)
- Weltraumpolitik (1)
- Werbewirkung (1)
- Werbung (1)
- Wert (1)
- Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (1)
- Wetter (1)
- Windenergie (1)
- Wirbeltiere (1)
- Wirtschaft (1)
- Wirtschaftliches Wachstum (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse (1)
- Wirtschaftsberichterstattung (1)
- Wissenschaft (1)
- Wohlbefinden (1)
- Wohnungsmarkt (1)
- Work Motivation (1)
- World Wide Web 2.0 (1)
- Wärmespeicherung (1)
- Xylobiont (1)
- Zahnschmelz (1)
- Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) (1)
- Zeit (1)
- Zentralitätsmaßen (1)
- Zerstörung (1)
- Ziegel (1)
- Zielkonflikt (1)
- Zigarettenrauch (1)
- Zooplankta (1)
- Zugeständnis (1)
- Zuverlässigkeit (1)
- Zweckverband (1)
- Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung (1)
- academic habitus (1)
- action research (1)
- actor-network-theory (1)
- administrative reform (1)
- advertising research (1)
- affect regulation (1)
- affective events theory (1)
- agency case studies (1)
- aid effectiveness (1)
- air pollution (1)
- akademischer Habitus ; vergeschlechtlichter Habitus (1)
- akteurzentrierter Institutionalismus (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alcohol consumption (1)
- algal-bacterial culture (1)
- all-day-school (1)
- allergen (1)
- analysis (1)
- analysis of film (1)
- analysis of water (1)
- analytics (1)
- anger regulation (1)
- anti-trafficking enforcement (1)
- art education (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- autobiography (1)
- bacterial composition (1)
- bank (1)
- bank bailout (1)
- banking crisis (1)
- banking sector (1)
- bankruptcy (1)
- barcode (1)
- bee colony health (1)
- bee-collected resins (1)
- beechforest (1)
- beekeeping (1)
- beetle conservation (1)
- behavioral self-regulation (1)
- benzotriazole (1)
- beverage carton (1)
- bezahlte Suchkampagne (1)
- bicycle (1)
- bioassays (1)
- biochemistry (1)
- biodegradability (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biomass burning (1)
- biomass production (1)
- biospere reserve (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- blended assessment (1)
- boundary work (1)
- brazil (1)
- business creation (1)
- business model (1)
- business modelling (1)
- business models (1)
- business performance (1)
- business services (1)
- calamagrostis epigejos (1)
- calling (1)
- capability approach (1)
- capital requirements (1)
- car (1)
- car emission (1)
- career (1)
- career preparation (1)
- case survey (1)
- centrality measures (1)
- challenge (1)
- childhood (1)
- citizen conference (1)
- citizen financial participation schemes (1)
- climate (1)
- co-production (1)
- coastel environment (1)
- collaboration (1)
- collaborative energy visioning (1)
- collaborative governance (1)
- collaborative initiatives (1)
- collectivism (1)
- commitment (1)
- communication management (1)
- company (1)
- competences (1)
- competency assessment (1)
- competition (1)
- competitiveness (1)
- compressed air (1)
- compulsory school (1)
- concept of emploees (1)
- conceptual vagueness (1)
- conflicts (1)
- conservation (1)
- conservation management (1)
- consumer behaviour (1)
- contamination (1)
- contemporary german literature (1)
- context (1)
- contribution (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cooperative bank (1)
- corporate irresponsibility (1)
- corporate sicial responsibility (CSR) (1)
- corporate sustainability (1)
- corrosion (1)
- countryside biogeography (1)
- cpace treaties (1)
- cultural difference (1)
- cultural differentiation (1)
- cultural educational policy (1)
- cultural landscapes (1)
- cultural policy (1)
- cultural tourism (1)
- culture (1)
- culture music (1)
- curriculum vitae (1)
- customer satisfaction (1)
- cuticula (1)
- damage to forests (1)
- data protection (1)
- day care center (1)
- degrowth (1)
- democratic theory (1)
- depression (1)
- detection (1)
- deutschsprachige Gegenwartsliteratur (1)
- diary study (1)
- digital equity (1)
- digital game-based language learning (1)
- digital game-enhanced language learning (1)
- digitale Kulturen (1)
- digitale Teilhabe (1)
- digitales Fremdsprachenlernen (1)
- dilemmas (1)
- dimensions of transformation (1)
- disability (1)
- disciplinary culture (1)
- disease resistance (1)
- distributive justice (1)
- disturbance (1)
- e-mental health (1)
- early childhood education (1)
- economic behavior (1)
- economic empowerment (1)
- economy (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ecotoxicity (1)
- education (1)
- education sciences (1)
- effectuation (1)
- efficient (1)
- elementary school (1)
- emerging pollutants (1)
- emission (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- emotional development (1)
- emotional labor (1)
- emotionale Kompetenz (1)
- emphysema (1)
- empirical education research (1)
- empirische Forschung (1)
- employment protection (1)
- employment quota (1)
- empoyee health (1)
- energy label (1)
- energy policy (1)
- energy storage (1)
- engineering (1)
- enterprise (1)
- entrepreneural learning (1)
- entrepreneurial empowerment (1)
- entrepreneurial promotion (1)
- environment (1)
- environmental Liability (1)
- environmental analysis (1)
- environmental management (1)
- environmental manager (1)
- environmental performance (1)
- environmental risk (1)
- environmental strategy (1)
- error management (1)
- ethical competence (1)
- ethische Kompetenz (1)
- european identity (1)
- evaluation (1)
- everyday mobility (1)
- exaust (1)
- executive compensation (1)
- external appointees (1)
- failure (1)
- farmland birds (1)
- fauna (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- field study (1)
- financial stability (1)
- finanzielle Bürgerbeteiligung (1)
- fishery (1)
- flame retardant (1)
- flame retardants (1)
- flood (1)
- focus on opportunities (1)
- forest ecology (1)
- forestry (1)
- fossil ernergy sources (1)
- friendship (1)
- functional diversity (1)
- functionalism (1)
- funktionale Diversität (1)
- game studies (1)
- gamification (1)
- gastronomy (1)
- gender (1)
- gendered habitus (1)
- geneexpression (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- genre (1)
- germany (1)
- germination ability (1)
- gesellschaftliche Wirkungen (1)
- global comparative research (1)
- global tourism (1)
- governance system (1)
- graphs (1)
- grassland (1)
- habitat modelling (1)
- habitat quality (1)
- handling security (1)
- health aid (1)
- health care market (1)
- health care system (1)
- health improvement (1)
- health-oriented leadership (1)
- heat exchanger (1)
- heathland ecosystems (1)
- herbicides (1)
- herbivore consumer fitness (1)
- high resolution mass stectrometry (1)
- historical social research (1)
- holistic production systems (1)
- household (1)
- human-carnivore conflicts (1)
- hybrid regionalism (1)
- iconography (1)
- illiberal democracies (1)
- illiberale Demokratie (1)
- image analysis (1)
- immigrants (1)
- implementation research (1)
- indicators (1)
- individualism (1)
- industrial engineering (1)
- infection (1)
- information management (1)
- insects (1)
- institution centered assistance (1)
- institutionalism (1)
- insurance value (1)
- integration (1)
- integration policy (1)
- interaction (1)
- interactivity (1)
- intercultural opening (1)
- interest groups (1)
- interface (1)
- intergenerational justice (1)
- interkommunale Zusammenarbeit (1)
- interkulturelle Öffnung (1)
- international comparison (1)
- internationaler Vergleich (1)
- interventions (1)
- invertebrates (1)
- investing (1)
- ionization (1)
- irreversibility (1)
- joint board (1)
- justice (1)
- keyword-level data (1)
- kleine wirtschaftliche Betriebe (1)
- kulturelles Differenzieren (1)
- labourmarket (1)
- land-use change (1)
- large-N analysis (1)
- leadership (1)
- leadership and management in early childhood care (1)
- lean management (1)
- lean production (1)
- learning (1)
- levoglucosan (1)
- life-cycle assessment (1)
- linguistic heterogeneity (1)
- lobbyism (1)
- local councils (1)
- local heat supply networks (1)
- local neighborhood (1)
- local self-government (1)
- logistische Regression (1)
- lokale Nachbarschaft (1)
- long-range transport (1)
- longitudinal research (1)
- lung (1)
- ländliche Räume (1)
- macroinvertebrates (1)
- management (1)
- management control (1)
- material flow (1)
- mathematic abilities (1)
- mayors (1)
- media (1)
- media archeology (1)
- media art (1)
- medium-sized business (1)
- mercury (1)
- merger (1)
- migration (1)
- mindfulness (1)
- minimalism (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- model (1)
- moral motivation (1)
- motivation (1)
- motor oil (1)
- movies (1)
- multi-level governance (1)
- multi-proxy Paläoumwelt (1)
- multi-prozy palaeoenvironment (1)
- multilevel perspective (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- nachhaltige Geschäftsmöglichkeiten (1)
- nachhaltige Landwirtschaft (1)
- nachhaltiger Tourismus (1)
- national space legislation (1)
- nationale Weltraumgesetzgebung (1)
- nature conservancy (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- negotiation . meindest (1)
- networks (1)
- niche overlap (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- non-target screening (1)
- non-target-screening (1)
- numerical dating (1)
- numerische Datierung (1)
- nutrient removal (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nutritional ecology (1)
- offene Promotion (1)
- older workers (1)
- opening universities (1)
- organic deposits (1)
- organisationales Fehlverhalten (1)
- organization (1)
- organizational communication (1)
- organizational failure (1)
- organizational units (1)
- outsiders (1)
- overhead power lines (1)
- overindeptedness (1)
- ozonation products (1)
- ozone (1)
- paid search campaigns (1)
- palaeoclimate (1)
- palaiarctic fickle Midge (1)
- palynology (1)
- parasitoids (1)
- participation of disabled people (1)
- passenger cars (1)
- peer-relationship (1)
- perception (1)
- perception of products (1)
- perceptions (1)
- performance analysis (1)
- person centering (1)
- personality (1)
- personnel selection (1)
- pesticide (1)
- phonological awareness (1)
- photographic practice (1)
- picture (1)
- pipes (1)
- planar chromatography (1)
- plant-insect interactions (1)
- pleasure (1)
- point of view (1)
- polar regions (1)
- policy windows (1)
- political pressure (1)
- political process (1)
- politics (1)
- politischer Druck (1)
- politischer Prozess (1)
- pollutant (1)
- pollutants (1)
- pollution (1)
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- polycylic aromatic compounds (1)
- polymerisation (1)
- poverty alleviation (1)
- poverty in old-age (1)
- pragmatics (1)
- preference strategy (1)
- preschool age (1)
- preschool educators (1)
- prevention (1)
- prioritisation (1)
- private schools (1)
- privatization of space activities (1)
- problem (1)
- problem behaviour (1)
- product marketing (1)
- product oriented environmental policy (1)
- professional scope of acting (1)
- project management (1)
- property (1)
- protection of natural resources (1)
- provincial press (1)
- provision of public tasks (1)
- psychisches Wohlbefinden (1)
- psychological perspective (1)
- psychological well-being (1)
- psychology (1)
- public participation (1)
- public sector reform (1)
- punishment (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- qualitative social research (1)
- qualitativer Hedonismus (1)
- quality control (1)
- quality development (1)
- questionnaire (1)
- randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (1)
- randomisiertes Kontrollgruppenexperiment (1)
- randomized controlled trial (1)
- rangelands (1)
- redox potential (1)
- reflexive governance (1)
- regenerative energies (1)
- regime-serving (1)
- regulation (1)
- relationale Soziologie (1)
- reliability (1)
- religion (1)
- remediation (1)
- research (1)
- research evaluation (1)
- research-based learning (1)
- resource-based theory (1)
- responsibility (1)
- robustness (1)
- rodents (1)
- rural areas (1)
- saproxylic (1)
- saving (1)
- savings bank (1)
- scaling (1)
- school (1)
- scientific impact (1)
- scots pine (1)
- seawater (1)
- sediments (1)
- seed predation (1)
- selection (1)
- self assessment (1)
- self-concept (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-protection (1)
- self-regulation (1)
- semiotic (1)
- settleability (1)
- sewage deposal (1)
- sheep grazing (1)
- simplicity (1)
- small and medium sized enterprises (1)
- small and medium-sized enterprises (1)
- small farms (1)
- smoking (1)
- snowfall (1)
- social assistants (1)
- social capital (1)
- social development (1)
- social economy (1)
- social exclusion (1)
- social immunity (1)
- social networks (1)
- societal impact (1)
- socio-technical transition (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil moisture (1)
- soil organic carbon (1)
- soil protection (1)
- soil quality (1)
- solar (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- southwest ethiopia (1)
- sozial-ökologische Systeme (1)
- soziale Kompetenz (1)
- sozio-kognitives Modell (1)
- spatial distribution (1)
- species diversity (1)
- sputum (1)
- staatliche Baunormen (1)
- staatliche Gesetzgebungspraxis (1)
- startup (1)
- strategic management (1)
- strategische Innovation (1)
- strategische Politikgestaltung (1)
- strategisches Management (1)
- strategy (1)
- streams (1)
- strontium bromide (1)
- städtische Bauplanung (1)
- sub-saharan Africa (1)
- subsistence (1)
- sufficiency (1)
- sum parameter (1)
- supply chain (1)
- sustainability accounting (1)
- sustainability transformation (1)
- sustainability transition (1)
- sustainable agriculture (1)
- sustainable development of man (1)
- sustainable development processes (1)
- sustainable supply management (1)
- sustainable tourism (1)
- sustainable tourism assessments (1)
- sustainibility (1)
- sustainibility management tools (1)
- systema (1)
- systematische Literatur-Review (1)
- systemic risk (1)
- systemisches Rissiko (1)
- systems thinking (1)
- tar (1)
- tar-contaminated sites (1)
- teacher education (1)
- teacher training (1)
- teachers well-being (1)
- temperature (1)
- temporal and spatial scaling (1)
- temporal trends (1)
- terrestrial laser scanning (1)
- terrestrisches Laserscanning (1)
- terrorism (1)
- test-construction (1)
- textile supply chain (1)
- time (1)
- tolerance of violence (1)
- tourism future (1)
- tourism impacts (1)
- tourism industry (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- traditional settlement (1)
- trainings (1)
- transdisciplinarity (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transdisciplinary sustainability research (1)
- transdisziplinary sustainability (1)
- transformation products (1)
- transformations (1)
- transformative potential (1)
- transformative research (1)
- transition management (1)
- transport (1)
- travel behavior (1)
- travel socialization (1)
- tree resins (1)
- unawareness (1)
- university culture (1)
- university workplace (1)
- unternehmerisches Empowerment (1)
- urbanization (1)
- utilitarianism (1)
- value pluralism (1)
- vegetation structure (1)
- venture capital (1)
- vergleichende Forschung (1)
- visual culture (1)
- visual studies (1)
- visual theory (1)
- visuelle Kultur (1)
- visuelle Theorie (1)
- w-RENA (1)
- wages (1)
- waste heat (1)
- wastewater (1)
- wastewater analysis (1)
- wastewater concentration (1)
- wastewater tracers (1)
- wastewater treatment (1)
- water (1)
- water framework directive (1)
- water prification (1)
- water quality (1)
- water resources management (1)
- well-being (1)
- wellbeing (1)
- wells (1)
- wetlands (1)
- whole mixture toxicity (1)
- wind energy (1)
- wirtschaftliches Empowerment (1)
- wissenschaftliche Komunikation (1)
- wissenschaftliche Wirkungen (1)
- women entrepreneurship (1)
- work engagement (1)
- yield (1)
- youth (1)
- zooplankton (1)
- Ägypten (1)
- Ältere Arbeitnehmerin (1)
- Älterer Arbeitnehmer (1)
- Äquivalenzfunktionalismus (1)
- Ärger (1)
- Ärger <Motiv> (1)
- Ärgerregulation (1)
- Öffentliche Aufgaben (1)
- Öffentliche Aufgabenerfüllung (1)
- Ökologische Nische (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistung (1)
- Ökosystemmanagement (1)
- Ökotourismus (1)
- Östrogen (1)
- Übernahme (1)
- Überschuldung (1)
- Überschwemmung (1)
- Überzeugung (1)
- öffentlicher Personennahverkehr (1)
- ökonomisches Verhalten (1)
Institut
- Fakultät Nachhaltigkeit (69)
- Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften (50)
- Frühere Fachbereiche (37)
- Institut für Ökologie (IE) (30)
- Nachhaltigkeitsmgmt./-ökologie (26)
- Fakultät Bildung (25)
- Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie (INUC) (23)
- BWL (22)
- Chemie (21)
- Institut für Nachhaltigkeitssteuerung (INSUGO) (16)
The Macro Polity Revisited
(2021)
This dissertation includes six articles tied together by the overarching question of how changes in public opinion, economics and public policy co-evolve in mature democracies, with a focus on redistributive (in seven European democracies) and secessionist preferences (in Catalonia and Scotland). The theoretical inspiration derives from three sources: 1. the Macro Polity model by Erikson, MacKuen/Stimson, 2. the Thermostatic Responsiveness model by Soroka and Wlezien, and 3. the literature on representation gap models by Gilens, Elsaesser and others. The Macro Polity and Thermostatic Responsiveness models come with an optimistic undertone, emphasizing that public policies adapt to public opinion, producing the policy-opinion congruence that defines responsive government. The Representation Gap model, by contrast, is more pessimistic in highlighting that the preferences of low-income groups are generally worse represented in public policies than the preferences of middle-income and especially high-income groups. While there is evidence in favor of these models for the majoritarian political systems in the US, Canada and the UK, less is known about the validity of these models in proportional democracies of continental Europe. The contributions in this dissertation address this research gap by integrating the three models and combining nearly 500 surveys to study the evolution of European public opinion at the national and subnational level.
This dissertation includes an introduction and five empirical papers focusing on the educational and career decision-making process of individuals in Germany. The five papers embrace different determinants of educational and career decisions including school performance, social background, leisure activities as well as professional expectations, and contribute to the existing literature in this research area. Chapter 2 of this dissertation begins by analysing the nexus between students’ time allocation and school performance in terms of grades and satisfaction with their own performance in mathematics, the German language and a first foreign language, as well as overall achievement. This chapter looks at the heterogeneity of three important extracurricular activities: student jobs, sports and participation in music. Moreover, the heterogeneity of each activity is addressed by accounting for different types of the particular activity and differences in the number of years the activity has been pursued. For this purpose, data from the German SOEP, as a representative panel survey of private households and people in Germany, in particular cross-sectional survey data of 3388 students who are about 17 years old and enrolled in a German secondary school, were used. The main findings are that having a job as a student is negatively correlated with school performance, whereas participation in sports and music is positively correlated. However, the results reveal heterogeneity in each activity, especially with respect to intensity. Chapter 3 addresses the concrete post-school decision of school students, in particular whether to study or to enter the German VET system (Vocational Education and Training). It focuses on individual risk preferences and the social background of individuals and how these determinants affect the ultimate decision to enrol in university or to start an apprenticeship given the same level of qualification. For the empirical approach data from the German SOEP were used, in particular information on individuals' educational decisions between 2007 and 2013. The results indicate that (i) individual risk preferences do not have an overall effect on the real transition; (ii) privileged individuals are more likely to take up higher education; and (iii) compared to highly educated parents, parents without an academic background are less likely to guide their children into tertiary education, regardless of how much they support their children with their school work. Chapter 4 deals with the reconsideration of educational decisions in terms of early contract cancellations in VET. In particular, the effects of a second job on the intention to cancel a VET contract early are analysed for apprentices in Germany. For the empirical approach the representative German firm-level study "BIBB Survey Vocational Training from the Trainee's Point of View 2008", conducted by the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), is used. The survey contains 5901 apprentices that were interviewed during their second year of apprenticeship (205 schools, 340 classes, and 15 common occupations). Furthermore, it includes the design, procedures, basic conditions, and quality criteria of apprenticeships. The applied probit regressions show a higher intention to quit if apprentices require a secondary job to cover their living costs. In Chapter 5, new data on 191 apprentices from a vocational school, located in a northern German federal state, are used to validate the empirical results of Chapter 4. This chapter presents new insights into secondary-job-related burdens during apprenticeship. Due to limitations in the data, the applied empirical approach in Chapter 4 lacks to analyse how holding multiple jobs increases the intention to leave an apprenticeship early. Therefore, Chapter 5 includes the investigations of burdens related to the second job. The results indicate a lower intention to quit the apprenticeship if an apprentice holds a second job to cover living costs. However, secondary jobs are linked to lower quality of training, which, on the other hand, increases the intention to leave the apprenticeship early. Furthermore, the probability of secondary-job-related burdens increases with the number of working hours. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis by investigating subjective determinants of early contract cancellations in VET. It examines ten questions on what apprentices want to achieve and how unfulfilled expectations affect the intention to leave the apprenticeship early. The findings of this investigation contributes to the existing research on early contract cancellation. The questions considered include information on the performance, personal development, career development and prospects or position in society and their meaning to apprentices. For the research approach, the "BIBB Survey Vocational Training from the Trainee's Point of View 2008" is considered again. The probit and ordered probit regressions applied show significant effects of job characteristics that represent job security. The expectation of being retained after an apprenticeship and the encouragement to consistently train further decrease the intention to leave the apprenticeship early. Furthermore, women appear to be more affected by job security signals than men, but they also sort more often into occupations with lower retention probabilities. Consequently, this result may be an indication of occupational segregation rather than a sign of differences between sexes.
Excessive fertilizer use leads to nutrient imbalances and losses of these to the environment through leaching, runoff and gaseous emissions. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture is often low and improving it could increase the sustainability of agricultural systems. The main aims of this thesis were to gain a better understanding of plant-soil-microbe interactions in order to improve agricultural NUEs. The studies included experimentally tested how crops respond to addition of high carbon amendments, fertilizer application rates and timing, and crop rotations. Furthermore, methods for measurement of roots were compared and a protocol for measurement of roots was developed. The first experiment simulated an agricultural field using mesocosms. In this setting, the researchers tested the effect of 4 previous crops (precrops), which either had or did not have a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)/rhizobia, on the focal crop (winter barley). They also tested the addition of high carbon amendments (wheat straw/sawdust) for immobilization of residual soil nitrogen (N) at harvest of the previous crop. Overall, the findings were that non-AMF precrops had a positive effect on winter barley yield compared to AMF precrops. Wheat straw reduced N leaching, whereas sawdust addition had a negative effect on the yield of winter barley. The second experiment tested the effect of different fertilizer (N/phosphorus (P)) application timings on plant traits grown in rhizoboxes. Overall, delaying N application had a more detrimental effect on plant biomass than delaying P application. The root system increased its root length initially due to N-deficiency, but was quickly thus N-limited that root length was relatively lower than the control group. Because of the many root related measurements in the second experiment, a step-by-step method for measuring root traits under controlled and field conditions was developed and included in this thesis. This method paper describes precisely how root traits of interest can be measured, and helps with deciding which approach should be taken depending on the experimental design. Additionally, the authors compared the bias and accuracy of several popular root measurement methods. Overall, these results highlight the importance of crop choice in crop rotations and the plasticity of root systems in relation to nutrient application. The results show high carbon amendments could reduce nitrate leaching after the harvest of crops, especially those with high risk of nitrate leaching, although they had only small impacts on yield.
One of the Colombian strategies to diversify and decarbonize the energy sector is encouraging the use of non-conventional renewable resources (NCRR). This thesis measures the environmental rebound effect (ERE) when increasing the shares of wind power into the Colombian power grid in the residential (household) sector. For doing so, a process-based Life Cycle Assessment (P-LCA), an environmental extended input output (EEIO) model and re-spending models (almost ideal demand system AIDS) were applied. Direct rebound effect was measured thought the elasticity price of the electricity demand; furthermore, the environmental savings for increasing the shares of wind power into the grid were calculated via P-LCA. For doing so, a P-LCA for a wind farm in Colombia was performed, whereas the information for other energy resources (Hydro, Coal, Gas, Solar and Thermal) where collected from Ecoinvent 3.4 database. To calculate the environmental indirect rebound effect the monetary savings obtained for the environmental efficiency were calculated. For doing so, an AIDS was applied to obtain the marginal budget shares (MBS). Combining the MBS obtained with the EEIO model the monetary savings were translated into environmental indicators. The ERE is presented for ten impact categories (climate change (CC), acidification (A), ecotoxicity (E), marine eutrophication (MEUT), terrestrial eutrophication (TEUT), carcinogenic effects (CE), non-carcinogenic effects (NCE), ozone layer depletion (OD), photochemical ozone creation (POC), and respiratory effects, inorganics (RES)). Moreover, a sensitive analysis was conducted to measure the variability of the ERE to different values of the direct rebound effect and different percentages of price efficiency. The results show that the inclusion of the environmental rebound effect has generally a non-negligible impact on the overall environmental indicators across all studied years. Such impacts ranging across impact categories from 5% (eutrophication) and 6,109% (photochemical oxidant creation) for the combined model, whereas for the single model the values fall on the ranges of 1% (eutrophication) and 9,277% (photochemical oxidant creation). Further, a sensitivity analysis of the elasticity price of the electricity and the price of the electricity reveals that the ERE varies in different ways, specifically, changes in these parameters could vary the impacts, respectively, by up to about <1% and 38%. Backfire effects are present for 8 of the 10 environmental impacts studied in different magnitudes across the years, depending meanly of the savings available to re-invest.
This thesis analyses how European merger control law is applied to the energy sector and to which extent its application may facilitate the liberalisation of the electricity, natural gas and petroleum industries so that only these concentrations will be cleared that honour the principles of the liberalisation directives. After having discussed the complex micro- and macro-economic considerations which accompany any concentration of business activities, this thesis discusses the merger control regime of the European Community (EC) so as to establish whether the merger control under either Art. 66 Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steal Community (ECSCT), the case law under Art. 101 and 102 Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and (Art. 81 and Art. 82 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (ECT), as it was introduced by the Commission and reviewed by the CJEU, the original Merger Regulation (MR1989) or the amended Merger Regulation of 1997 (MR1997) or the amended Merger Regulation of 2004 (MR2004) facilitate the liberalisation of European electricity and gas markets. Said liberalisation was introduced by the Internal Electricity Market Directive (IEMD), the Hydrocarbons Licensing Directive and the Internal Gas Market Directive (IGMD). The paper focuses on the contestable idea that regulatory amendments - especially the introduction of third party access by means of the directives - only form a first necessary condition for attaining economic alterations whereas pro-active conduct of the marketers is the second and decisive one in order to increase the competitive performance of the European energy supply industries. The analysis is supported by a second argument which relates closely to the ambivalent nature of concentrations: A concentration may be used to increase the process of market opening and the expansion into new markets by pooling of scarce resources. It may also be used as a retro -active means so as to create national champions, increase barriers to market entry of new competitors, enable cross-subsidisation so as to expand dominant positions on heretofore competitive up- and downstream markets.
This doctoral dissertation aims to contribute to clarification of the potential of learning for water governance. The goal is to trace and understand the environmental impacts of learning through participation (research aim 1) and adaptive management (research aim 2), and the effect of learning on participation as a governance mode (research aim 3). For this goal, the researcher engages in a predominantly qualitative research design following the case study method. For every specific research aim cases are selected and analysed qualitatively according to conceptual categories and mechanisms which are defined beforehand. Quantitative studies are used to corroborate the results for research aim 1 and 2 in a mixed-method approach to enhance the validity of results. The empirical research context is European water governance, the implementation of the EU Water Framework and EU Floods Directive (WFD, FD) specifically. Eight cases of participatory decision-making across three European countries and five cases of adaptive management in Northern Germany for WFD implementation are examined to identify whether learning in these processes enhanced environmental outcomes. To detect whether governance learning by public officials occurred, the design of participatory processes for FD implementation in ten German federal states is assessed. The findings of research aim 1, understanding learning through participation and its effects on water governance, reveal that participatory planning led to learning through improved understandings at an individual and group level. Learning did, however, hardly shape effective outcomes. In the AM cases (research aim 2) managers and participants of implementing networks improved their knowledge as well as capacities, and spread the results. Nonetheless, environmental improvement was not necessarily linked to ecological learning. Regarding learning about participation as a governance mode (research aim 3) all interviewed public officials in German federal states reported some degree of governance learning, which emerged not systematically but primarily drawing on own experiences and intuition. These findings are condensed into three overarching lessons for learning in water governance: (1) Interactive communication seems to form the overall frame for participant and group learning. Framing of learning experiences turned out to play an important and potentially distorting role, for which professional facilitation and structured knowledge aggregation methods might be an im-portant counterbalance. (2) Learning did not automatically enhance environmental outcomes. It may thus not be an explanatory variable for policy outcomes, but a conditioning or intervening variable related to collective action, motivation for participation, and situating the issue at hand at wider societal levels. (3) The concepts of puzzling and powering might help understand learning as a source for effectiveness in the long-term when complemented with interest-based debates for creat-ing sufficient political agency of policy issues. Learning seen as puzzling processes might instruct acceptance and legitimization for new powering efforts. The perpetuation of learning in systematic ways and structures appears to characterize an alternative to this reflexive and strategic interplay, for which the water-related EU directives provide the basis.
Transforming the International Food Supply – Sustainable Practices in Small Intermediary Businesses
(2021)
The global food system faces many complex challenges, and there is general agreement that a transformation is needed. While localizing food has been proposed as a means to this end, changing global food supply chains may also lead to sustainable food systems. Because most food systems today have an international dimension and are likely to remain connected, on one way or another, to other ones across the globe, it is necessary to find solutions to problems such as exploitation or environmental degradation. Addressing this challenge and the related gap in the literature, this study examines the emerging practices of small intermediary food businesses, which act between agricultural producers and consumers, and may have the potential to advance sustainability in international food supply. Including a systematic review of the literature on food systems change (Study#1), this dissertation adopts a transformational sustainability research methodology, which is solution-oriented, aims to integrate system, target and transformation knowledge, and is characterized by a transdisciplinary research practice. It conceptualizes challenges of international food supply and empirically investigates entrepreneurial solution approaches to address these challenges (Study#2). Two transdisciplinary research projects with small coffee businesses located in Germany, Mexico, and the U.S. were conducted to examine how these approaches could be implemented (Study#3, Study#4, Workshop reports 1+2). Overall, this study shows that challenges in international food supply chains can be conceptualized as negative effects of large geographical and relational distances. It also identifies five entrepreneurial solution approaches specified by twelve sustainability-oriented design principles to address these negative effects. Creating relational proximity between supply chain actors, that is, strong relationships based on knowledge and care, seems to be a key factor to advance sustainability in international food supply.The results also suggest that by building such strong relationships and changing the fundamental principles of international food trade, small intermediary businesses could be important agents in food system transformations.
Since the early 2000s, ecosystem services strongly gained significance as a research topic. However, the temporal dimension of ecosystem services has not been taken into consideration, although this should be the basis for a sustainable long-term management of ecosystems and their services. Therefore, the author presents three articles in this thesis that deal with temporal aspects of ecosystem services. In two of them she also present a proposal for a framework for the classification of ecosystem services based on their temporal dynamics. In this dissertation she differentiates between two types of temporal aspects, both of which have in common that change takes place over a certain period of time. The concepts of transformation, transition and regime shift are used to describe changes in social or ecological systems as a whole, for example the transformation towards a more sustainable society. The temporal dynamics, on the other hand, relate to the temporal changes in ecosystem services themselves. The first article focuses on how the literature on ecosystem services incorporates social and ecological change. The second and third articles deal with the temporal dynamics of ecosystem services. While the second article presents a preliminary framework for categorizing the temporal dynamics of ecosystem services, the third article uses this framework to test how the temporal dynamics of ecosystem services are represented in the literature. Based on the insights from the three articles, the author concludes that most of the studies on ecosystem services only focus on one point in time. One reason for this is that most studies are conducted over a maximum of a four-year time span which does not allow to monitor dynamics over longer time spans.
The world currently faces important issues concerning climate change and environmental sustainability, with the wellbeing of billions of people around the world at risk over the next decades. Existing institutions no longer appear to be sufficiently capable to deal with the complexity and uncertainty associated with the wicked problem of sustainability. Achieving the required sustainability transformation will thus require purposeful reform of existing institutional frameworks. However, existing research on the governance of sustainability of sustainability transformations has strongly focused on innovation and the more ‘creative’ aspects of these processes, blinding our view to the fact that they go hand with the failure, decline or dismantling of institutions that are no longer considered functional or desirable. This doctoral dissertation thus seeks to better understand how institutional failure and decline can contribute productively to sustainability transformations and how such dynamics in institutional arrangements can serve to restructure existing institutional systems.
A systematic review of the conceptual literature served to provide a concise synthesis of the research on ‘failure’ and ‘decline’ in the institutional literature, providing important first insights into their potentially productive functions. This was followed up by an archetype analysis of the productive functions of failure and decline, drawing on a wide range of literatures. This research identified five archetypical pathways: (1) crises triggering institutional adaptations toward sustainability, (2) systematic learning from failure and breakdown, (3) the purposeful destabilisation of unsustainable institutions, (4) making a virtue of inevitable decline, and (5) active and reflective decision making in the face of decline instead of leaving it to chance. Empirical case studies looking at the German energy transition and efforts to phase out coal in the Powering Past Coal Alliance served to provide more insights on (a) how to effectively harness ‘windows of opportunity’ for change, and (b) the governance mechanisms used by governments to actively remove institutions. Results indicate that the lock-in of existing technologies, regulations and practices can throw up important obstacles for sustainability transformations. The intentional or unintentional destabilisation of the status quo may thus be required to enable healthy renewal within a system. This process required active and reflective management to avoid the irreversible loss of desirable institutional elements. Instruments such as ‘sunset clauses’ and ‘experimental legislation’ may serve as important tools to learn through ‘trial and error’, whilst limiting the possible damage done by failure. Focusing on the subject of scale, this analysis finds that the level at which failure occurs is likely to determine the degree of change that can be achieved. Failures at the policy-level are most likely to merely lead to changes to the tools and instruments used by policy makers. This research thus suggests that failures on the polity- and political level may be required to achieve transformative changes to existing power structures, belief-systems and paradigms. Finally, this research briefly touches on the role of actor and agency in the governance of sustainabilitytransformations through failure and decline. It finds that actors may play an important role in causing a system or one of its elements to fail and in shaping the way events are come to be perceived. Drawing on the findings of this research, this dissertation suggests a number of lessons policy makers and others seeking to revisit existing institutional arrangements may want to take into account. Actors should be prepared to harness the potential associated with failure and decline, preserve those institutional elements considered important, and take care to manage the tension between the need for ‘quick fixes’ to currently pressing problems and solution that maintain and protect the longterm sustainability of a system.
The dissertation contains four journal articles which are embedded within a framework manuscript that interconnects the individual articles and provides relevant background information. The dissertation’s overall objective is to provide a multilayered and critical in-depth engagement with the timely phenomenon of integrated reporting (IR), a new reporting concept that is envisaged to revolutionize firms’ present reporting infrastructure. While extant corporate reports (e.g., annual financial- and CSR report) often are criticized for being disconnected and to suffer from a lack of coherence, IR intends to provide all information that is material to a firm’s short-, medium- und long-term value creation within one single, succinct document. To contribute to a set of previously defined relevant research gaps in literature, the dissertation makes use of a combined empirical-quantitative and explorative-qualitative research design. The first article entitled ‘Determinants of materiality disclosure quality in integrated reporting: Empirical evidence from an international setting’ investigates a set of different IR-, corporate governance and financial accounting-specific factors that are expected to determine European and South African firms’ materiality disclosure quality. To this purpose, an original, hand-collected materiality disclosure score was developed. The second article ‘Managers’ incentives and disincentives to engage with integrated reporting, or why managers might not adopt integrated reporting: an exploratory study in a nascent setting‘ explores IR perceptions of SME managers that have not embarked on IR, but are potential candidates to do so in future. Based on a review of extant literature, the article develops a theoretical framework to subsequently discuss motives for and barriers to IR adoption. The critical discussion contributes to the academic debate on incentives for and barriers to voluntary IR adoption. The third article named ‘Does it pay off? Integrated reporting and cost of debt: European evidence’ investigates whether voluntary IR adoption among European firms is associated with lower cost of public debt. While earlier studies suggest that IR leads to lower information asymmetries, increases analyst forecasts, and decreases cost of equity, corresponding evidence for the debt market is largely missing. Subsequent analyses test as to whether such an association is even more pronounced by a firm’s environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance or its belonging to an environmentally sensitive industry. The fourth article ‘Do nonprofessional investors value the assurance of integrated reports? Exploratory evidence’ uses an experimental design to investigate nonprofessional investors’ reactions to an IR assurance. To this purpose, two separate experiments with two different groups of nonprofessional investors were carried out: one with Masters students and one with managers of large corporations. Results help to answer the question as to whether an IR assurance as well as its determinants, namely the assurance provider and the assurance level, affect nonprofessional investors’ financial decision-making. In the second step, subsequent in-depth interviews reveal an IR assurance-critical attitude among managers, who draw upon their practical experience with assurance engagements.
Personally meaningful tourist experiences foster subjective mental wellbeing. Modern, human-centred technologies such as gamified technology have been recognised as a promising means to support tourists in their co-creation of meaningful tourist experiences. However, a deeper understanding and conceptualisation of tourists’ engagement with gamified technologies in the tourist experience has remained absent so far.
This study draws on positive psychology as the guiding theoretical lens to conceptualise and explore tourists’ underlying motives for engaging with gamified technology, as well as the gratifications thereof for the tourist experience. In doing so, this thesis identifies how tourists generate meaning through interacting with gamified technology in the tourist experience, thereby fostering the co-creation of meaningful tourist experiences and contributing to subjective mental wellbeing. Being among the first studies to link the concepts of positive psychology, gamified technology, and tourist experiences, the results of this thesis provide rich findings on the underlying motives for tourists to engage with gamified technology during vacation, as well as the gratifications of gamified technology for the creation of meaning in the tourist experience.
Using the theoretical lens of positive psychology and achievement motivation theory as the main theoretical underpinning, this study is positioned at the intersection of social psychology, human-computer interaction, and tourism as the field of application. Conceptually, this thesis provides an in-depth understanding of tourists’ engagement with gamified technology, including the socio-psychological motivators for engagement and the outcomes thereof for the tourist experience.
This thesis contributes to the theoretical advancement of two principal streams: a) tourists’ motives for engaging with gamified technologies and the gratifications thereof in the vacation context and b) the understanding of motivational affordances of gamified technology in general. The substantial theoretical contribution of this study is the advancement of knowledge as it demonstrates the value of gamified technologies in the tourist experience. The findings eventually provide tourism destinations with nuanced insights into the feature-specific values of gamified technology to contribute to the co-creation of meaningful tourist experiences.
Panic disorder is a common anxiety disorder, which is associated with high subjective burden as well as a high cost for the health economy. According to the National Treatment Guideline S3, cognitive behavior therapy is recommended as the most effective psychological treatment. However, many people in need do not have access to cognitive behavior therapy. Internet-based interventions have proven to be an effective way to provide access to evidence-based treatment to those affected, thereby reducing gaps in care. For anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder and agoraphobia, a good effectiveness of internet-based interventions has been proven in numerous international studies. However, the internet has changed over the last few years: mobile technologies have considerable potential to further improve the adherence and effectiveness of internet-based interventions. Against this background, we developed the hybrid online training
The present doctoral dissertations seeks to shed theoretical and empirical light on how complexity and different approaches to manage it affect perceptions, behaviors, and outcomes in integrative negotiations. Chapter 1 summarizes the following five chapters, describes their individual contribution to the present thesis, and outlines avenues for future research. In Chapter 2, a theoretical model comprising of task- and context-based determinants of complexity in negotiations is developed. In Chapter 3, the effects of the number of issues (high vs. low) as one essential determinant of complexity on parties’ trade-off behavior and joint outcomes are investigated in a series of four experiments. Furthermore, negotiators’ cognitive categorizing of issues (i.e., their mental-accounting approach) is examined as the underlying psychological mechanism. Results reveal that more issues lead to a higher risk of scattering the integrative potential between cognitive categories (i.e., mental accounts), reducing trade-off quality and joint outcomes. In Chapter 4, the generalizability of the detrimental effect of the number of issues on joint outcomes is tested across varying numbers of issues in a meta-analysis. Moreover, boundary conditions for the effect are investigated. Results confirm the generalizability of the number-of-issues effect, but no relevant boundary conditions are identified. In Chapter 5, the effects of different mental-accounting approaches on negotiators’ judgment accuracy, trade-off behaviors, and negotiation outcomes are examined in a series of five experiments. Results demonstrate that categorizing a moderate number of issues into each mental account leads to a higher judgment accuracy, trade-off quality, and joint outcomes, but only if negotiators manage to pool the integrative potential within these accounts. Finally, Chapter 6 takes a broader perspective on different integrative strategies in negotiations (i.e., expanding the pie, logrolling, solving underlying interests), thereby laying the groundwork for future research.
Keywords: integrative negotiation, complexity, number of issues, mental accounting
The wide accessibility of the Internet and web-based programs enable an increased volume of online interventions for mental health treatment. In contrast to traditional face-to-face therapy, online treatment has the potential to overcome some of the barriers such as improved geographical accessibility, individual time planning, and reduced costs. The availability of clients’ treatment data fuels research to analyze the collected data to obtain a better understanding of the relationship among symptoms in mental disorders and derive outcome and symptom predictions. This research leads to predictive models that can be integrated into the online treatment process to assist clinicians and clients.
This dissertation discusses different aspects of the development of predictive modeling in online treatment: Categorization of predictive models, data analyses for predictive purposes, and model evaluation. Specifically, the categorization of predictive models and barriers against the uptake of mental health treatment are discussed in the first part of this dissertation. Data analysis and predictive modeling are emphasized in the second part by presenting methods for inference and prediction of mood as well as the prediction of treatment outcome and costs. Prediction of future and current mood can be beneficial in many aspects. Inference of users’ mood levels based on unobtrusive measures or diary data can provide crucial information for intervention scheduling. Prediction of future mood can be used to assess clients’ response to the treatment and expected treatment outcome. Prediction of the expected treatment costs and outcomes for different treatment types allows simultaneous optimization of these objectives and to increase the cost-effectiveness of the treatment. In the third part, a systematic predictive model evaluation incorporating simulation analyses is demonstrated and a method for model parameter estimation for computationally limited devices is presented.
This dissertation aims to overcome the current challenges of predictive model development and its use in online treatment. The development of predictive models for varies data collected in online treatment is demonstrated and how these models can be applied in practice. The derived results contribute to computer science and mental health research with client individual data analysis, the development ofpredictive models, and their statistical evaluation.
Ziel der Studie ist es die Determinanten für das Komforterleben bzw. die Zufriedenheit in der Flugzeugkabine zu identifizieren. Wenige empirische Modelle zum Flugzeugkabinenkomfort gibt es und vereinzelt werden Umgebungsfaktoren wie Akustik, Turbulenzen, Temperatur und Luftqualität untersucht, aber kein Vorhersagemodell für den Gesamtkomfort existiert bislang.
Ein Methodenmix aus drei Datenerhebungen wird angewendet:
1. In der ersten Untersuchung werden zehn Flugzeugkabinenbilderpaare zehn Sekunden pro Bild präsentiert. Über die multidimensionale Skalierung wird auf einer fünfstufigen Skala die Ähnlichkeit von sehr bis gar nicht dargeboten. Die eindimensionale Darstellung der Bilder legt nahe, dass es einen Faktor wie „Platz zum Sitzen“ gibt. In Interviews wird der Annahme nachgegangen.
2. In Interviews assoziierten 61 Psychologiestudierende Nomina zum Fliegen. Bei den Kategorien stellt Platz/ Beinfreiheit der am häufigsten genannte Komfortaspekt innerhalb einer Flugzeugkabine dar. Sitzkomfort, Flugbegleiter, Inflight-Entertainment, Essen, Trinken, Sicherheit, Sauberkeit wurden oft genannt und Temperatur, Design, Toiletten, Geräusche, Turbulenzen, Geruch, Luftqualität, Beleuchtung, Raucherbereiche, ein gutes Preis-Leistungsverhältnis nur vereinzelt.
3. Die Fragebögen am Hamburger Flughafen greifen die in den Interviews genannten Komfortaspekte auf. 301 Passagiere beantworteten Zufriedenheitsitems auf einer fünfstufigen Skala. Mittels einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse werden fünf Faktoren aus den Items extrahiert, die räumliche, physiologische, psychologische, physikalische und organisatorische Aspekte beinhalten. Eine lineare multiple Regression mit den fünf Faktoren zum Item „Gesamtzufriedenheit“ ist hochsignifikant und klärt 40,5 %t Varianz auf. Die Moderatoreinflüsse und Interaktionen werden teils signifikant und klären 1,6 % weniger (Fluglänge) oder 1,5 % mehr (Fluggesellschatt und -angst) Varianz auf.
Mittelwertsvergleiche zeigen, dass die Star Alliance Fliegenden und nicht Flugängstlichen bei allen fünf Faktoren und fast allen Items hochsignifikant höhere Zufriedenheitswerte als Billigfliegende und Flugängstliche aufweisen. Bei Kurz- über Mittel- zum Langstreckenflug wurde eine v-Form gefunden mit der geringsten Zufriedenheit bei Mittelstreckenflügen mit hochsignifikanten Unterschieden.
Entscheidend ist das durch die Kombination aus Zusammenhangs- und Vorhersageanalyse für den Forschungsbereich „Komfort in der Flugzeugkabine“ neu generierte Gesamtkomfortmodell.
Network analysis methods have long been used in the social sciences. About 25 years ago, these methods gained popularity in various other domains and many real-world phenomena have been modeled using networks. Well-known examples include (online) social networks, economic networks, web graphs, metabolic networks, infrastructure networks, and many more.
Technological development made it possible to store and process data on a scale not imaginable decades ago — a development that also includes network data. A particular characteristic of network data is that, unlike standard data, the objects of interest, called nodes, have relationships to (possibly all) other objects in the network. Collecting empirical data is often complicated and cumbersome, hence, the observed data are typically incomplete and might also contain other types of errors. Because of the interdependent structure of network data, these errors have a severe impact on network analysis methods.
This cumulative dissertation is about the impact of erroneous network data on centrality measures, which are methods to assess the position of an object, for example a person, with respect to all other objects in a network. Existing studies have shown that even small errors can substantially alter these positions. The impact of errors on centrality measures is typically quantified using a concept called robustness.
The articles included in this dissertation contribute to a better understanding of the robustness of centrality measures in several aspects. It is argued why the robustness needs to be estimated and a new method is proposed. This method allows researchers to estimate the robustness of a centrality measure in a specific network and can be used as a basis for decision making. The relationship between network properties and the robustness of centrality measures is analyzed. Experimental and analytical approaches show that centrality measures are often more robust in networks with a larger average degree. The study of the impact of non-random errors on the robustness suggests that centrality measures are often more robust if missing nodes are more likely to belong to the same community compared to missingness completely at random. For the development of imputation procedures based on machine learning techniques, a process for the evaluation of node embedding methods is proposed.
Mobilität und Tourismus gehören untrennbar zusammen, denn ohne einen Ortswechsel gibt es keine Urlaubsreise. Der Tourismus aber verursacht ca. 5 % der anthropogenen Kohlendioxidemissionen, von denen etwa 75% auf den touristischen Verkehr entfallen. Neben dem Flugverkehr trägt insbesondere der motorisierte Individualverkehr einen hohen Anteil an den Emissionen. Angesichts des deutlichen Beitrags des touristischen Verkehrs zum Klimawandel erscheint es notwendig, sich mit Wegen zu einer ökologischen touristischen Mobilität zu beschäftigen. Zur Untersuchung der Einflussfaktoren auf die touristische Verkehrsmittelwahl wurde ein Erklärungsmodell basierend auf der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens entwickelt. Neben den Basiskonstrukten der Einstellung, der subjektiven Norm und der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle wurden als ergänzende Modellkonstrukte die persönliche Norm, das allgemeine Umweltbewusstsein sowie gewohnheitsmäßiges Handeln hinzugefügt. Eine empirische Untersuchung mit n=738 ermittelte durch multiple lineare Regression wichtige Ansatzpunkte für die Gestaltung von Handlungsempfehlungen. Signifikante Ergebnisse konnten für die Konstrukte der Einstellung, der subjektiven Norm, der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle, der persönlichen Norm, der Gewohnheit sowie der Kontrollvariablen Alter und Einkommen erreicht werden. An diesen Einflussfaktoren auf die Intention, zukünftig ein umweltfreundlicheres Verkehrsmittel zur Reise in den nächsten Städte-Kurzurlaub zu wählen, setzen die Implikationen für die Praxis an und zeigen Möglichkeiten auf, die touristische Mobilität ökologischer zu gestalten.
Forschungsprämisse und zentrale Fragestellung
Bestrebungen tertiäre Ausbildungsgänge im Bereich Populärer Musik zu innovieren sollten auf einem vertieften Verständnis des Berufsfelds basieren. Diese Prämisse setzt wiederum empirische Befunde zu den vorherrschenden Tätigkeitsprofilen sowie den entsprechenden Herausforderungen und maßgeblichen beruflichen Kompetenzbeständen voraus. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertationsschrift wurden daher zunächst die zentralen Aspekte berufsvorbereitender Popausbildungsprogramme und des Berufsmusikerarbeitsmarkts in Deutschland betrachtet, um im Anschluss Erkenntnisse zu prototypischen berufsfeldspezifischen Anforderungen zu präsentieren. Zentrale Forschungsfrage der Arbeit war dabei an welchen Parametern eine berufspropädeutische Ausbildung im Bereich Populärer Musik ausgerichtet sein sollte, um angehenden Berufsmusiker*innen den Erwerb einer zukunftsfähigen Kompetenzarchitektur zu ermöglichen.
Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage kam ein methodenintegratives Verfahren zum Einsatz, wobei zunächst, angelehnt an eine Untersuchung aus dem Klassiksektor (vgl. Gembris & Langner, 2005), eine quantitative Vorstudie durchgeführt wurde. Die Stichprobe (n = 159) enthielt Alumni von künstlerischen bzw. künstlerisch-pädagogischen Ausbildungsgängen in Deutschland. Die Daten wurden mittels Online-Fragebogen erhoben und deskriptiv analysiert. Darauf folgte eine qualitative Hauptstudie, im Zuge derer halbstrukturierte Experteninterviews durchgeführt wurden. Das Sample umfasste Alumni von unterschiedlichen tertiären Ausbildungsgängen (n = 9) sowie Expert*innen aus dem Bereich Ausbildung (n = 5) und Arbeitsmarkt (n = 4). Die Daten wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet.
Es zeigte sich zunächst, dass Ausbildungsgänge im Bereich Popmusik, insbesondere solche an musikhochschulischen Einrichtungen, einen starken Fokus auf musikalisch-künstlerische Inhalte legen, während sie Defizite im Bereich Professionalisierung und Berufsfeldorientierung aufweisen. Dies ist insofern im Hinblick auf die Berufspropädeutik problematisch, als die empirischen Daten deutlich machen, dass es gerade auch außermusikalische Kompetenzen sind, die von den Proband*innen als überaus bedeutsam für den Erfolg im Berufsfeld erachtet werden. Hierbei sind neben diversen geschäftlich unternehmerischen Fertigkeiten, Fähigkeiten und Wissensbeständen vor allem emotionsbasierte, personale und sozial-kommunikative Kompetenzfacetten von zentraler Relevanz. Diese liegen vor allem im Bereich der akkuraten Selbsteinschätzung, einer adäquaten Selbstregulation und Selbstmotivation, der Kreativität sowie der Fähigkeit mit anderen Menschen kompetent und zielführend zu interagieren.
Des Weiteren sind die Lernwege von Popmusiker*innen im Vergleich zu Kolleg*innen im Bereich europäischer Kunstmusik sehr heterogen. So zeigt sich eine Kombination aus informellem und formellem Lernen in mehr oder weniger formalen Lernsettings. Informelles Lernen geschieht dabei häufig in Form von Peer-Learning und autodidaktischem Lernen. Angesichts ihrer zentralen Rolle für den Kompetenzerwerb sollte einer solchen Vielfalt der Lernwege auch von curricularer Seite Platz eingeräumt werden.
Auch die Tätigkeitsportfolios der Befragten sind vielschichtig. Sie umfassen neben diversen musikalisch-künstlerischen vor allem pädagogische sowie musiknahe administrative und unternehmerische berufliche Aktivitäten. In einzelnen Fällen werden diese durch außermusikalische Tätigkeiten ergänzt. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass eine breitgefächerte Portfoliokarriere die vorherrschende Art der Beschäftigung im Berufsfeld Popmusik ist. Auch diesem Sachverhalt sollte in Hinblick auf eine breitere Ausbildungsausrichtung und der Vermittlung realitätsnaher Berufsbilder Rechnung getragen werden. Ziel ist nicht die fortwährende Erwerbstätigkeit an einem bestimmten Arbeitsplatz, sondern die fortwährende Erwerbsfähigkeit in verschiedenen Teilbereichen des Berufsfelds.
Ein wiederkehrendes Motiv in den Aussagen der Befragten sind die vielschichtigen Herausforderungen auf dem Musikerarbeitsmarkt. Gerade der Übergang von der Ausbildungsstätte ins Berufsfeld wird beispielsweise als „Sprung ins kalte Wasser“ beschrieben. Darüber hinaus berichten die Proband*innen generell von fordernden Rahmenbedingungen wie u. a. einer häufig prekären Einkommenssituation, einer hohen Arbeitsbelastung sowie Schwierigkeiten eine nachhaltige Künstlerkarriere aufzubauen. Im Zuge der qualitativen Erhebung zeigt sich darüber hinaus, dass einige der Befragten über eine hohe Stressbelastung klagen, die in manchen Fällen zu psychischen Erkrankungen geführt hat. Dementsprechend scheint es wichtig Aspekte der physischen und mentalen Selbstfürsorge in die Ausbildung angehender Berufsmusiker*innen zu implementieren. Die Kultivierung von Achtsamkeit wird in diesem Kontext als möglicher Weg zur Stressprophylaxe und Salutogenese präsentiert.
Auf den Ergebnissen der Untersuchungen fußend wird am Ende der Arbeit ein achtsamkeitsbasiertes, integriertes Modell zur curricularen Gestaltung von Popmusikausbildungsgängen vorgestellt. Dieses berücksichtigt die Dimensionen Ganzheitlichkeit, Individualisierung, Berufsfeld- und Praxisorientierung, Vernetzung sowie Selbstfürsorge und kann als Matrix in Hinblick auf ein holistisch orientiertes und berufsfeldoptimiertes Ausbildungsgeschehen herangezogen werden. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass dessen praktische Umsetzung aufgrund der Berücksichtigung aktueller Tätigkeitsprofile und berufsfeldspezifischer Herausforderungen sowie der individuellen Dispositionen, Lernwege und Bedürfnisse der Akteur*innen das Potenzial besitzt, den Absolvent*innen zu einer verbesserten Erwerbsfähigkeit und beruflichen sowie persönlichen Zufriedenheit zu verhelfen.
Pre-service teachers need to develop professional competence to be able to provide students with the best possible learning environment. Professional competence manifests itself when teachers combine theory with practice productively. Professional competence encompasses dispositions (i.e., knowledge, beliefs, motivational components, and self-regulatory skills), situation-specific skills (e.g., professional vision), and actual performance.
Professional competence can be fostered productively by authentic, practice-based learning opportunities. Teaching practicums can offer practice-based learning opportunities. Educational research has shown that reflection and feedback are crucial for substantial development of pre-service teachers’ professional competence. However, reflection and feedback sessions are not a standard element of teaching practicums due to time- and location-constraints. Digital practicum environments can lift these constraints. Digital reflection and feedback environments have typically applied either textual accounts or video sequences of classroom practice, with varying effects.
Consequently, the studies presented in this cumulative dissertation are focused on how the use of text- or video-based digital reflection and feedback environments during a practicum influence specific components of pre-service teachers’ professional competence (i.e., beliefs about teaching and learning, self-efficacy, professional vision of classroom management, feedback competence).
All studies followed a quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test design. Pre-service teachers at the fourth-semester bachelor level in a German university took part in the studies. Pre-service teachers participated in a four-week teaching practicum at local schools.
During the teaching practicum, pre-service teachers were divided into five different groups. The control group (CG) took part in a traditional practicum with live observations and face-to-face reflection and feedback with peers and experts. Pre-service teachers of the intervention groups (IG 1, IG 2, IG 3, IG 4) reflected and received feedback in highly structured text- or video-based digital environments. Intervention groups 1 (IG 1) and 2 (IG 2) participated in a text-based digital reflection and feedback environment. While IG 1 participants only received feedback from peers, IG 2 pre-service teachers also received expert feedback. Intervention groups 3 (IG 3) and 4 (IG 4) took part in a video-based digital reflection and feedback environment. IG 3 pre-service teachers only received peer feedback, whereas IG 4 participants also received expert feedback.
Mixed methods were applied by generating quantitative and quantitative-qualitative data was with questionnaires, a standardized video-based test and content analysis.
The studies demonstrated that classroom videos and video-based digital reflection and feedback environments can effectively enhance pre-service teachers’ professional competence. This finding can be predominantly attributed to two characteristics of the application in the digital reflection and feedback environments: (a) being able to revisit a multitude of authentic teaching situations without time pressure and (b) the degree of decomposition by deliberate, focused practice and scaffolding elements.
Furthermore, expert feedback seemed to be of better quality and entailed more substantial effects than peer feedback. The results of our studies on professional vision of classroom management, beliefs about teaching and learning and feedback competence showed that expert feedback can be seen as a lens reducing and focusing classroom complexity, enabling pre-service teachers to perceive crucial teaching situations that would have otherwise gone unnoticed and to benefit from expert modelling of high-quality feedback.
Consequently, video-based digital reflection and feedback environments with expert feedback can significantly improve pre-service teachers’ professional competence during teaching practicums and, thus, better prepare pre-service teachers for future classroom challenges, leading to better learning environments for school students.
Durch die Neufassung des § 68f Abs.1 Satz 1 StGB tritt die Führungsaufsicht bei vollverbüßter Strafe von zwei Jahren oder bei schwerwiegenden Taten gemäß § 181b StGB nach einem Jahr kraft Gesetzes ein. Diese Reform im Jahr 2007 hat zu einem enormen Anstieg von Führungsaufsichten nach vollverbüßter Jugendstrafe geführt. Die Regelungen und Aufgaben der Verantwortlichen der Führungsaufsicht nach Jugendstrafe sind vielfältig und anders als beispielsweise bei der Führungsaufsicht nach einer Maßregel der Besserung und Sicherung (gem. §§ 63f). Für die Arbeit mit straffälligen Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden unter Führungsaufsicht nach vollverbüßter Jugendstrafe gibt es für die Justizsozialarbeitenden keine explizite Handreichung. Im Vordergrund der Arbeit liegt die Frage: „Welche Faktoren können, aus Sicht der beteiligten Akteure, die Legalbewährung jugendlicher und heranwachsender Vollverbüßer unter Führungsaufsicht begünstigen?“ Die Praxisforschung wird, anhand von 15 Interviews mit den Verantwortlichen der Führungsaufsicht dargestellt und nimmt Bezug auf das in der Praxis erprobte Modellprojekt RESI und das Lebenslagenkonzept.
When presidents try to expand their tenure in office, are protesting social movements, or even youth movements, able to stop them from candidating unconstitutionally and thus to prevent a democratic backslide? So far, the literature on term bids by presidents tends to focus on the institutional arrangements to hinder such term bids in the first place, on presidential strategies to circumvent the constitutional law, or on counteractions of political elites. Mobilizations against such attempts by presidents to run for office again, after reaching the end of their last allowed term, are often solely included as “pressures from below”. To address these shortcomings, this dissertation explores the issue of term amendment struggles through the lenses of contentious politics systematically combined with insights of revolution theories and democratization studies. Its conceptual perspective therefore lies on the interactions of actors and their constellations to each other as well as to institutions. The author deduces three diverse pathways to promote institutional change and prevent democratic backslidings – through political elites, (political) allies, and security forces. By selecting two cases that are most similar in terms of institutions and youth movements at the forefront, Senegal (2011-12) and Burkina Faso (2013-14), this analysis offers insight in the divergence of the struggles and their outcome. Because in both cases, the announcement of the presidents to run for another term in office led to broad mobilization led by youth movements against such tenure amendments, the political system in general and socioeconomic inequalities - but with diverging results. In Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaoré eventually resigned while Abdoulaye Wade in Senegal candidated again, legitimized by the Constitutional Court. Based on extensive fieldwork, including interviews with movement leaders and their allies, as well as a comprehensive media analysis and the SCAD databank for the analysis of protest events, the author differentiates and reconstructs the various phases of the conflict. The results of the dissertation point at two dimensions most relevant to comprehend the dissimilar pathways the struggles took – the reach of mobilization and, closely interlinked to the first, the refusal of soldiers to obey orders. It shows further that these differences go back to the respective history of each country, its former protest waves, and political culture. Although both presidents faced mass mobilization against their unconstitutional candidature, only in Burkina Faso it eventually led to an ungovernable situation. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on lessons learned for future democratic backslidings by presidents to come and avenues for future research – and thus offers fruitful insights not only for academics but for those who aim to save democratic norms and institutions.
Viable communication systems
(2020)
Since the middle of the 20th century, human society experiences a “Great Acceleration” manifesting in historically remarkable growth rates that create severe sustainability problems. The globally exploding potentials of information and knowledge exchange have been and are vital drivers for this acceleration. Society has now come to the point that it requires a “Great Transformation” towards sustainability to ensure the viability of the planet for a vital society. The energy transition plays a central role for this transformation. In this context, human society has developed a comparably good understanding of the necessary infrastructural changes of this transition. For transforming the patterns of energy production and use in an energy transition as part of the “Great Transformation”, this process of change now needs to strengthen its focus on information, communication, and knowledge systems. Human society needs to establish a knowledge system that has the potential to create usable knowledge for sustainability solutions. This requires organizing a communication system that is sufficiently complex, interconnected, and, at the same time, efficient for integrating reflexive, open-ended, inter- and transdisciplinary learning, evaluation, and knowledge co-production processes across multiple levels. This challenge opens a wide field of research.
This cumulative dissertation contributes to research in this direction by applying a systemic sustainability perspective on the content and organization of communication in the field of research on sustainable energy and the operational level of municipal climate action as part of the energy transition. Regarding sustainability, this thesis uses strong sustainability and its principles as a frame for evaluating the content of communication. Regarding the systemic perspective, the thesis particularly relies on the following theories: (i) the human-environment system model by R. Scholz as an overarching framework regarding interactions between humans and nature, (ii) social systems theory by N. Luhmann to reflect the complexity of society, (iii) knowledge management to consider the human character of knowledge and a practice-oriented perspective, and (iv) management cybernetics, in particular, the Viable System Model by S. Beer as a framework to analyze and assess organizational structures. Furthermore, the thesis leverages the potential of text mining as a method to identify and visualize patterns in texts that reflect prevalent paradigms in communication.
The thesis applies the above conceptual and methodological basis in three case studies. Case Study 1 investigates the measures proposed in 16 municipal climate action plans of regional centers in Lower Saxony, Germany. It uses a text mining approach in the form of an Summary interpretation network analysis. It analyzes how different societal subsystems are connected at the semantic level and to what extent sustainability principles can be recognized. Case Study 2 analyzes and reflects paradigms and discursive network structures in international scientific publications on sustainable energy. The study investigates 26533 abstracts published from 1990 to 2016 using a text mining approach, in particular topic modeling via latent Dirichlet allocation. Case Study 3 turns again to the cases of municipal climate action in Lower Saxony examined in Case Study 1. It examines the involvement of climate action managers of these cities in multilevel knowledge processes. Using design principles for knowledge systems, it evaluates to what extent knowledge is managed in this field across levels for supporting the energy transition and to what extent local innovation potential is leveraged or supported.
The three case studies show that international research on sustainable energy and municipal climate action in Germany provide promising contributions to achieve a transformation towards sustainability but do not fully reflect the complexity of society and still support a growth paradigm, in contrast to a holistic sustainability paradigm. Further, the case studies show that research and local action are actively engaging with the diversity of energy technologies but are lagging in dealing with the socio-epistemic (communication) system, especially with regard to achieving cohesion. Using the example of German municipalities, Case Studies 1 and 3 highlight the challenges of achieving coherent local action for sustainability and bottom-up organizational learning due to incomplete or uncoordinated multilevel knowledge exchange. At the same time, the studies also point out opportunities for supporting the required coherent multilevel learning processes based on local knowledge. This can be achieved, for instance, by strengthening the coordinating role of intermediary organizational units or establishing closer interactions between the local operational units and the national level.
The thesis interprets and synthesizes the results of the three case studies from its systemic sustainability perspective. On this basis, it provides several generalized recommendations that should be followed for establishing viable communication systems, especially but not exclusively in policy-making:
Systemic holism: Consider matter, energy, and information flows as an integrated triplet in the context of scales, structures, and time in the various subsystems. Knowledge society: Focus on the socio-epistemic (communication) system, e.g., using the perspective of knowledge systems and associated design principles considering, for instance, working environments across horizontal and vertical levels, knowledge forms and types, and knowledge processes. Sufficiency communication: Emphasize sufficiency approaches, make it attractive, and find differentiated ways for communicating them. Multilevel cohesion and innovation: Achieve cohesion between the local and higher levels and leverage local innovations while avoiding isolated local action. Organizational interface design: Define the role of organizational units by the interactions they create at the interfaces with and between societal subsystems. Local transdisciplinarity: Support local transdisciplinary approaches integrating various subsystems, especially industry, while coordinating these approaches from a higher level for leveraging local innovation. Digital public system: Exploit existing digital technologies or infrastructures in the public system and recognize the value of data in the public sphere for achieving cohesion. Beyond the above recommendations, this thesis suggests that potential for further research lies in: Advancing nature-inspired systemic frameworks. Understanding the structure and creation of human knowledge. Developing text mining methodologies towards solution-oriented approaches.
Both sustainability and transdisciplinary research can change academic research, especially with regard to its relevance for, and relationship with, its environments. Transdisciplinary sustainability research (TSR), thus, offers the opportunity to change non-sustainable development paths of sciences themselves. In order to fully exploit this possibility, this PhD project addresses the question of how TSR, in the first place, does conceptualize and, in the second place, could conceptualize knowledge, research, and science. Firstly, this PhD project analyzes, from a discourse studies perspective, the term problem in TSR, against the background of discourses on sustainable development. Secondly, it explores the historicalanalytical and transformative concept of the problematic. The results, firstly, show the consequences of a problem-solving focus for TSR, and secondly, differentiate it from a transformative direction of problematic designing, as a more appropriate view on the dimensions of transformation and their qualities of change that matter for TSR. This PhD project aims to contribute to a self-understanding of, and a philosophical communication about, TSR, as a research form in the sustainability sciences. Keywords: Discourse studies, problem-solving, transdisciplinary sustainability research, transformative potential, dimensions of transformation.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Reiseverhalten verschiedener Generationen in Deutschland (68er, Babyboomer, Generation X und Generation Y) anhand der Kohortenanalyse. Mit Hilfe des Intrinsic Estimators und der Rohdaten der Reiseanalyse für die Jahre 1971 bis 2012 wurden Kohorten-, Alters- und Periodeneffekte für die verschiedenen Merkmale des Reiseverhaltens geschätzt. Deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Generationen, die unabhängig von Alter und Jahr bestand haben sollten, wurden in Bezug auf die Wahl des Verkehrsträgers, der Unterkunft, der Reiseart und der Destination identifiziert. Bei anderen Merkmalen gab es hingegen weniger oder nur geringe Generationenunterschiede. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen einen genaueren Blick in die Zukunft des Reisens und geben wichtige Hinweise für die tourismuswirtschaftliche Praxis.
As modern society progresses, waste treatment becomes a pressing issue. Not only are global waste amounts increasing, but there is also an unmet demand for sustainable materials (e.g. bioplastics). By identifying and developing processes, which efficiently treat waste while simultaneously generating sustainable materials, potentially both these issues might be alleviated. Following this line of thought, this dissertation focuses on procedures for treatment of the organic fraction of waste. Organic waste is a suitable starting material for microbial fermentation, where carbohydrates are converted to smaller molecules, such as ethanol, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Being the monomer of the thermoplastic poly-lactic acid, lactic acid is of particular interest with regard to bioplastics production and was selected as target compound for this dissertation. Organic waste acted as substrate for non-sterile batch and continuous fermentations. Fermentations were initiated with inoculum of Streptococcus sp. or with indigenous consortium alone. During batch mode, concentration, yield, and productivity reached maximum values of 50 g L−1, 63%, and 2.93 g L−1 h −1. During continuous operation at a dilution rate of 0.44 d−1, concentration and yield were increased to 69 g L−1 and 86%, respectively, while productivity was lowered to 1.27 g L−1 h −1 . To fully exploit the nutrients present in organic waste, phosphate recovery was analyzed using seashells as adsorbent. Furthermore, the pattern of the indigenous consortium was monitored. Evidently, a very efficient Enterococcus strain tended to dominate the indigenous consortium during fermentation. The isolation and cultivation of this consortium gave a very potent inoculum. In comparison to the non-inoculated fermentation of a different organic waste batch, addition of this inoculum lead to an improved fermentation performance. Lactic acid yield, concentration, and molar selectivity could be increased from 38% to 51%, 49 g L−1 to 65 g L−1, and 46% to 86%, respectively. Eventually, fermentation process data was used to perform techno-economic analysis proposing a waste treatment plant with different catchment area sizes ranging from 50,000 to 1,000,000 people. Economically profitable scenarios for both batch and continuous operation could be identified for a community with as few as 100,000 inhabitants. With the experimental data, as well as techno-economic calculations presented in this dissertation, a profound contribution to sustainable waste treatment and material production was made.
My dissertation embraces four empirical papers addressing socio-economic issues relevant to policy-makers and society as a whole. These papers cover important aspects of human life including health at birth, life satisfaction, unemployment periods and retirement decisions, and are intended to provide a contribution to the respective research areas. The analyses are carried out applying advanced econometric methods and are based on data sets consisting of survey data as well as administrative records.
The joint paper with Alessandro Palma and Daniela Vuri "Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Neonatal Health" in Chapter 2 investigates the causal impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on neonatal health in Italy in the 2000s combining detailed information on mother’s residential location from birth certificates with PM10 concentrations from air pollution monitors. Variation in local weekly rainfall is exploited as an instrumental variable for non-random air pollution exposure. Using quasi-experimental variation in rainfall shocks allows to identify the effect of PM10, ruling out potential bias due to confounder pollutants. The paper estimates the effect of exposure for both the entire pregnancy period and separately for each trimester to test whether the neonatal health effects are driven by pollution exposure during a particular gestation period. This information enhances our understanding of the mechanisms at work and help prevent pregnant mothers from most dangerous exposure periods. Additionally, the effects of prenatal exposure to PM10 are estimated by maternal labor market status and maternal education level to understand how the pollution burden is shared across different population groups. This decomposition allows to identify possible mechanisms through which environmental inequality reinforces the negative impact of early-life exposure to air pollution. This study finds that average PM10 and days with PM10 level above the hazard limit reduce birth weight, gestational age, and measures of overall newborn health. Effects are largest for third trimester exposure and for low-income and less educated mothers. These findings imply that further policy efforts are needed to fully protect fetuses from the adverse effects of air pollution and to mitigate the environmental inequality of health at birth.
The joint paper with Christian Pfeifer "Life Satisfaction in Germany After Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence" in Chapter 3 updates previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the effects are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is, on average, significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased in the first years after the German reunification and remained quite stable and sizable since the mid-nineties. The results further indicate that gender differences are small. Finally, the East-West gap is significantly smaller and shows a trend towards convergence for younger birth cohorts.
The joint paper with Christian Pfeifer "Unemployment Benefits Duration and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Germany" in Chapter 4 explores the effects
2
of a major reform of unemployment benefits in Germany on the labor market outcomes of individuals with some health impairment. The reform induced a substantial reduction in the potential duration of regular unemployment benefits for older workers. This work analyzes the reform in a wider framework of institutional interactions, which allows to distinguish between its intended and unintended effects. The results based on routine data collected by the German Statutory Pension Insurance and a Difference-in-Differences design provide causal evidence for a significant decrease in the number of days in unemployment benefits and increase in the number of days in employment. However, they also suggest a significant increase in the number of days in unemployment assistance, granted upon exhaustion of unemployment benefits. Transitions to unemployment assistance represent an unintended effect, limiting the success of a policy change that aims to increase labor supply via reductions in the generosity of the unemployment insurance system.
The single-authored paper "How Older Workers Respond to Raised Early Retirement Age: Evidence from a Kink Design in Germany" in Chapter 5 explores how an increase in the early retirement age affects labor force participation of older workers. The analysis is based on a social security reform in Germany, which raised the early retirement age over several birth cohorts to boost employment of older people and ultimately alleviate the burden on the public pension system. Detailed administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency allow to distinguish between employment and unemployment as well as disability pensions and retirement benefits claims. Using a Regression Kink design in a quasi-experimental framework, I show that the raised early retirement age had positive employment effects and negative effects on retirement benefits claims. The reform did not affect unemployment benefits or disability pensions claims. My results also show that some population groups are more sensitive to a reduction in retirement options and more likely to seek benefits from other government programs. In this respect, I find that workers in manufacturing sector respond to the raised early retirement age by claiming benefits from the disability insurance program designed to compensate for reduced earnings capacity due to severe health problems. The treatment heterogeneity analysis further suggests that high-wage workers are more likely to delay exits from employment, which is in line with incentives but might also indicate an increased inequality within the affected birth cohorts induced by the reform. Finally, women seem to rely on alternative sources of income such as retirement benefits for women, or spouse's or partner's income not observed in the data. All things considered, workers did not adjust to the increased early retirement age by substituting early retirement with other government programs but rather responded to the reform in line with the policy intent. At the same time, the findings point to heterogeneous behavioral responses across different population groups. This implies that raising the early retirement age is an effective policy tool to increase employment only among older people who have the real choice to delay employment exits. Therefore, reforms that raise statutory ages should ensure social support for workers only marginally attached to the labor market or not able to work longer due to potential health problems or other circumstances.
In der gegenwärtigen Dienstleistungs-, Wissens- und Digitalgesellschaft wird das soziale Leben durch unterschiedliche Zeittendenzen geprägt. Phänomene wie die Beschleunigung, Flexibilisierung, Entgrenzung und Virtualisierung haben Auswirkungen auf die vorherrschende Zeitkultur und beeinflussen im gleichen Maße die individuellen Lebensverläufe. Die Bevölkerungsgruppe der Kinder erlebt diese zeitlichen Veränderungen v.a. in Form einer zunehmenden Institutionalisierung der Kindheit, die sowohl in quantitativer wie auch in qualitativer Form zu Tage tritt. Neben der Bildungsquote steigt bspw. auch die tägliche Verweildauer in den Kinderinstitutionen an. Diese Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass elementar- und primarpädagogische Institutionen im Prozess der Zeitsozialisation eine Schlüsselposition einnehmen. Die Art und Weise, wie Zeit hier gedacht, strukturiert und gelebt wird, hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Herausbildung der zeitlichen Denk-, Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsschemata. Trotz ihrer Relevanz sind zeitbezogene Fragestellungen in Kindheitsforschungen nach wie vor deutlich unterrepräsentiert und werden eher strukturell-rahmend als inhaltlich-gestaltend analysiert.
Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift orientiert sich an dem soziologischen Verständnis von Zeit als Gestaltungsprinzip (Elias 1984) und der damit verbundenen Bedeutung für institutionell-pädagogische Zeitgestaltungen. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen – und ethnografisch orientierten – Fallstudie wird herausgearbeitet, wie sich die kindlichen Zeitpraktiken in unterschiedlichen Institutionen der frühen Bildung und im Übergang zur Grundschule mit ihren je besonderen institutionellen Zeitordnungen ausprägen.
Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass die Fach- und Lehrkräfte auf normierte Ablaufmuster und Vorgaben zur Zeitnutzung zurückgreifen und sich spezifischer Disziplinierungspraktiken bedienen, um die Kinder in die vorherrschende soziale Zeitordnung und das darin verwobene generationale Arrangement einzupassen. Verstärkt durch die zeitlichen Anforderungen des institutionellen Alltags verengen sich die erwachsenen Zeitpraktiken immer wieder zu den gleichen Handlungsweisen; insbesondere die Tendenzen zur Beschleunigung und Verdichtung sind als Gestaltungsmodi beobachtbar. Ungeachtet dessen verdeutlichen die Erkenntnisse weiterhin, dass sich die kindlichen Zeitpraktiken in Formen ausprägen, die häufig nicht den sozial vorherrschenden Handlungspraktiken und -logiken folgen, sondern vielmehr auf einer eigenen Sinngebung beruhen. Im Vergleich zu den Erwachsenen kommt diese zeitliche Eigenart dadurch zum Ausdruck, dass Kinder Gegenständen andere Bedeutungen und Funktionen beimessen, andere Formen des Handlungsvollzuges praktizieren und sich auch in je besonderen Geschwindigkeitsmodi bewegen. In ihrem spezifischen zeitlichen Handeln lassen sich die Kinder bewusst nicht von den Vorgaben zur Zeitnutzung stören bzw. unterwandern diese immer wieder auch zielgerichtet. Angesichts der divergierenden Handlungspraktiken von Erwachsenen und Kindern geht der Alltag mit regelhaften Zeitkonflikten einher, die sich zulasten der kindlichen Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, des Erwerbs von Zeitkompetenz wie auch der Arbeitsbedingungen des Personals auswirken können, weshalb eine weitere Intensivierung einschlägiger Zeitforschungen bedeutsam erscheint.
Analysis of user behavior
(2020)
Online behaviors analysis consists of extracting patterns from server-logs.
The works presented here were carried out within the “mBook” project which aimed to develop indicators of the quantity and quality of the learning process of pupils from their usage of an eponymous electronic textbook for History. In this thesis, we investigate several models that adopt different points of view on the data. The studied methods are either well established in the field of pattern mining or transferred from other fields of machine learning and data-mining.
We improve the performance of archetypal analysis in large dimensions and apply it to unveil correlations between visibility time of particular objects in the e-textbook and pupils’ motivation. We present next two models based on mixtures of Markov chains. The first extracts users’weekly browsing patterns. The second is designed to process essions at a fine resolution, which is sine qua non to reveal the significance of scrolling behaviors. We also propose a new paradigm for online behaviors analysis that interprets sessions as trajectories within the page-graph. In this respect, we establish a general framework for the study of similarity measures between spatio-temporal trajectories, for which the study of sessions is a particular case. Finally, we construct two centroid-based clustering methods using neural networks and thus lay the foundations for unsupervised behaviors analysis using neural networks.
Keywords: online behaviors analysis, educational data mining, Markov models, archetypal analysis, spatio-temporal trajectories, neural network
Empirische Studien aus dem Bereich der Lehrerbildungsforschung haben gezeigt, dass die Arbeit mit Unterrichtsvideos eine wirksame Möglichkeit darstellt, um professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehramtsstudierenden zu erweitern. In der Unterrichtsforschung werden Unterrichtsvideos darüber hinaus auch als Messinstrument zur Wahrnehmung von Unterrichtsqualität genutzt. Dabei werden meist Filmaufnahmen verwendet, die mit einer Überblicks- oder Lehrerkamera gefilmt wurden. In diesem Kontext äußern Bildungswissenschaftlerinnen und Bildungswissenschaftler die Annahme, dass die gefilmte Kameraperspektive einen Effekt auf die Beobachtung und Beurteilung der Unterrichtsvideos haben kann. Empirische Befunde sind zu dieser Hypothese bisher wenig vorhanden.
Die vorliegende Dissertation hat sich daher - in der Tradition standardisierter Videostudien - das Ziel gesetzt, das bisherige standardisierte Kamerasetting inhaltlich-konzeptionell durch die Installierung mehrerer Schülerkameraperspektiven weiterzuentwickeln. Auf dieser Grundlage wurde geprüft, ob die Raterinnen und Rater durch den Einsatz multiperspektivischer Videos in ihrer Einschätzung der Unterrichtsqualität zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen gelangen. Die Befunde belegen, dass Raterinnen und Rater ein Unterrichtsgeschehen mit den etablierten Perspektiven der Überblicks- oder Lehrerkamera nahezu ähnlich einschätzen. Mit weiteren Kameraperspektiven, die auf die Schülerinnen und Schüler gerichtet sind, wird jedoch eine deutlich breitere Beurteilung in den Dimensionen „Kognitive Aktivierung“, „Klassenmanagement“ und „Individuelle Förderung“ deutlich.
Mehrere Kameraperspektiven ermöglichen detaillierte Aussagen über Unterricht - von diesem Ergebnis können auch Studierende in der Lehrpersonenausbildung profitieren. Schülerkameraperspektiven eröffnen Dozierenden insbesondere zur Thematik „heterogene Schülerschaft“ ein didaktisches Lehrmittel und Werkzeug, das eine Videoanalyse zu Mikrointeraktionen zwischen Schülerinnen und Schülern-Lehrpersonen-Interaktionen dynamisch und simultan erlaubt. Die befragten Studierenden dieser Arbeit gaben an, gern in weiteren Lehrveranstaltungen mit mehrperspektivischen Unterrichtsvideos zu arbeiten.
Die Beurteilung von Unterrichtsqualität stellt in der schulischen Praxis eine Schwierigkeit dar, weil sie eng mit der Frage danach, wer den Unterricht bewertet, verknüpft ist. Üblicherweise schätzen Lehrkräfte ihren Unterricht selbst ein. Seltener wird Unterrichtsqualität von geschulten, externen Beobachtern beurteilt. Eine weitere relevante Perspektive auf die Qualität des gehaltenen Unterrichts stellt die der Schülerinnen und Schüler dar. Die Qualität dieser Perspektive steht im Fokus dieser Arbeit. Der Begriff Unterrichtsqualität gliedert sich im deutschsprachigen Raum in drei Qualitätsdimensionen auf: die Kognitive Aktivierung, die Konstruktive Unterstützung und die Klassenführung. In dieser Arbeit wird die Unterstützungsdimension aufgefächert in zwei Qualitätsdimensionen, in die Instruktionale Unterstützung und die Emotionale Unterstützung. So ergeben sich vier Basisdimensionen von Unterrichtsqualität, die aus der Perspektive von Schülerinnen und Schülern in dieser Arbeit untersucht werden sollen. Die überwiegende Mehrheit von Studien zur Unterrichtsqualität geht davon aus, dass die Lehrqualität von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern ein stabiles Verhaltensmuster der Lehrperson ist (Wagner et al., 2015). Die Anzahl der beobachteten Stunden, die für die reliable und valide Feststellung der Lehrqualität nötig ist, wird in den verschiedenen Studien unterschiedlich eingeschätzt. Nach Brophy (2006) sind es mindestens 20 bis 30 Unterrichtsstunden. Praetorius (2014) kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die unterrichtliche basisdimension der Klassenführung sehr stabil ist und es zur Einschätzung nur einer einzigen Unterrichtsstunde bedarf. Die Basisdimension der Kognitiven Aktivierung hingegen benötigt mindestens 9 beobachtete Unterrichtsstunden, um ein verlässliches Reliabilitätsniveau zu erhalten. Die Validität solcher Aussagen wird dann nicht selten an ihrem Zusammenhang mit Leistungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler festgestellt. In aller Regel beziehen sich die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf die Klassenebene. Der bisherige Wissensstand zur Stabilität des Qualitätsniveaus von Unterricht in den einzelnen Qualitätsdimensionen ist noch unzureichend und nicht in jeder Qualitätsdimension umfassend erforscht. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht in der Untersuchung der Stabilität der Rangfolge interindividueller Unterschiede zwischen den Qualitätsdimensionen bei der Beurteilung durch Schülerinnen und Schüler. Bisherige Studien haben bisher nur unzureichend untersucht, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Unterrichtsthemen und der Beurteilung der Qualitätsdimensionen durch Schülerinnen und Schüler gibt. Die meisten Studien in dem Forschungsfeld stützen ihre Ergebnisse auf Erkenntnisse, die auf Durchschnitten der gesamten Klasse beruhen, nicht auf Individualergebnissen. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit knüpft mit ihren Fragestellungen an diese Wissenslücken an. Es werden dabei zwei Hauptfragestellungen untersucht. Zum einen wird die Stabilität der Unterrichtswahrnehmung in folgenden drei Teilfragestellungen untersucht: - Wie stabil ist das beobachtete Qualitätsniveau in den einzelnen Dimensionen? - Wie stabil sind die Einschätzungen der Unterrichtsqualität in den vier Dimensionen Kognitive Aktivierung,Instruktionale Unterstützung, Emotionale Unterstützung und Klassenführung über die Zeit? - Sind die Beurteilungen der Unterrichtsqualität themenunabhängig? Zum anderen wird der Frage - Welchen Zusammenhang zeigen Mathematikleistungen und das mathematikbezogene Selbstkonzept mit den Unterrichtsbeurteilungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler? nachgegangen. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in 8 längsschnittlichen Erhebungen mit einer Gruppe von in drei Klassen parallel unterrichteten Fünftklässlerinnen und Fünftklässlern eines Hamburger Gymnasiums durchgeführt (N = 85). Das Instrument zur Erfassung der Unterrichtsqualität aus der Perspektive von Schülerinnen und Schülern in den vier Basisdimensionen Kognitive Aktivierung (7 Items), Instruktionale und Emotionale Unterstützung (9 Items und 5 Items) sowie Klassenführung (5 Items) wurde auf der Grundlage der Skalen Fauth, Decristan, Rieser, Klieme und Büttner (2014b) und Kauertz et al. (2011) entwickelt. Das Instrument kam zu acht Messzeitpunkten zum Einsatz. Die Skala zur Erfassung des mathematikbezogenen Selbstkonzeptes (4 Items) der Schülerinnen und Schüler stammt aus Bos, Dudas, Gröhlich, Guill und Scharenberg (2010) und wurde zu Beginn und am Ende der Messreihe einmal verwendet. Die Reliabilitäten der jeweiligen Skalen zu den jeweiligen Messzeitpunkten nimmt immer akzeptable (Cronbachs € α >.70), oft sogar gute Werte an (Cronbachs € α > .80). Die Leistungsfähigkeit in Mathematik wurde im Rahmen des standardisierten Tests KERMIT5 erfasst und auf der Grundlage von 4 Klassenarbeiten und Schulnoten im Laufe des Schuljahres durch die Lehrkraft eingeschätzt. Es wurden lineare Strukturgleichungsmodelle (LGM) zur Messung der Veränderungen der eingeschätzten Unterrichtsdimensionen über die acht Messzeitpunkte mit der Software Mplus (L. K. Muthén & Muthén, 2014) berechnet. In weiteren Schritten wurden dann die Mathematikleistung und das mathematikbezogene Selbstkonzept als Prädiktorvariablen eingefügt und ihr Effekt auf die Unterrichtsbeurteilungen untersucht. Es wurde die Korrelation zwischen der Mathematikleistung und dem mathematikbezogenen Selbstkonzept zu den linearen Strukturgleichungsmodellen hin untersucht. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Unterrichtswahrnehmung und Lernleistung wurde für jede Qualitätsdimension als Regressionsanalyse berechnet und jeweils als Pfaddiagramm dargestellt. Klassenspezifische Tendenzeffekte bei der Beantwortung der Items durch Schülerinnen und Schüler wurden herausgerechnet. Die Modellfits der berechneten linearen Strukturgleichungsmodelle zur Untersuchung der Beobachtungsstabilität weisen akzeptable Werte auf. Die Wachstumsanalysen zeigen, dass das Niveau der Kognitiven Aktivierung über die Zeit stabil bleibt. Beide Unterstützungsdimensionen werden mit zunehmender Zeit etwas niedriger beurteilt, gleiches gilt für die Klassenführung. weiterhin zeigen Stabilitätsanalysen, dass die Unterrichtsbeurteilungen über die Zeit eine relativ hohe interindividuelle Stabilität aufweisen. Höhere mathematische Leistungen (im Test) führen zu signifikant niedrigeren Beurteilungen der Kognitiven Aktivierung und der Emotionalen Unterstützung des Unterrichts. Bessere Noten gehen mit höherer wahrgenommener Unterstützung einher. Ein besseres mathematikbezogenes Selbstkonzept führt zu einer signifikant höheren Beurteilung der Kognitiven Aktivierung und zu einer signifikant niedrigeren Beurteilung der Klassenführung des Unterrichts. Insgesamt belegen die Ergebnisse, dass alle Basisdimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität relativ stabil von den Schülerinnen und Schülern und unabhängig von den unterrichteten Themen eingeschätzt werden. Die häufigere Erhebung erlaubt aber die bessere Modellierung von Niveauveränderungen über die Zeit.
Due to increased life expectancy, a growing number of retirees are spending more and more time in retirement. Life satisfaction in later life therefore becomes an increasingly important societal issue. Good work ability and health are prerequisites for a self-determined transition to retirement, for example allowing for a continuation of gainful employment beyond retirement age. Such continued employment is one way of dealing with the consequences of a historically unique long retirement phase: a self-determined continued employment can have a positive effect on individual well-being, on societal level relieve the burden on the pension insurance system, and on meso-level provide companies with urgently needed human capital. The self-determination of life circumstances is postulated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a basic psychological need with effects on individual well-being. This dissertation investigates work ability as a concept that supports workers, employers, and societies in the extension of working lives, and how work ability is related to the level of self-determination in the transition to retirement, and ultimately life satisfaction.
In the first study of this dissertation, the Work Ability Survey-R (WAS-R) was translated from English into German and then evaluated regarding its psychometric properties and construct validity. The WAS-R operationalizes work ability as the interplay of personal and organizational resources and thus allows companies to derive targeted interventions to maintain work ability.
In the second study, the WAS-R was examined together with the questionnaire Work-Related Behavior and Experience Pattern (Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster, AVEM) regarding its construct validity. A striking feature of this study was the high number of participants with the answering pattern indicating low work-related ambitions and protection. Persons with this pattern are in danger of entering the risk pattern for burnout in the future. The findings support the validity of the WAS-R.
In the third contribution, two studies examined the experience of control (i.e., autonomy) in the transition to retirement as a mediator between previous work ability, health, and financial well-being, and later life satisfaction in retirement. Control was found to partially mediate the relationship between work ability and later life satisfaction. Different mechanisms on later life satisfaction of work ability and health, and the subjective and objective financial situation were found.
This dissertation contributes to research on and practice with aging workers in two ways: (1) The German translation of the WAS-R is presented as a useful instrument for measuring work ability, assessing individual and organizational aspects and therefore enabling employers to make targeted interventions to maintain and improve work ability, and eventually enable control during later work life, the retirement transition and even old age. (2) This dissertation corroborates the importance of good work ability and health, even in old age, as well as control in these phases of life. Work ability is indirectly related to life satisfaction in the long period of retirement, mediated by a sense of control in the transition to retirement. This emphasizes the importance of the need for control as postulated by the SDT also in the transition to retirement.
This doctoral thesis contains four empirical studies analysing the personal accountability of prime ministers and the electoral presidentialisation of parliamentary elections in European democracies. It develops the concept of presidentialised prime ministerial accountability as a behavioural element in the chain of accountability in parliamentary systems. The ongoing presidentialisation of parliamentary elections, driven by changes in mass communication and erosion of societal cleavages, that fosters an increasing influence of prime ministers’ and other leading candidates’ personalities on vote choices, has called performance voting – and the resulting accountability mechanism of electoral punishment and reward of governing parties – into question. This thesis analyses whether performance voting can be extended to the personal level of parliamentary governments and asks whether voters hold prime ministers personally accountable for the performance of their government. Furthermore, it explores how voters change their opinion of prime ministers and how differences in party system stability and media freedom between Western and Central Eastern Europe contribute to higher electoral presidentialization in Central Eastern European parliamentary elections. This thesis relies on several national data sources: the ‘British Election Study’, the ‘German Longitudinal Election Study’ and other German election surveys, the ‘Danish Election Study’, as well as, data from the ‘Forschungsgruppe Wahlen’. In addition, it utilises cross-national data from the ‘Comparative Study of Electoral Systems’. The findings contribute to the ongoing scholarly debate on the issue of accountability and electoral presidentialisation in parliamentary systems by providing extensive evidence on prime ministerial accountability under presidentialised electoral behaviour. Keywords: presidentialisation; prime ministers; voting behavior; accountability; personalisation.
Die Energiewende steht im Zentrum aktueller gesellschaftlicher Debatten. Die Frage ist: Wie kann die gegenwärtige Klimakrise aufgehalten und gleichzeitig der Energiebedarf gedeckt werden? Einigkeit besteht darüber, dass eine Strategie zur Energiewende die Umstellung auf erneuerbare Energieträger beinhalten muss. Das Problem ist: Zentrale Begriffe wie ‚erneuerbare Energieträger‘ sind uneindeutig und deshalb besonders für naturwissenschaftliche Laien missverständlich. Ihnen wird dadurch die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe an der Debatte erschwert.
Wie kann der naturwissenschaftliche Unterricht dazu beitragen, die oben benannten Missverständnisse aufzuklären? Er muss die Schüler*innen dabei unterstützen, die naturwissenschaftlichen Schlüsselprinzipien der verschiedenen Energieträger und darauf aufbauend die Energiewende angemessen zu verstehen. Zu diesem Zweck muss der Unterricht entsprechend strukturiert werden. Welche Leitlinien sowohl die Lehrkräfte der Naturwissenschaften als auch die Entwickler*innen der Unterrichtsmaterialien dabei beachten sollten: Das klärt die vorliegende Studie.
Hierfür wird das Modell der didaktischen Rekonstruktion als Forschungsrahmen genutzt. Ausgehend von einem gemäßigt konstruktivistischen Lehr-Lernverständnis werden drei Unterfragen beantwortet: 1. Welche vorunterrichtlichen Vorstellungen bringen Schüler*innen in den Unterricht mit? 2. Welche Vorstellungen haben Wissenschaftler*innen? 3. Welche Unterschiede ergeben sich im Vergleich der Vorstellungen?
Für die Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden in der Erhebung problemzentrierte, leitfadengestützte Interviews mit 27 Achtklässler*innen geführt und Auszüge aus zwei wissenschaftlichen Gutachten ausgewählt. Mit einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse konnten in der Auswertung Inhaltsaspekte identifiziert werden, die Potenzial für die unterrichtliche Vermittlung haben. Mit dem so reduzierten Datenmaterial wurde eine systematische Metaphernanalyse durchgeführt. Damit wurden erfahrungsbasierte Muster hinter den Vorstellungen rekonstruiert. Aus dem systematischen Vergleich der Ergebnisse lassen sich Lernchancen und Lernhindernisse für das Verstehen von naturwissenschaftlichen Hintergründen der Energiewende ableiten. Diese werden in Form von Leitlinien für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht zusammengefasst.
Diese Leitlinien können von Lehrpersonen und Entwickler*innen von Lehrmaterialien genutzt werden, um ein fachlich angemessenes Verstehen der naturwissenschaftlichen Schlüsselprinzipien der Energieträger und der Energiewende zu fördern. Darüber hinaus sind diese Ergebnisse interessant für Forschende, die an der Energiewende und deren wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation interessiert sind. Denn sie helfen zu verstehen, wie Missverständnisse vermieden und fachliche Begriffe geklärt werden können.
Tropical forests worldwide support high biodiversity and contribute to the sustenance of local people’s livelihoods. However, the conservation and sustainability of these forests are threatened by land-use changes and a rapidly increasing human population. In this dissertation, I focused on the effects of land-use change on forest biodiversity in the rural landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia, against a backdrop of human population growth. These landscapes are being progressively degraded, encroached and fragmented as a result of different pressures, including the intensification of coffee production, farmland expansion, urbanization and a growing rural population. Understanding the drivers of biodiversity loss and the responses of biodiversity to such pressures is fundamental to direct conservation efforts in these tropical forests.
This dissertation aimed to characterize biodiversity patterns in the moist Afromontane forests of southwestern Ethiopia and to examine how biodiversity patterns are affected by land-use and land-use changes (mediated by coffee management intensity, landscape attributes and housing development) in a context of a rapidly growing rural population. To achieve this goal, I take an interdisciplinary approach where, first, I examined the effects of coffee management intensity on diversity patterns of woody plants and birds, spanning a gradient of site-level disturbance from nearly undisturbed forest interior to highly managed shade coffee forests. Results showed that specialized species of woody plants (forest specialists) and birds (forest specialists, insectivores and frugivores) were affected by coffee management intensity. The richness of forest specialist trees and the richness and/or abundance of insectivores, frugivores and forest specialist birds decrease with increasing levels of disturbance. Second, I investigated the effects of landscape context on woody plants, birds and mammals. Community composition and specialist species of woody plants and birds were sensitive to landscape context, where woody plants responded positively to gradients of edge-interior and birds to gradients of edge-interior and forest cover. Further results showed that a diverse mammal community, with 26 species, occurs at the forest edge of shade coffee forests and that the leopard, an apex predator in the region depended on large areas of natural forest. A closer examination of leopard activity patterns revealed a shift in the diel activity as a response to human disturbance inside the forest, further highlighting the importance of natural undisturbed forests for leopards in the region. Together, these findings demonstrate the value of low managed shade coffee forests for biodiversity, and importantly, emphasize the irreplaceable value of undisturbed natural forests for biodiversity. Third, I investigated the effects of prospective rural population growth (mediated by housing development) on the forest mammal community. Here, population growth was projected to negatively influence several mammal species, including the leopard. Housing development that encroached the forest entailed worse outcomes for biodiversity than a combination of prioritized development in already developed areas and coffee forest protection. Fourth, to understand the motivations behind high human fertility rates in the region, I examined the determinants of women fertility preferences, including their perceptions on social and biophysical stressors affecting local livelihoods such as food insecurity and environmental degradation. Fertility preferences were influenced by underlying social norms and mindsets, a perceived utilitarian value of children and male dominance within the household, and were only marginally affected by perceptions of social and biophysical stressors. Results further indicated a mismatch between the global discourse on the population-environment-food nexus and local perceptions of this issue by women. My findings suggest the need for new deliberative and culturally sensitive approaches that engage with pervasive social norms to slow down population growth.
Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the key value of moist Afromontane forests in southwestern Ethiopia for biodiversity conservation. It indicates the need to promote coffee management practices that reduce forest degradation and highlights that high priority should be given to the conservation of undisturbed natural forests. It also suggests the need to integrate conservation goals with housing development in landscape planning. A promising approach to achieve the above conservation priorities would be the creation of a Biosphere Reserve and to promote the ecological connectivity between the larger forest remnants in the region. Finally, this dissertation demonstrates the importance of placed-based holistic approaches in conservation that consider both proximate and distal drivers of forest biodiversity decline.
It is understood among research and policy makers that addressing unsustainable individual consumption patterns is key for the vision of sustainable development. Education for Sustainable Consumption (ESC) is attributed a pivotal role for this purpose, aiming to improve the capacity of individuals to connect to and act upon knowledge, values and skills in order to respond successfully and purposefully to the demands of sustainable consumption. Yet despite growing political, scientific, and educational efforts to foster more sustainable consumption practices through ESC, and increasing awareness about the negative ecological and socio-economic impacts of individual consumer behavior in the general population, little has been achieved to substantially change behavioral patterns so far. As part of the explanation for this shortcoming, it has been argued that current ESC practices have neglected the personal dimension of sustainable consumption, especially the affective-motivational processes underlying unsustainable consumption patterns. Against this background, this cumulative thesis is guided by the question how personal competencies for sustainable consumption can be defined, observed, and developed within educational settings. Special attention is given to mindfulness practices, describing the practice of cultivating a deliberate, unbiased and openhearted awareness of perceptible experience in the present moment. These practices have received growing attention within ESC as a means to stimulate competencies for sustainable consumption. Drawing upon an explorative, qualitative research methodology, the thesis looks at three different mindfulness-based interventions aiming to stimulate competencies for sustainable consumption, reaching out to a total number of 321 participants (employees and university students).
In this thesis, I suggests to define personal competencies for sustainable consumption as abilities, proficiencies, or skills related to inner states and processes that can be considered necessary or sufficient to engage with sustainable consumption (SC). These include ethics, self-awareness, emotional resilience, selfcare, access to and cultivation of personal resources, access to and cultivation of ethical qualities, and mindsets for sustainability. It is argued that these competencies directly relate to those challenges individuals face when attempting to consume in a way that corresponds to their sustainability-related intentions or engage in SC-related learning activities. It provides evidence that the cultivation of (some of) these competencies allows individuals to overcome (some of) these challenges. The thesis holds that the observation of personal competencies benefits from a combination of different methodological and methodical angles. When working with self-reports as empirical data, a pluralistic qualitative methods approach can help overcoming shortcomings that are specifically related to individual methods while increasing the self-reflexivity of the research. This is especially important in order to reduce the risk of looking for desired outcomes and misinterpreting statements of the inquired population. This risk can also be diminished by discussing and adjusting interim findings with this population. Moreover, it is suggested to let learners analyze their own personal statements in groups, applying scientific methods. The products of the group analyses represent data based on an inter-subjectively shared perspective of learners that goes beyond self-estimation of personal competencies. In terms of developing personal competencies for SC, it can be concluded that mindfulness practice alone is not sufficient to build personal competencies for SC. While it can stimulate generic personal competencies, individuals do not necessarily apply these competencies within the domain of their consumption. Furthermore, even though the practice increases individuals’ self-awareness for current inner states and processes, practitioners do not seem to become aware of and reflect upon the more latent, personal predispositions out of which the current sensations occur.
Nevertheless, mindfulness practice can play an important role in ESC, insofar as it lays the inner foundation to engage with sustainability-related issues. More precisely, it allows learners to experience the relevance of their inner states and processes and the influence they have on actual behaviors, leading to a level of selfawareness that would not be accessible solely through discursive-intellectual means. Furthermore, participants experience mindfulness practice as a way to develop ethical qualities and access psychological resources, entailing stronger emotional resilience and improved well-being. In order to unleash its full potential for stimulating personal competencies for SC, however, the findings of the thesis suggest that mindfulness practice should be (a) complemented with methodically controlled self-inquiry and (b) related to a specific behavioral change. In this vein, self-inquiry-based and self-experience-based learning – two pedagogical approaches developed during the period of research for this thesis – turned out to be promising pedagogies for educational settings striving to stimulate the development of personal competencies for SC. Overall, the thesis makes a novel contribution to the field of competency-based ESC by suggesting personal competencies for sustainable consumption as important and desirable learning outcomes of ESC practices Furthermore, it provides specific pedagogies and learning activities in order to achieve these learning outcomes. As such, the thesis answers to general calls from education for sustainable development scholars to take the inner, affective-motivational dimension of individuals into consideration and makes a first suggestion as to how this can be systematically achieved.
„Einfachheit“ gehört zu den maßgeblichen Begriffen, mit denen in der Kunst-, Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte unterschiedliche Wertzuschreibungen einhergehen. Seit Ende des 20. Jahrhundert setzt sich nebenher ein globalisierter Lifestyle durch, der mit geschickten
Werbetriggern eine „Sehnsucht nach Einfachheit“ weckt und hohe Erwartungen an das Ideal der Komplexitätsbewältigung knüpft. Das damit einhergehende breite Funktionalisierungspotential wird hier aufgegriffen, um den neuen Fragen nachzugehen, warum die Einfachheit einen bemerkenswerten Erfolg in der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur feiert und was uns vergleichbare Bewegungen in Architektur, Design und den visuellen Künsten über den aktuellen Ruf nach Einfachheit erzählen. Am Beispiel des erzählerischen Werks von Judith Hermann, Peter Stamm und Robert Seethaler wird erstmalig
gefragt, mit welcher Intention und Qualität sich die Einfachheit in den Texten dieser Autoren formiert und ob es sich bei der Kunst der erzählerischen Reduktion um ein spezifisch für die Gegenwart relevantes Konzept handelt. Die Studie leistet damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu der noch ausstehenden literaturwissenschaftlichen Systematisierung einer „Ästhetik der
Einfachheit“.
Um das noch bestehende Reichweitenproblem von Elektrofahrzeugen zu lösen, sind Fahrzeugkonzepte wie Plug-in Hybridfahrzeuge sehr vielversprechend, sofern mit ihm überwiegend im Batteriebetrieb gefahren wird. Sie kombinieren die Vorteile des Verbrennungsmotors und des Elektromotors, sodass das lokale Emissionsproblem in Ballungszentren gelöst werden kann, ohne dass der Kunde dabei auf die Reichweite verzichten muss. Wenn das Fahrzeug allerdings überwiegend für Kurzstrecken genutzt wird, sind alterungsbedingte Veränderungen des Kraftstoffes möglich, da dieser länger im Tank verbleibt als üblich.
In dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur sensorischen Bestimmung der Qualität des Kraftstoffes vorgestellt. Hierzu wurde ein Prototyp entwickelt, in dem mithilfe des Real- und Imaginärteils der Permittivität alternde Kraftstoffe erkannt werden können. Dabei konnte durch das frequenzabhängige Permittivitätssignal des Sensors spezifisch zwischen nieder- und hochmolekularen Oxidationsprodukten in Kraftstoffen unterschieden werden.
Da das Verbrennungs- und Emissionsverhalten des Motors von der Kraftstoffmischung vorgegeben ist, bietet eine zusätzliche sensorische Erfassung der Kraftstoffzusammensetzung weitere Optimierungspotenziale, um Emissionen zu reduzieren: So ist das Motormanagement im Fahrzeug zumeist auf Referenzkraftstoffe mit gleichbleibender Qualität abgestimmt. Variable Kraftstoffzusammensetzungen, die durch die Erdöllagerstätte und den zusätzlichen Konversionsverfahren zur Herstellung von fortschrittlichen Kraftstoffen vorgegeben sind, werden in dieser Anpassungsstrategie bisher nicht berücksichtigt. Als weitere Aufgabe wird in dieser Arbeit daher ein multisensorischer Ansatz verfolgt, wonach zusätzlich zur Kraftstoffalterung noch die Kraftstoffzusammensetzung erkannt werden kann.
Insgesamt bietet die Sensorik das Potenzial zur kontinuierlichen Kraftstoffüberwachung in Plug-in Hybridfahrzeugen, um so einen Beitrag zum sicheren und nachhaltigen Betrieb solcher Fahrzeuge gewährleisten zu können.
The geographical situation of Germany considerably affects the final energy consumption of the country. Thermally intensive processes are the largest consumer of energy. In contrary, the level of energy consumed by air conditioning systems and utilized on process cooling is relatively low. Thermal energy storage systems have a high potential for a sustainable energy management, as they provide an efficient integration of thermal energy from renewables and heat recovery processes through spatial and temporal decoupling. Low temperature thermochemical energy stores based on gas-solid reactions represent appealing alternative options to sensible and latent storage technologies, in particular for heating and cooling purposes. They convert heat energy provided from renewable energy and waste heat sources into chemical energy and can effectively contribute to load balancing and CO2 mitigation. Reasonable material intrinsic energy storage density and cooling power are demanded. At present, several obstacles are associated with the implementation in full-scale reactors. Notably, the mass and heat transfer must be optimized. Limitations in the heat transport and diffusions resistances are mainly related to physical stability issues, adsorption/desorption hysteresis and volume expansion and can impact the reversibility of gas-solid reactions. The aim of this thesis was to examine the energy storage and cooling efficiency of CaCl2, MgCl2, and their physical salt mixtures as adsorbents paired with water, ethanol and methanol as adsorbates for utilization in a closed, low level energy store. Two-component composite adsorbents were engineered using a representative set of different host matrices (activated carbon, binderless zeolite NaX, expanded natural graphite, expanded vermiculite, natural clinoptiolite, and silica gel). The energetic characteristics and sorption behavior of the parent salts and modified thermochemical materials were analyzed employing TGA/DSC, TG-MS, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. Successive discharging/charging cycles were conducted to determine the cycle stability of the storage materials. The overall performance was strongly dependent on the material combination. Increase in the partial pressure of the adsorbate accelerated the overall adsorbate uptake. From energetic perspectives the CaCl2-H2O system exhibited higher energy storage densities than the CaCl2 and MgCl2 alcoholates studied. The latter were prone to irreversible decomposition. Ethyl chloride formation was observed for MgCl2 at room and elevated temperatures. TG-MS measurements confirmed the evolution of alkyl chloride from MgCl2 ethanolates and methanolates upon heating. However, CaCl2 and its ethanolates and methanolates proved reversible and cyclable in the temperature range between 25 °C and 500 °C. All composite adsorbents achieved intermediate energy storage densities between the salt and the matrix. The use of carbonaceous matrices had a heat and mass transfer promoting effect on the reaction system CaCl2-H2O. Expanded graphite affected only moderately the adsorption/desorption of methanol onto CaCl2. CaCl2 dispersed inside zeolite 13X showed excellent adsorption kinetics towards ethanol. However, main drawback of the molecular sieve used as supporting structure was the apparent high charging temperature. Despite variations in the reactivity over thermal cycling caused by structural deterioration, composite adsorbents based on CaCl2 have a good potential as thermochemical energy storage materials for heating and cooling applications. Further research is required so that the storage media tested can meet all necessary technical requirements.
To improve the properties of thermochemical heat storage materials, salt mixtures were evaluated for their heat storage capacity and cycle stability as part of the innovation incubator project “Thermochemical battery” of the Leuphana university Lüneburg. Based on naturally occurring compound minerals, 16 sulfates, 18 chlorides and 5 chloride multi-mixtures, 18 bromides and 5 intermixtures between sulfates, chlorides and bromides were synthesized either from liquid solution or by dry mixing for TGA/DSC screening before continuing the heat storage evaluation with five different measurement setups at a laboratory scale. The TGA/DSC analysis served as a screening process to reduce the number of testing materials for the upscaled experiments. The evaluation process consisted of a three-cycle dehydration/hydration measurement at Tmax = 100°C and Tmax = 200°C. In case of the bromide samples a measurement of hydration conditions with Tmax = 110°C and a water flow at e = 18.68mbar, were added to the procedure to detect the maximum water uptake temperature. Also, a single dehydration to a temperature of Tmax = 500°C was implemented to observe melting behavior and to easier calculate the samples’ stages of hydration from the remaining anhydrous mass. Materials which showed high energy storage density and improved cycle stability during this first evaluation were cleared for multi-cycle measurements of 10 to 25 dehydration and hydration cycles at Tmax = 100 to 120°C and the evaluations at m = 20 to 100g scale. An estimate for the specific heat capacities at different temperatures of the materials which passed the initial stage was calculated from the TGA/DSC results as well. The laboratory scale measurement setup went through five stages of refining, which led to reducing the intended maximum sample mass from m = 100g to m = 20g. A switch from supplied liquid water to water vapor as the used reactant was also implemented in exchange for improved dehydration conditions. Introducing a vacuum pump for evaporating the water limited the influence of outside heat sources during hydration and in-situ dehydration was enabled as to not disturb the state the samples were settling in between measurements. Baseline calculation from blanc measurements with glass powder and attempts to calculate the specific heat capacity cp of the tested materials by 6 applying the Joule-Lenz-law to the measurement apparatus was another step of method development. The evaluation process of the laboratory scale tests at the final setting consisted of 1 to 5 cycle measurements of in-situ dehydration and hydrations with applied vacuum for t = 30 minutes at p ~ 30mbar. Upscaling the sample mass to m = 20g allowed for a close observation of different material behaviors. Agglomeration, melting and dissolving of the m = 10mg samples during the TGA/DSC analysis can be deducted from the recorded measurement curves and the state of the sample after measurement. However, at laboratory scale the visible volume changes, observed sample consistency after agglomeration and an automatic removal of molten and dissolved sample mass during the measurement allowed for a better characterization and understanding of the magnitude of the actual changes. This was done for the first time, particularly for mixed salts. Of the original number of 62 samples, 4 mixtures which passed the initial TGA/DSC screening namely {2MgCl2+ KCl}, {2MgCl2+CaCl2}, {5SrBr2+8CaCl2} and {2ZnCl2 + CaCl2} were chosen for further evaluation. The multi-cycle TGA/DSC measurements of {2MgCl2+ KCl}, {2MgCl2+CaCl2} and {5SrBr2+8CaCl2} showed an improved cycle stability for all three materials over the untreated educts. Of the four materials {2ZnCl2 + CaCl2} displayed the strongest deliquescence during hydration in the upscaled experimental setup. {2MgCl2+CaCl2} proved to be the most stable material regarding the heat storage density. The {MgCl2} content of the mixture is likely to partially or completely react to {Mg(OH)Cl} at temperatures of T > 110°C, which however does not impede the heat storage density. {5SrBr2+8CaCl2} displayed a low melting point in hydrated state, causing a fast material loss. This makes it an undesirable storage material. A lower heating rate may still help to avoid an early melting. The {2MgCl2+KCl} mixture was the most temperature stable of the mixtures showing no melting or dissolving behavior. A reaction of the {MgCl2} component of the mixture to {Mg(OH)Cl} was not observed within the applied temperature range of T = 25 to 200°C.
Drum-Machines sind spätestens seit den 80er Jahren allgegenwärtige Taktgeber aktueller musikalischer Gestaltung. Die kleinen, unscheinbaren Boxen, in denen sich Schlagzeug-Pattern programmieren lassen, haben bisher allerdings kaum wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Hier werden erstmals nicht nur die verwobenen Technik- und Kulturgeschichte(n) dieser Maschinen skizziert, sondern die Geräte selbst werden als Wissensobjekte ernst genommen. Ihr Sound und ihre neuen technikkulturellen Zeitlichkeiten, entworfen durch Breakbeat- und Pattern-Labore des HipHop, House und Techno, lässt die Geradlinigkeit historischer Narrative selbst Geschichte werden. Sie werden als Akteure klanglicher Zukünftigkeit gehört – treffend benannt mit einem Begriff Kodwo Eshuns als Futurhythmaschinen.
In this dissertation, advanced nonlinear control strategies and nonlinear minimum-variance observation are combined, in order to improve the estimation and/or tracking quality within control and fault detection tasks, for several types of systems from the fields of electromobility and conventional drivetrain technology that have some potential for sustainability or performance improvements.
The application-specific innovations in terms of nonlinear Kalman filter methods are:
* Improved state of charge estimation for Lithium-ion battery cells, powered by a novel self-adaptive EKF that uses a high-order polynomial curve fit as a decomposition of the uncertain nonlinear output equation with intentionally redundant bases, and with a reduced number of polynomial parameters that are adapted online by the EKF itself.
* Online estimation of the time delay between two periodic signals of roughly the same shape that have pronounced uncorrelated noise, based on a fractional-order approximation of the transcendent transfer function of the time delay which is used as a model in a novel kind of EKF.
* Using two (E)KFs (one for the linear subsystem and one for the nonlinear subsystem of a new kind of multi-stage piezo-hydraulic actuator) in a cascaded loop structure in order to reduce the computation load of the estimation, by appropriate 'interfacing' between the two observers (using one shared system model equation, among other aspects).
The innovations in terms of nonlinear control methods are powered by observation, as well:
* Sliding mode velocity control of a DC drive that is subject to nonlinear friction and unknown load torques, enhanced by an equivalent control law, and with a new intelligent switching gain adaptation scheme (for reduced control chattering and, thus, less energy consumption and actuator wear), which is powered by Taylor-linearized model predictive control, which in turn requires observer-based disturbance compensation (by a KF with a double-integrator disturbance model) for model-matching purposes in order to function correctly.
* Direct speed control of permanent-magnet three-phase synchronous motors that have a high power-to-volume ratio, based on sliding mode control in a rotating d,q coordinate system, with a new equivalent control method that exploits both system inputs and with a secondary sliding surface to ensure compliance with the current-trajectory of maximum efficiency for the required torque, and which works without measurement of the rotor angle (thanks to a new kind of EKF that estimates all states in the stationary α,β coordinate system, as well as the disturbance/load torque and its derivative).
In all instances, improvements (compared to methods existing in the literature) in terms of control and estimation performance have been achieved and confirmed using simulation studies or real experiments.
"Sustainable development: enough for everyone, forever" is the definition of sustainability. Sustainable landscape development is the main goal of decision makers worldwide. Achieving this goal in the long term leads to achieving social, economic and environmental sustainability. Remote sensing has been playing an essential role in monitoring remote areas. This study has employed part of the role of remote sensing in supporting the direction of decision makers towards sustainable landscape development. The study has focused on some of the main elements affecting sustainable environment as stated in Agenda 21. These elements are land uses, specifically agricultural land uses, water quality, forests, and water hazards such as floods.
Three research programs were undertaken to investigate the role of Terrasar-x imagery, as a source of remote sensing data, in monitoring the environment and achieving the previous stated elements. The investigation was intended to investigate the effectiveness of TSX imagery in identifying the cropping pattern of selected study areas by employing a pixel-based supervised maximum likelihood classifier, as published in Paper I, assessment of the efficiency of using TSX imagery in determining land use and the flood risk maps by applying an object-based decision tree classifier as published in Paper II, and determination of the potential of inferential statistics tests such as the two samples Z-test and multivariate analysis, for example Factor Analysis, for identifying the kind of forest canopy, based on the backscattering coefficient of TSX imagery of forest plots, as presented in Paper III. Papers I and II covered two pilot areas in the Lower Saxonian Elbe Valley Biosphere Reserve “das Biosphärenreservat „Niedersächsische Elbtalaue„ around Walmsburger Werder between Elbe-Kilometer 533 - 543 and Wehninger Werder between Elbe-Kilometer 505 - 520. Paper III focused on the Fuhrberger Feld water protection area near Hanover in Germany. The inputs for this research were mainly SAR Imagery and the ground truth data collected from field surveys, in addition to databases, geo-databases and maps.
The study presented in Paper I used two filters to decrease speckle noise namely De-Grandi as multi-temporal speckle filter, and Lee as an adaptive filter. A multi-temporal classification method was used to identify the different crops using a pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier. The classification accuracy was assessed based on the external user accuracy for each crop, the external producer accuracy for each crop, the Kappa index and the external total accuracy for the entire classification. Three cropping pattern maps were produced namely the cropping pattern map of Wehninger Werder in 2011 and the cropping pattern maps of Walmsburger Werder in 2010 and in 2011. The study showed that image filtering was essential for enhancing the accuracy of crop classification. The multi-temporal filter De-Grandi enhanced the producer accuracy by about 10% compared to the Lee filter. Furthermore, gathering and utilizing large ground truth data greatly enhanced the accuracy of the classification. The research verified that using sequence images covering the growing season usually improved the classification results. The results exposed the effect of the polarization, where using VV-polarized data enabled on average 5% higher classification accuracy than the HH-polarized data, however using dual polarized data enhanced the classification accuracy by 3%. The study demonstrated that the majority of the classifications produced according to the crop calendar had higher total producer accuracy than using all acquisitions.
The study demonstrated undertaken in Paper II applied the decision tree object-based classifier in determining the major land uses and the inundation extent areas in 2011 and 2013 using the Lee-filtered imagery. Based on the maps produced for the land uses and inundation areas, the hazard areas due to the floods in 2011 and 2013 were identified. The study illustrated that 95% of the inundated area was classified correctly, that 90% of vegetated lands were accurately determined, and around 80% of the forest and the residential areas were correctly recognized. The study demonstrated that the residential areas did not experience any hazards in both pilot areas, however some cultivated lands were fully or partially submerged in 2011. These fields are in the high flood zone and therefore are expected to be entirely submerged during future high floods. Although, these fields were flooded in January 2011, they were cultivated with maize and potatoes in summer 2011 and in subsequent years and consequently were inundated in June 2013 with high economic losses to the owners of these fields.
The research undertaken in Paper III statistically analyzed the backscattering coefficient of the Lee-filtered TSX in some forest plots by the Factor Analysis and two sample Z-test. The study showed that Factor analysis tools succeeded in differentiating between the coniferous forest and the deciduous forest and mixed forest, but failed to discriminate between the deciduous and the mixed forest. On one hand, only one factor was extracted for each sample plot of the coniferous forest with approximately equal loadings during the whole acquisition period from March 2008 to January 2009. On the other hand, two factors were extracted for each deciduous or mixed forest sample plot, where one factor had high loadings during the leaf-on period from May to October, and the other one had high loadings during the leaf-off period from November to April. Furthermore, the research revealed that the two sample Z-test enabled not only differentiation between the deciduous and the mixed forest against the coniferous forest, but also discrimination between deciduous forest and the mixed forest. Statistically significant differences were observed between the mean backscatter values of the HH-polarized acquisitions for the deciduous forest and the mixed forest during the leaf-off period, but no statistically significant difference was found during the leaf-on period. Moreover, plot samples for the deciduous forest had slightly higher mean backscattering coefficients than those for the mixed forest during the leaf-off period.
This thesis deals with the influence of sustainability communication on the purchase decision of sustainable tourism products involving German specialist tour operators. Sustainability communication is a challenge, because sustainable tourism is an abstract and vague concept which consumers find it difficult to grasp and about which they are sceptical, and the service characteristics of tourism products complicate the decision making stage, which is a high-involvement situation of uncertainty to which sustainable product attributes add complexity. As an introduction, an interdisciplinary theory discussion reveals knowledge gaps in terms of the value-belief-norm theory and the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). The first article, which is the first systematic literature review on the topic, reveals that there is a limited theoretical understanding of sustainability communication, a lack of practical understanding of how to design sustainability messages, and an inadequate set of methodologies for its research. It identifies knowledge gaps concerning: the holistic approach to sustainability communication; its role in the attitude-behaviour gap; an interdisciplinary theoretical understanding focusing on belief-based social psychological theories and theories of persuasion; qualitative methods; and experimental design. The second article investigates the role of sustainability communication in the attitude-behaviour gap, employing the value-belief-norm theory to explain how information is processed by special interest customers. Interview findings show that ineffective sustainability communication is the reason for the gap and that customers unintentionally booked sustainably. The study identifies eight groups of beliefs which explain the processing of sustainability attributes. Sustainability information is effective when it is value-congruent, that is, when customers perceive they can make a difference, they begin to ascribe a responsibility to themselves. The third article investigates how to design an effective sustainability message in tour operator advertising. Drawing on the ELM, the study shows that appeal type does not significantly influence persuasion but the topic presented is important. Cultural sustainability is the sustainability topic that is most persuasive for cultural tourists, while consumer prior knowledge and issue-involvement with the topic promote successful information processing. The thesis has contributed to a target-group specific understanding of effective sustainability product communication and contributes to knowledge in terms of theory, methodology, and practical solutions.
On 25 October 2016, the European Commission presented a proposal for a directive on a Common Corporate Tax Base (hereafter CCTB Proposal), which contains a comprehensive concept for the harmonisation of profit calculation regulations within the EU. Against this current background, the objective of the present work is to contribute to the implementation of the CCTB by identifying ambiguities and conceptual weaknesses in the design of the profit determination system of the CCTB Proposal and developing concrete recommendations for action for adjustments in the course of the further legislative procedure. In the first article, selected profit calculation rules of the CCTB Proposal will be analysed in detail and compared with the provisions on profit calculation under German commercial and tax law and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) recognised across member states. Based on the legal comparison, questions of interpretation and inadequacies of the profit calculation system will be considered and proposals for adjustments to various regulatory areas will be submitted. Furthermore, in the second article, within the framework of a holistic study, expert interviews will be used as an empirical-qualitative research design to generate reliable assessments on the part of the various stakeholder groups affected by the implementation of the future directive or involved in its elaboration. The results show the extent to which the profit determination rules of the CCTB Proposal in their current form are suitable for national and EU-wide implementation and in which areas the various expert groups still see concrete need for adaptation. Based on these expert assessments, the third article finally develops a proposal to reduce the threat of legal uncertainty in interpretation issues criticised by the experts. Based on economic maxims developed by the European Commission and existing accounting principles of the current CCTB Proposal, the EU Accounting Directive and IFRS, a system of specific European tax principles will be developed which could be implemented within the framework of the CCTB Proposal.
The image of the solitary scientist is receding. Increasingly, researchers are expected to work in collaborative interdisciplinary teams to tackle more complex and interrelated problems. However, the prospect of collaborating with others, from different disciplines, exerts countervailing forces on researchers. There is the lure of transcending the limitations of one’s own knowledge, methods and conventions, belonging to diverse intellectual communities and tackling, together, ambitious research topics. On the other hand, there is the risk that collaborating across disciplinary boundaries will be taxing, confounding at times, with no guarantee of success. In short, interdisciplinary collaboration is both a desirable and difficult way to conduct research. This thesis is about collaborative interdisciplinary research from the perspective of a formative accompanying researcher. I accompanied an interdisciplinary research team in the field of sustainability over three years for the duration of a collaborative project. Formative accompanying research (FAR) is an approach to ‘research into research’ that learns about, with and for a collaborative interdisciplinary team. I found – through immersion in the literature, my own daily experiences of collaborating, and my observations – that interdisciplinary collaboration is very difficult. It requires a basic understanding and appreciation of other disciplines and methods, as well as the skills to integrate research inquiries and findings across diverse epistemologies. It also requires awareness that collaborative interdisciplinary research is more than an intellectual task of knowledge creation. Other factors matter, such as interpersonal relationships, power differentials, different research tempos and a sense of belonging. And these factors have an impact on processes and outcomes of collaborative knowledge creation. Knowing this implies a willingness to keep learning and to tolerate discomfort so as to cultivate deeper levels of collaborative capacity. I discovered that in these deeper levels lie skills for staying with inevitable tensions, for talking and listening to generate new understanding together, and for applying a researcher’s frank curiosity to oneself too. A formative accompanying researcher, who is part of the team she is researching, has to navigate delicate terrain. In this thesis, I develop a FAR methodology that takes seriously the questions of positionality and relationality, and reflect on the experiences of putting these into practice. A FAR practice involves remaining in dynamic movement between observing and participating, between exercising curiosity and care, and between the researchers’ own sense of impartiality and investment in relation to the issues at hand. There is merit in furthering the methodology and practice of FAR on its own terms. This includes attending to the skills required by a formative accompanying researcher to remain oriented within the concentric circles of research, relationship and loyalty that make up a collaborative team. There is also the question of how FAR, and other forms of research into research, can help to advance collaborative interdisciplinary research. I argue for creating the conditions in research teams that would enable treating collaboration as a capacity to develop, and that would facilitate team members’ receptivity to learning with FAR. Furthermore, I explore dilemmas of intervening as a formative accompanying researcher and of sustaining dynamic positionality over the long-term. In the field of sustainability research, and in multiple other research fields, the future is a collaborative one. This thesis is concerned with how to collaborate so that the experience and the outcomes lend themselves to what Rabinow terms a “flourishing existence”.
Die schlechte Qualität von Binnengewässern ist ein weit verbreitetes und herausforderndes Problem für die Menschheit. Das Konzept der Komplexität ist ein besonders vielversprechendes Konzept zur Analyse und Lösung dieses Problems und von Problemen der öffentlichen Ordnung im Allgemeinen. Der Hauptgrund ist die Stärke des Konzepts, strukturelle Problemmerkmale innerhalb eines umfassenderen strukturellen Ansatzes für die politische Problemlösung zusammenzufassen. Bislang blieben diese möglichen Vorteile jedoch verborgen, da kein klares Verständnis der Komplexität vorhanden war, was letztendlich eine systematische Analyse der Auswirkungen der Komplexität auf Lösungen und Governance-Strategien behinderte. Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, den Wert des Komplexitätsbegriffs für systematische vergleichende Analysen von Wasserproblemen und von Problemen der öffentlichen Politik im Allgemeinen zu stärken. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden in dieser Arbeit das Konzept der Komplexität sowie die Implikationen der Komplexität für Lösungen und Governance-Strategien sowohl aus theoretischer als auch aus empirischer Sicht spezifiziert. Zu diesem Zweck werden fünf grundsätzliche Ansätze angewandt, die sich auf die zugrunde liegenden Prämissen, die Rolle eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes, die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie als empirischen Bezugspunkt, die Integration von praktischem Wissen und den Fokus auf externe Validität beziehen. Hauptergebnisse sind: Operationalisierung und Messung: Diese Dissertation bietet eine detaillierte Operationalisierung der Komplexität in Bezug auf die Dimensionen der Ziele, Variablen, Dynamiken, Vernetzungen und Informationsunsicherheiten. Sie zeigt zudem, dass sich Wasserqualitätsprobleme in Deutschland entlang dieser fünf Komplexitätsdimensionen unterscheiden. Dies gilt für 37 Typen von Wasserqualitätsproblemen und vier Problemcluster, die sich hier auf ´zahme´, ´bösartige´, ´sysytemkomplexe´ und ´mit Unsicherheit behaftete´ Probleme beziehen. Implikationen von Komplexität für Lösungen: Diese Dissertation legt nahe, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Komplexität und Politikumsetzung sowohl positiv als auch negativ sein können und je nach Dimension der Komplexität und Politikumsetzung variieren können. In Bezug auf die untersuchten Wasserqualitätsprobleme zeigt diese Arbeit zudem verschiedene Auswirkungen der Komplexität auf die Politikumsetzung auf, sowohl bei den 37 Problemtypen als auch bei den vier Problemclustern. Implikationen von Komplexität für die Governance: Diese Dissertation schlägt einen differenzierten theoretischen Ansatz vor, um Governance-Strategien für komplexe Problemlösungen zu definieren. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Rolle verschiedener Institutionen, Akteure und Interaktionen für Lösungen entlang der fünf Schlüsseldimensionen der Komplexität (Ziele Variablen, Dynamiken, Vernetzungen und Informationsunsicherheiten) sowie entlang verschiedener Managementstrategien (Informationsgenerierung, Modellierung, Verwendung von Entscheidungsunterstützungs-instrumenten, Priorisierung von Maßnahmen, Konfliktlösung, Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit und Anpassungsfähigkeit und Flexibilität) variieren. Zukünftiger Forschung wird empfohlen, auf diesen Ergebnissen aufzubauen, indem weitere empirische Nachweise geliefert werden und der Governance-Ansatz für komplexe Problemlösungen weiter kontextualisiert wird. Auf diesem Weg kann dazu beigetragen werden, die ´Logik des Scheiterns´ (Dörner 1996) in Bezug auf komplexe Problemlösungen in eine ´Erfolgslogik´ umzuwandeln, um Probleme unterschiedlicher Komplexität im Wasserressourcenmanagement und bei Problemen öffentlicher Ordnung anzugehen.
Der Wandel des Energiesystems ist eine der zentralen Nachhaltigkeitstransformationen, denen sich die Forschung widmet. Wie für die Transition-Forschung verschiedenlich festgestellt, besteht allerdings eine gewisse Lücke bei der Frage, wie Nachhaltigkeitstransformationen organisiert und finanziert werden. Insbesondere fehlt es erstens an einer Ausdifferenzierung und vertieften Analyse einzelner institutionell-organisatorischer Lösungen und zweitens an einer Darstellung im Zusammenhang der komplexen sozio-ökologisch-technischen Systeme, in die konkrete Organisationslösungen für eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung eingebunden sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mit genossenschaftlichen Ansätzen, also Organisationslösungen mit (Teil-)Eigentum der Bürgerinnen und Bürger an den Anlagen, spezifische hybride finanzielle Arrangements im Energiesektor in den Fokus gerückt. Dem institutionenanalytischen Ansatz der Bloomington School folgend wird im Rahmenpapier und insgesamt sechs Fachartikeln der Frage nachgegangen, welche Formen genossenschaftlicher Ansätze im Global Norden und Globalen Süden anzutreffen sind und welche Rolle diesen in den Transformationsprozessen des jeweiligen Energiesystems zukommt. Für die Analyse wird auf das Social-Ecological Systems Framework zurückgegriffen, das für die einzelnen Untersuchungen modifiziert bzw. konkretisiert wird. Im Einzelnen wird in den Fachartikeln ein Überblick über die Erkenntnisse zu genossenschaftlichen Ansätzen im Globalen Süden gegeben, auf der Makroebene den wechselnden politischen Prozessen von Koordination und contestation nachgegangen, auf der Mesoebene die Entwicklungen von Windenergiegenossenschaften in Belgien, Dänemark, Deutschland und dem Vereinigten Königreich vergleichend analysiert, der Zusammenhang von Finanz- und Energiesystem untersucht und für diesen Kontext Gerechtigkeitsnormen konkretisiert und schließlich auf der Mikroebene die Inklusivität von Bürgerenergieinitiativen näher betrachtet und Unterschiede in den Investitionsmotiven verschiedener Bürgerenergieakteure herausgearbeitet.
Die Kulturlandschaft im Alpenraum war in den letzte Jahrzehnten einem besonders starken Strukturwandel ausgesetzt. Als Region mit einem hohen Anteil an Grenzertragsstandorten lassen sich hier zwei gegenläufige Entwicklungen feststellen: zum einen findet eine Intensivierung der Landnutzung in Bereichen mit guter Zugänglichkeit und maschineller Nutzbarkeit statt, zum anderen kommt es häufig zu einem Rückgang der Nutzungsintensität oder Nutzungsaufgabe in Bereichen, in denen die landwirtschaftliche Bearbeitung schwierig ist. Die Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität werden bei beiden Entwicklungen kritisch gesehen, allerdings mangelt es an detaillierten Untersuchungen.
Im Rahmen eines sechsjährigen Forschungsvorhabens wurden auf einer Weidefläche in den Allgäuer Alpen Laufkäfer, Spinnen und Vegetation untersucht. Auf der Fläche fand zu Beginn der Untersuchung eine Nutzungsänderung statt: ein großer Teil der vormals intensiv von Schafen beweideten Fläche wurde auf extensive Rinderbeweidung umgestellt, kleine Teilflächen wurden aus der Nutzung genommen.
Der Fokus dieser Dissertation liegt in den Untersuchungen der Laufkäfer. Hier wurde zunächst ein Erfassungsschema für Laufkäfer in schwer erreichbaren Gebieten der Alpen erarbeitet, um intensive und mehrjährige Untersuchungen logistisch durchführen zu können. Dabei wurden die Ergebnisse der Laufkäfererfassung über die gesamte Vegetationsperiode mit den Ergebnissen einer reduzierten Erhebung verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Beprobung über jeweils zwei Wochen Anfang Juni und Anfang Juli den gesamten Datensatz hinreichend repräsentiert.
Des weiteren wurde untersucht, ob die Vegetation als Surrogat für die beiden untersuchten Arthropodengruppen (Spinnentiere und Laufkäfer) dienen kann, d.h. die Ergebnisse der Vegetation auf die anderen Artengruppen übertragbar ist. Dies wurde sowohl auf Ebene der Artzusammensetzung als auch des Artenreichtums für die drei Taxa geprüft. Zudem wurde überprüft, ob die unter vegetationskundlichen Aspekten abgegrenzten geschützten Lebensraumtypen auch besonders wertvolle Habitate für die Arthropodengruppen darstellen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass eine ausreichende Kongruenz nicht gegeben und damit die Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen bei der Vegetation auf die untersuchten Arthropodengruppen in den Gebirgslebensräumen nicht gewährleistet ist. Dies hat eine hohe praktische Relevanz, da im Rahmen von Managementplanungen für die FFH-Richtlinie als auch bei der Bayerischen Alpenbiotopkartierung überwiegend ein starker Fokus auf vegetationskundlichen Aspekten liegt und insbesondere artenreiche Arthropodengruppen meist nicht betrachtet werden.
Abschließend wurde mittels gemischter Modelle (mixed effects models) untersucht, welche Veränderungen bei den Laufkäfern nach der Nutzungsänderung im Untersuchugnsgebiet auftraten. Sämtliche errechneten Modelle zeigten Veränderungen der abhängigen Variablen über die Zeit: nach Aufgabe der intensiven Schafbeweidung nahmen die Arten- und Individuenzahlen sowie die Biomasse an Laufkäfern zu. Die Tiere wurden durchschnittlich größer und es traten mehr herbivore Laufkäfer auf. Auch konnten unterschiedliche Entwicklungen zwischen den Standorten beobachtet werden. Die beobachteten Veränderungen werden im Artikel detailliert diskutiert. Die meisten Veränderungen, insbesondere die Zunahme der Artenzahlen sowie der durchschnittlichen Körpergröße, deuten auf eine Erholung der Laufkäferfauna von der intensiven Schafbeweidung hin. Die Nutzungsumstellung und die aktuell praktizierte extensive Rinderbeweidung werden im Gebiet naturschutzfachlich positiv bewertet. Die Arbeit liefert eine gute Vorlage und fundierte Begründung, gerade auch im Alpenraum verstärkt Laufkäfer bei der Beantwortung naturschutzfachlicher Fragestellungen einzubinden.
The topic of the dissertation, entitled ´Cross-national evaluation of the sources of anti-trafficking enforcement´, is highly relevant from the perspectives of global governance and human rights protection. This thesis aims to provide a quantitative, cross-nationally comparative, longitudinal and multilevel study of the drivers and hindrances of national governments´ anti-trafficking measures. In this research, both macro-level determinants of anti-trafficking enforcement and micro-level foundations of human trafficking are explored. In the manuscript, large-N comparative research examines how characteristics of countries interact with people´s attitudes towards violence to better understand what creates environments that are more or less supportive of governments´ anti-trafficking efforts. The results presented in the thesis speak not only in favor of studying this topic systematically and cross-nationally, addressing existing gaps in the literature but also in favor of combining macro- and micro-level evidence for developing more effective policy responses against human trafficking.
This cumulative dissertation deals with the association between corporate governance, corporate finance and corporate tax avoidance in four scientific articles. The aim of this dissertation is to explain corporate tax avoidance by (a) focusing on corporate governance institutions as determinants of tax avoidance and (b) focusing on financial consequences of tax avoidance. Due to the close association between corporate governance and the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the relationship between CSR and tax avoidance is also addressed. The first article with the title „The impact of corporate governance on corporate tax avoidance – A literature review“, using structured literature review methodology, analyzes extant research on the association between corporate governance and tax avoidance based on stakeholder-agency theory. However, also classical principal-agent theory is taken into account as its classical foundation. The first article identifies a number of open research questions and thereby serves as a theoretical basis for the subsequent articles. The second article with the title „CSR and tax avoidance: A review of empirical research“, also using structured literature review methodology, analyzes extant research on the association between CSR and tax avoidance. This article is also based on stakeholder-agency theory and identifies open research questions. The third article with the title „Tax Avoidance in Family Firms: Evidence from Large Private Firms“, based on results of the first article, investigates tax avoidance by German private family firms as a specific variant of corporate governance, using an empirical quantitative approach. The article finds that (a) German private family firms avoid more tax than non-family firms, that (b) tax avoidance is positively associated with the capital stake of the family and that (c) tax avoidance is positively associated with the number of shareholders in both family and non-family firms. Results reinforce that corporate tax avoidance is associated to conflicts among the shareholders of private firms. The fourth article with the title „Tax avoidance, tax risk and the cost of debt in a bank-dominated economy“ investigates the cost of debt of German public firms as a function of tax avoidance and tax risk. The article finds that (a) tax avoidance is negatively associated to the cost of debt, that (b) tax risk is positively associated to the cost of debt and that (c) the association between tax avoidance and the cost of debt becomes negative when a high level of tax risk is present.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Entwicklung des Vorlandes als Ergebnis der sich ändernden hydraulischen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Die Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung des Vorlandes, da dieses Gebiet stark abhängig von Wasserstandsänderungen ist. Diese werden möglicherweise durch Klimawandel verstärkt und können folglich die zahlreichen Funktionen des Vorlandes beinträchtigen. Diese Problematik erfordert die Durchführung einer Untersuchung, die zunächst die durch die Variationen der Wasserstände betroffenen physikalischen Prozesse im Fluss und in den Flussauen analysiert und anschließend eine Methodologie für die Analyse der zukünftigen Entwicklung des Vorlandes herleitet. Beispielhaft wurde ein Bereich an der unteren Mittelelbe in Niedersachsen, Norddeutschland für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. Zu diesem Zweck befasst sich die Untersuchung im ersten Teil mit der aktuellen Diskussion über den Klimawandel und mit den bestehenden Schwierigkeiten, zu einer belastbaren zukünftigen Prognose des Ausmaßes der klimatischen Veränderungen zu gelangen. Anschließend konzentriert sich die Untersuchung auf die Interaktionen zwischen Abflüssen, Vegetation und Sedimenten, die die Flussmorphodynamik bedingen. In diesem Teil der Untersuchung werden die Konzepte des Equilibriums des Flusses und der Anpassung des Gerinnes erläutert. Diese beschäftigen sich mit der Reaktionskette, die aufgrund des Klimawandels im Fluss und in den Flussauen ausgelöst werden kann. Darauffolgend werden die mathematischen Beziehungen für die Darstellung der physikalischen Prozesse, die bei Veränderungen der Abflüsse, der Vegetation und Sedimentation stattfinden, und die entsprechenden Wechselwirkungen erläutert. Zu ihnen gehören Gleichungen zur Darstellung der Flusswasserbewegung, des Widerstandes, der Sedimentation, der Grundwasserbewegung und der Bodenwasserbewegung. Ein Aspekt, der entlang der gesamten Untersuchung hervorgehoben wird, ist die enge Beziehung zwischen den Fluss- und Flussauenprozessen und der in diesen Zonen bestehenden Vegetation. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der mathematischen Modelle, die eine Analyse des zukünftigen Verhaltens des Vorlandes ermöglichen. Mithilfe dieser Untersuchung werden die Vorteile der eindimensionalen Modellierung für die Prognose der Entwicklung dieses Gebiets deutlich. Hinsichtlich Modellierungen von längeren Zeiträumen, z.B. über 100 Jahre, wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit, liefert die eindimensionale Modellierung schnellere Ergebnisse mit weniger Rechnerleistung. Die Untersuchung im ersten Teil der Dissertation führt zur Erkenntnis, dass sich das Verhalten des Vorlandes aus der Interaktion zwischen Fluss- und Flussauenmorphologie und der Auenvegetation ergibt. Diese Interaktionen bestimmen letztlich die zukünftigen Wasserstände und somit die hydraulischen Bedingungen für diese Zone. Für die Analyse des zukünftigen Verhaltens des Vorlandes unter Einfluss des Klimawandels wird eine Methodologie vorgeschlagen, die als Dynamische Interaktion von Modellen bezeichnet wird. Diese Methodologie prognostiziert die Entwicklung des Vorlandes als Ergebnis der Interaktion zwischen Fluss- und Flussauenmorphologie und der Vegetation. Um diese Prognose durchzuführen, werden drei eindimensionale Modelle verwendet, die eine Darstellung des Verhaltens der Fluss- und Flussauenmorphologie und der Vegetation ermöglichen. Die Fluss- und Flussauenmorphologie wird durch ein eindimensionales Flussmodell und ein eindimensionales Sedimenttransportmodell dargestellt. Für die Bestimmung der Verteilung der Vegetation wird zunächst die Bodenwasserbewegung modelliert. Mit diesen Ergebnissen wird durch den Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenwasserstand, Überflutungstoleranz der Pflanzen und Geländehöhe die Variation der potenziellen Flächen für die Pflanzengesellschaften, ein in dieser Dissertation entwickeltes Konzept, analysiert. Der Einfluss des Klimawandels wird durch die Variation von Abflüssen im Flussmodell, im Sedimenttransport- und Bodenwasserbewegungsmodell, sowie bei der Analyse von Veränderungen der Vegetation, berücksichtigt. Dazu werden die durch regionale Klimamodelle prognostizierten zukünftigen Niederschläge in die Berechnung der zukünftigen Abflüsse durch eine in dieser Dissertation entwickelten Modifikation des stochastischen Modells AutoRegressive-Moving-Average (ARMA) eingeschlossen. Die ausgearbeiteten Entwicklungsprognosen der verschiedenen Modelle werden miteinander verknüpft, um zukünftige Wasserstände und Überflutungen und damit die neuen hydraulischen Bedingungen für das Vorland zu prognostizieren. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wird die vorgeschlagene Methodologie der Dynamischen Interaktion von Modellen in einem Fallbeispiel angewandt. Dafür wurden zwei Messstationen an der Elbe zwischen Elbe-km 511 und 515 installiert, die auch im Rahmen des Projekts KLIMZUG-NORD verwendet wurden. Diese Messstationen ermöglichten innerhalb von 2 Jahren die Erhebung von mehr als 300.000 Felddaten. Diese Informationen erlauben es, die Entwicklung des Vorlandes (2021-2050) in einer regulierten Flussstrecke der Elbe (Mittelelbe) zu prognostizieren. Dazu werden zunächst die bedeutenden Charakteristika des Untersuchungsgebiets dargestellt und nachfolgend Material und Methoden erläutert, die für die Analyse der Entwicklung des Vorlandes im Untersuchungsgebiet erforderlich sind. Die Flussmorphologie wird für den Zeitraum 2001-2100 modelliert, da eine Tendenz bei möglichen Variationen in einem kurzen Zeitraum nur schwer wahrgenommen werden kann. Die jeweiligen Modelle werden u.a. mithilfe erhobener Felddaten, Daten aus der Literatur, Klimadaten aus den Stationen des Deutschen Wetterdiensts (DWD), projizierten Daten des regionalen Klimamodells REMO, Daten des hydrologischen ATLAS von Deutschland, Abflussdaten des Pegels Neu Darchau (Elbe-km 536,4), Geschiebe-Schwebstoffdaten des Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamts (WSA) und der Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Wassertemperaturdaten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Reinhaltung der Elbe (ARGE-ELBE) und das Digitale Geländemodell (DGM) kalibriert. Die durch das stochastische Modell ARMA/Variation erhaltenen Berechnungen der zukünftigen Abflüsse, die die Prognose der regionalen Klimamodelle berücksichtigen, werden mit den durch die BfG-Modelle erhaltenen Ergebnissen verglichen, um die Problematik der Vielfalt von klimatischen Prognosen anzugehen. Die BfG-Modelle wurden im Rahmen des Projekts Klimaveränderung und Wasserwirtschaft (KLIWAS) entwickelt. Die Anwendung der Methodologie der Dynamischen Interaktion von Modellen auf das Untersuchungsgebiet ermöglicht die Annahme, dass in den nächsten 30 Jahren aufgrund des Klimawandels (Zunahme der Winterniederschläge) ein Anstieg der Wasserstände und Überflutungsrisiken im Vorland dieses Gebiets auftreten wird. Dieser prognostizierte Zustand des Vorlandes basiert hauptsächlich auf Veränderungen der Vegetation, da diese zu neuen Rauigkeitswerten (Manning-Werten) und dadurch zum Anstieg der Wasserstände führen. Schließlich werden in dieser Dissertation die Anwendung und Bedeutung der vorgeschlagenen Methodologie für die Analyse der Entwicklung des Vorlandes anderer Flüsse und Regionen außerhalb Mitteleuropas behandelt.
Investigating digital game-based language learning : applications, actors and issues of access
(2019)
The research presented here examines the ways the products and practices of digital game-based language learning (DGBLL) shape access to foreign language learning. Three different studies with different methodologies and foci were carried out to examine the affordances of various aspects of DGBLL. The emphasis in all three cases, two of which are empirical and one of which is a theoretical investigation, is on developing a better understanding of the affordances of DGBLL to derive implications for English Foreign Language (EFL) teacher education. In the first study, the focus is on constructing and implementing an evaluative framework to examine the pedagogical, linguistic, and ludic affordances of DGBLL tools. Analysis reveals that many dedicated DGBLL applications incorporate content, pedagogy, and game elements that are limited in their ability to reflect contemporary understandings of foreign language learning or generate motivation to pursue game-related goals. As such, they call into question existing typologies of DGBLL and emphasize the need for competent educators who can effectively align the selection of specific DGBLL tools with given language learning objectives. In order to understand the preexisting knowledge and attitudes that need to be addressed to develop such competence, the second study examines pre-service English foreign language (EFL) teachers’ beliefs and behaviors regarding DGBLL. The quantitative analysis reveals positive correlations between gameplaying and EFL skills and language learning strategies, and between gaming behaviors and beliefs about DGBLL. At the same time, low rates of gameplaying behaviors and negative correlations between prior digital media usage and attitudes towards DGBLL suggest the need for substantial theoretical and practical teacher preparation that takes into account underlying assumptions about gameplaying and foreign language learning. The third study examines the basis of these assumptions, relying on Bourdieu’s notion of habitus to illuminate the foundation of these beliefs and his notion of linguistic capital to consider the potential impact of a non-gameplaying habitus on some language learners. Such differential acceptance of efficacious DGBLL in formal school settings may inhibit access to significant forms of capital, and requisite linguistic and digital competencies. While all three studies are limited in their scope, they hold important implications for teacher education. Given the nature of the applications analyzed, it becomes clear that, not only are particular applications appropriate for specific objectives; it must also be the role of teacher education to enhance pre-service teachers’ (PST) abilities to understand these nuances and select media accordingly. This can only take place when PSTs’ situated existing beliefs and behaviors, as illuminated by this research, are taken into account and addressed accordingly. Finally, this education must necessarily include initiatives to develop an understanding of issues of equity in access, participation, and outcomes as regards DGBLL.
Internationalisierung und Diversifizierung der Gesellschaft sind nur zwei Schlagworte, die mit aktuellen und prognostizierten Veränderungen der Bevölkerung in Deutschland und dem Stichwort des demografischen Wandels verbunden werden. Der Anteil der Menschen, die persönlich oder familiär einen Herkunftsbezug zu Ländern außerhalb Deutschlands aufweisen, steigt seit Jahren an. Diese Menschen werden in der Bevölkerungsstatistik als Personen mit Migrationshintergrund erfasst, wobei vor allem die eigene Staatsangehörigkeit eine Rolle spielt, sowie diejenige der Eltern. In den Mobilitäts- und Verkehrswissenschaften ist das Wissen über diese Bevölkerungsgruppe in Deutschland sehr gering und fragmentiert. Wenig ist bekannt über das Vorhandensein von Nutzungsvoraussetzungen wie Führerscheinbesitz oder der Fähigkeit Fahrrad fahren zu können, über die Verfügbarkeit verschiedener Verkehrsmittel oder über das alltägliche Mobilitätsverhalten. Auffallend ist diese Lücke vor allem im Vergleich mit den USA, wo sich Verkehrs-, Bildungs- und Gesundheitswissenschaften mit dem Mobilitätsverhalten von Migranten beschäftigen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Wissenslücke für Deutschland zu verkleinern. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob sich Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund unter den hiesigen Rahmenbedingungen in ihren Mobilitätsvoraussetzungen und in ihrem alltäglichen Mobilitätsverhalten von den Menschen ohne Migrationshintergrund unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus ist die Identifikation wichtiger Einflussfaktoren zur Erklärung des Verhaltens von besonderem Interesse. Grundlage ist eine - teilweise explorativ angelegte - empirische Studie zum Mobilitätsverhalten von Menschen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Offenbach am Main, die 2010 im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts am ILS - Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung gGmbH durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sowohl Gemeinsamkeiten als auch Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Diese betreffen soziodemografische und -ökonomische Faktoren, mobilitätsbezogene Voraussetzungen wie Führerscheinbesitz oder Verkehrsmittelverfügbarkeit, Fragen zur Mobilitätskultur im Elternhaus, aber vor allem die alltägliche Nutzung verschiedener Verkehrsmittel. Die Ergebnisse werden in dieser Arbeit in Artikelform kumulativ präsentiert und durch einen einrahmenden Text eingeleitet, eingeordnet und im Zusammenhang diskutiert.
The energy sector is regarded as one of the decisive subsystems influencing the future of sustainable development. Consequently, there is a need for a comprehensive transformation of energy generation, conversion and use. The importance of building capacities for energy policy development in developing countries is bound up with the need to formulate global strategies to meet the challenges that humanity face, especially to achieve the targets manifested in the Agenda 2030 and Paris Agreement. The aim of this research is to better understand how to empower marginalised key societal actors, co-produce alternative discourses about energy futures and articulate those discourses to influence policy change within a context of illiberal democracies in Latin America. The research concerns the design, function and effectiveness of scientifically grounded participatory process, which has been justified theoretically and tested empirically. The process presupposes theoretical perspectives relating to theory, method and empirical application. The first draws on theories of sustainability transition and transformation, including transition management. The second draws on ideas taken from the knowledge co-production and transdisciplinary sustainability research. The empirical application, concerns the implementation of a Transdisciplinary Transition Management Arena (TTMA) and its effectiveness, measured by potential for the co-production of knowledge and for stimulating collective action. As result of the process, a conceptual model of the energy system, long-term visions and transformation strategies were developed. The TTMA processes demonstrated that cross-sectoral and inter-institutional, combined efforts, can help actors visualize possible, future alternatives for sustainable energy development and how to realize such alternatives. The structures provided were helpful for the emergence and empowerment of new sustainable-energy-transition coalitions in both Ecuador and Peru. Chapter 1 describes the general context in which this scientific project is developed and presents a synthesis of the processes and its main outcomes. The research results are described in detail in the scientific papers presented in chapters 2,3 and 4.
‚Reallabore‘ erleben als junges Format transformativer Nachhaltigkeitsforschung gegenwärtig eine beeindruckende Konjunktur – ohne das bislang hinreichend geklärt ist, was sie konzeptionell Neues bieten. Die Dissertation arbeitet den Reallabor‐Ansatz aus Perspektive der transdisziplinären Forschung methodisch aus. Die Basis hierfür bildet die Erfahrung mit dem Auf‐ und Ausbau von einem der ersten Reallabore in Deutschland: Das langfristig ausgelegte „Quartier Zukunft – Labor Stadt“ in Karlsruhe transformiert in Kooperation mit der Zivilgesellschaft ein Quartier modellhaft in einen nachhaltigeren Lebensraum. Es setzt dabei gleichermaßen auf Bildung, Forschung und Praxis.
Die vorgelegten Texte der kumulativen Dissertation bilden verschiedene Stadien der Entwicklung der Reallaborforschung und der methodologischen Reflexion ab. Die ersten beiden Texte entwickeln eine praxisnahe Definition und ordnen Reallabore ein in verwandte Diskurse. Die folgenden beiden Texte stammen aus der beginnenden Stabilisierung des Reallabordiskurses. Der eine stellt Ziele und Designprinzipien
für Reallabore als Rahmen transformativer und transdisziplinärer Forschung dar, der
zweite greift aktuelle Diskussionen um Lernprozesse konzeptionell auf. Die letzten beiden Texte fokussieren auf die Ebene der Projekte im Reallabor am Beispiel der Transformativen Projektseminare, einmal in analytischer Perspektive, einmal in methodisch‐didaktischer. Der Rahmentext abstrahiert die Ergebnisse der zuvor publizierten Texte entlang dreier Forschungsfragen und integriert sie zu einem Konzeptmodell transdisziplinärer Forschung im Reallabor, dem „Apfelmodell“.
Auf Basis von Diskursen zu Transdisziplinarität, Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaften, Bildungstheorie und Didaktik sowie zu Laboren mit sozialwissenschaftlicher oder interdisziplinärer Ausrichtung werden drei Forschungsfragen verfolgt: Was ist neu am Reallabor‐Ansatz? Welches Potenzial hat ein Reallabor für transdisziplinäre Forschung? Und welche Rolle spielt Lernen im Reallabor? Die methodologische
Reflexion führt zu einem Verständnis von Reallaboren als Format zwischen Urban Living Labs und Transition Labs, das sich gegenüber diesen insbesondere durch Langfristigkeit, Bildungsziele und eine klare Trennung zwischen Labor und Experimenten auszeichnet. Aus der kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit Reallaboren wird eine doppelte Bezugnahme auf Transdisziplinarität herausgearbeitet, einerseits als Infrastruktur für transdisziplinäre Projekte, andererseits als in sich transdisziplinäres Unterfangen. Ausgehend von dieser Unterscheidung wird ein Vorschlag gemacht, an welche experimentellen Methodologien jenseits der klassisch‐naturwissenschaftlichen die transdisziplinäre Forschung, die bislang kaum experimentell arbeitet, anknüpfen kann. Das Reallabor unterstützt solche Experimente durch einen Rahmen aus materieller Infrastruktur, durch Kompetenzen der Beteiligten,
durch Wissensbestände und soziale Vernetzung. Die Vernetzung über Projektgrenzen hinweg, ein weiteres wesentliches Charakteristikum eines Reallabors, dient dazu, parallele Experimente zu vernetzen und iterative Lernzyklen zu unterstützen.
Diese Aspekte werden verbunden zum „Apfelmodell“ transdisziplinärer Forschung im Reallabor, in dem das Reallabor als doppeltes Bindeglied fungiert, einerseits zwischen internen und externen Lernzyklen, und andererseits zwischen wissenschaftlichen, bildungsorientierten und praktischen. Durch die Interpretation der Abläufe im Reallabor als Lernprozesse wird ein Anschluss an Bildungsprozesse
auf unterschiedlichen Skalen möglich. Neben Lernprozessen im Reallabor als Lernumgebung lässt sich das Reallabor als lernende Institution und als Kristallisationspunkt gesellschaftlicher Lernprozesse verstehen. Das Apfelmodell kann gleichermaßen im Kontext theoretischer Fragen im Transdisziplinaritätsdiskurs
herangezogen werden als auch praktischen Zwecken dienen, insbesondere in der Planung von Reallaboren, in der quervernetzten Konzeption von Projekten darin, in der Evaluation und in der Kommunikation.
When Libet and colleagues published their results on the temporal order of movement preparation and the reported time of conscious will to move in 1983, they shed some doubt on the existence of free will. This marked the beginning of a controversial and still ongoing debate, not only about the existence of free will, but also about the appropriateness of methods and validity of results from research on free will. Only a few empirical contributions were added to this debate in the last decades, so the discussion about the existence of free will sometimes seems to rely more on personal views than on empirical evidence. Opportunely, belief in free will was also discovered as psychological research topic. Literature on belief in free will shows some evidence that most laypersons across different cultural backgrounds believe that they have free will and that a person’s belief in free will might have an impact on cognition and behavior, tending to positive outcomes with a greater belief in free will. Empirical findings from the German-speaking area are sparse, probably due to a lack of validated measurements assessing belief in free will available in the German language. For many psychological research fields, recent years have been characterized by the publication crisis. To overcome the crisis, it is important to critically scrutinize the methodological procedures used in a specific research field, to replicate published results, and to examine the ability to generalize these results to a broader context. The aim of this dissertation is to critically examine some aspects in psychological research on free will and the belief in free will. Two studies are reported that aim to generalize the Libet paradigm for a free and voluntary decision with consequences for the acting person, as this was never reported to have been researched in literature before, and to test the critical objection that the measurement of reporting the conscious intention to move has a direct effect on the result in the Libet paradigm. Furthermore, the construction of the first inventory measuring belief in free will in the German language is described. This inventory was also created with the aim of overcoming some methodological problems in the existing instruments in English language. Furthermore, studies on the experimental manipulability of the belief in free will are reported. These findings provide implications in view of the current state of research on free will and belief in free will and its reliability.
Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung war die Feststellung, dass in einer Zeit des integrations-politischen Aufschwungs in den 2000er Jahren durch kulturpolitische Verbände sowie auf politischer Ebenen eine Position verbreitet wurde, wonach kulturelle Ausdrucksweisen wie Musik Potentiale zur gesellschaftlichen Integration aufweisen. Parallel gerieten Migranten als (Nicht-) Nutzer von Kultureinrichtungen in den kulturpolitischen Fokus. Aus integrations-, kultur- und bildungspolitischer Perspektive wurde untersucht, inwieweit Musikförderung zur gesellschaftlichen Integration beiträgt und wie sich dies in der Förderpolitik niederschlägt. Zunächst wurde auf Basis einer Sekundäranalyse hinterfragt, welche Funktionen Musik im Kontext von Migration und Integration zukommen. Im Rahmen einer Politikfeldanalyse wurden anhand des Policy Cycle aus Sicht der Integrations- und der Kulturpolitik politische Entscheidungsinhalte (Fördergegenstände, Förderziele) einschließlich Umsetzung (Förderstrukturen) und Ursachen (Förderverständnis) auf Landes- und Bundesebene analysiert. Dazu wurden Kultur- und Integrationskonzepte sowie Antragsformulare, Förderrichtlinien und Gesetze in den Bereichen Kulturpolitik, interkulturelle Kulturpolitik und Integration analysiert. Eine abgestimmte Herangehensweise an die Herausforderungen der Integration in der Bildungs-, Integrations- und Kulturpolitik sind nicht erkennbar. Handlungsfelder, Strukturen, Ziele, Fördergegenstände und die damit verbundenen Abhängigkeiten sind in den Kultur- und Integrationskonzepten nicht eindeutig abgrenzbar. Durch die interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise wurde gezeigt, dass die Erkenntnisse der verschiedenen Forschungsfelder (z. B. interkulturelle Musikpädagogik, Organisationsentwicklung) in den jeweils anderen kaum Beachtung finden.
Forest ecosystems significantly contribute to global carbon (C) sequestration and therefore play a crucial role for climate change mitigation. At the same time, forests were and are subjected to past and current environmental changes with consequences for the functioning of forest ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services. Forests in Central Europe are highly influenced by former settlement activities and land-use changes, as well as silvicultural management measures. Until the beginning of the 19th century anthropogenic activities caused a tremendous decline of the forest area. The resulting timber shortage led to large scale afforestations on previously agriculturally used land (e.g. heathlands, grasslands and croplands) during the 19th and 20th century. Widespread afforestation programs created recent forest ecosystems (i.e. young forest systems in terms of their development history). Despite the positive effect of increasing the forest area of Central Europe, the ecological effects of these land-use changes on forest ecosystems remain poorly understood. In addition, most forests in Central Europe are under silvicultural management, while the knowledge about the consequences of management measures on forest ecosystem functioning, particularly in the face of ongoing global environmental changes, is also still limited. In order to increase the understanding of ecosystem processes in forests, an assessment of conceivable shifts in ecosystem functions caused by former land-use changes and forest management is required. By analysing aboveground growth rates of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in response to environmental change drivers, such as climate extremes and nitrogen (N) deposition, the presented thesis aims to assess the role of land-use and management legacies in modulating present responses to drivers of environmental change. To this end, annual radial growth rates of individual trees were measured in mature beech stands. The investigated stands differed either in their land-use history (i.e. ancient forest sites with a forest continuity > 230 years versus recent forests afforested on former arable land ~ 100 years ago) or their forest management history (i.e. managed forest sites versus short-term and long-term unmanaged forest sites). Measurements of radial growth rates were complemented by analyses of the fine root systems, soil chemical properties and crown projection areas to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying alterations in tree growth. Within the projects of the presented thesis, shifts in the climate-growth relationships driven by land-use and management legacies were analysed. In addition, land-use legacy mediated differences in the climate-nitrogen-growth relationships were assessed. The key findings are: (I) Soil legacy driven alterations in the fine root systems cause a higher sensitivity of radial increment rates to water deficits in summer for trees growing on recent forest sites than for trees growing on ancient forest sites. (II) Management legacies (in terms of tree release) enhance the sensitivity of beech’s radial growth to water deficits in spring through changes in crown sizes. (III) Interacting effects of spring water deficits and co-occurring high deposition of reactive N compounds lead to stronger radial growth declines in trees growing in ancient forests. This is likely caused by resource allocation processes towards seed production, which is, in turn, mirrored by decreasing radial growth rates. In this context, high N deposition likely boosts mass fructification in beech trees. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the ecological continuity plays a crucial role in modulating both climate sensitivity and the growth response to interacting effects of water deficits and nitrogen deposition in beech trees. The presented thesis identified a trade-off between the climate sensitivity and maximised growth rates within beech trees, depending on forest history. The results show that the growth of beech in ancient, unmanaged beech forests is less sensitive to water deficits than in recent and managed beech forests. Additionally, interacting effects of spring water deficits and N deposition likely increase the reproductive effort of beech trees, particularly in ancient forests. Thus, the results of this thesis once again underpin the uniqueness of ancient, unmanaged beech forests, whose importance for the conservation of biodiversity has been widely acknowledged. In summary, the presented thesis highlights the need to consider the ‘ecological memory’ of forest ecosystems when predicting responses to current and future environmental changes.
Space-related science and technologies affect our daily life dramatically. Many countries have already formulated national space regulations to regulate their space activities. China, as one space-faring country, has obtained impressive achievements in space science and technologies. In recent years, Chinese private space companies have sprung up quickly, which requires a stable and foreseeable legal framework to ensure development. However, compared to the other space powers, China is the only one that has not enacted any formal national space laws. Against the background of strengthening the rule of law in China, research on China´s domestic space legislation is valuable and significant. The purpose of this thesis is two-fold. First, to find the legal basis and necessity of national space legislation and to extract the basic content of the existing national space legislation, simultaneously, to identify the new developments in the content of other States´ legislative practices. Second, based on the study of national space legislation, to propose the essential content of China´s space legislation.
Supporting sustainability transformation through research requires, in equal parts, knowledge about complex problems and knowledge that supports individual and collective action to change the system. Recasting the conditions, characteristics, and modes of research processes that address these needs leads to solution-oriented research in sustainability science. This is supported by systematically analyzing the system’s dynamics, envisioning the desired future target state, and by engaging and designing strategic pathways. In addition, learning and capacity building are important crosscutting processes for co-producing required knowledge. In research, we use sophisticated representations as mediators between theories and objects of interest, depicted as visualizations, models, and simulations. They simplify, idealize, and store large and dense amounts of information. Representations are already employed in the service of sustainability, e.g., in communication about climate change. Understanding them as tools to facilitate processes, dialogue, mutual learning, shared understanding, and communication can yield contributions to knowledge processes of analyzing, envisioning, and engaging, and has implications on the design of the sustainability solution. Therefore I ask, what role do representations and representational practices play in the generation of sustainability solutions in different knowledge processes? Four empirical case studies applying rough set analysis, multivariate statistics, systematic literature review, and expert interviews target this research question. The overall aim of this dissertation is to contribute to a stronger foundation and the role of representation in sustainability science. This includes: (i) to explore and conceptualize representations for the three knowledge processes along selected characteristics and mechanisms; (ii) to understand representational practices as tools and embedded into larger methodological frameworks; (iii) to understand the connection between representation and (mutual) learning in sustainability science. Results point toward crosscutting mechanisms of representations for knowledge processes and the need to build representational literacy to responsible design and participate in representational practices for sustainability.
Essays on Say-on-Pay: theoretical analysis, literature review and empirical evidence from Germany
(2019)
The dissertation contains four journal articles together with a framework manuscript. The overall subject is the so-called Say-on-Pay (SOP) vote. SOP is a law that enables shareholders to vote on the appropriateness of executive compensation during the firms’ annual general meeting. The dissertation investigates SOP votes from different angles. While the framework provides a background for the relevance of the work, outlines existing research gaps, covers an in-depth discussion and concludes relevant research questions, the four articles present the essence of the dissertation. Each of the articles stands alone, but the overall subject and the insights are connected. The first article titled ‘Mutualistic Symbioses? Combining theories of agency and stewardship through behavioural characteristics’ is a theoretical paper on the recent advances of behavioural agency theory. It serves as a theoretical foundation for the empirical work of the dissertation. Although principal-agent theory has gained a prominent place in research, its negative image of self-serving managers is frequently criticized. Consequently, scholars advocate the utilization of positive management theories, such as stewardship theory. This paper reviews the literature of both theoretical concepts and describes how behavioural characteristics allow for a mutually beneficial symbiosis of the two theories. The second article titled ‘Determinants and consequences of executive compensation-related shareholder activism and Say-on-Pay Votes’ establishes the foundation of the scholarly knowledge in the field by systematically reviewing the empirical literature. The review covers 71 empirical articles published between January 1995 and September 2017. The studies are reviewed within an empirical research framework that separates the reasons for shareholder activism and SOP voting dissent as input factor on the one hand and the consequences of shareholder pressure as output factor on the other. The implications are analysed, and new directions for further research are discussed by proposing 19 different research questions. Building on the research gaps defined in the literature review, the third article ‘Can management-sponsored non-binding remuneration votes shape the executive compensation structure? Evidence from Say-on-Pay votes in Germany’ is an empirical manuscript. In this paper, a hand-selected sample of 1,676 annual general meetings with 268 management-sponsored SOP votes in 164 different companies between 2010 and 2015 in Germany is analysed. The analysis focused on the structure, rather than the level, of executive compensation by applying a sample-selection model and panel data regression. Finally, the fourth paper ‘Let’s talk about money! Assessing the link between firm performance and voluntary Say-on-Pay votes’ investigates the rare setting of voluntary SOP votes. Using 1,841 annual general meetings of listed firms in Germany between 2010 and 2016, the effects of financial and non-financial (sustainable) performance on SOP voting likelihood and voting results are tested.
This doctoral thesis examines how Sustainability-Oriented Innovations (SOIs) are emerging at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and how they can be managed. SOIs in the form of new products that lessen negative environmental impact, or even create a positive impact can play an important role, particularly at established SMEs who see business opportunities in sustainable development and consider a possible diversification into new sustainability markets. Whereas the extant literature discusses what SOIs are and why firms develop them, little is known about how they are developed. To enable firms to innovate for sustainability, it is essential to know more about the processes underlying SOI development, which are considered as very difficult, with many firms failing. Drawing on several academic papers and relying on qualitative research methods, the thesis uses the Fireworks model to examine how innovation processes unfold at established SMEs. The main contribution of the thesis is to advance the Fireworks model to the context of SOIs unfolding at SMEs. The findings reveal that SOIs unfold in an emergent, somewhat chaotic way, that duration and outcome are uncertain, that the overall journey is composed of multiple intertwined innovation paths, of which several will likely lead to setbacks. To manage this complex process, the thesis suggests to set four management foci: first, to create a dedicated organizational unit for exploration, second to create conditions allowing intelligent learning for efficient exploration, third to carry out in-depth investigation of the related technological innovation systems, and fourth to plan carefully the re-integration of the innovation into the core business for commercialization. This research contributes to the SOI literature by advancing the Fireworks model and thereby proposing a meta-model of how SOIs may dynamically unfold. Being both holistic and detailed, the model opens several avenues for future research. Finally, the research contributes to management practice by providing a heuristic to manage SOI development at SMEs.
This cumulative thesis extends the econometric literature on testing for cointegration in nonstationary panel data with cross-sectional dependence. Its self-contained chapters consist of two publications and two publication manuscripts which present three new panel tests for the cointegrating rank and an empirical study of the exchange rate pass-through to import prices in Europe. The first chapter introduces a new cointegrating rank test for panel data where the dependence is assumed to be driven by unobserved common factors. The common factors are first estimated and subtracted from the observations. Then an existing likelihood-ratio panel cointegration test is applied to the defactored data. The distribution of the test statistic, computed from defactored data, is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to that of a test statistic computed from cross-sectionally independent data. The second chapter proposes a new panel cointegrating rank test based on a multiple testing procedure, which is robust to positive dependence between the individual units’ test statistics. The assumption of a certain type of positive dependence is shown by simulations not to be violated in panels with dependence structures commonly assumed in practice. The new test is applied to find empirical support of the monetary exchange rate model in a panel of eight OECD countries. The third chapter puts forward a new panel cointegration test allowing for both cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks. It employs known individual likelihood-ratio test statistics accounting for breaks in the deterministic trend and combines their p-values by a novel modification of the Inverse Normal method. The average correlation between the probits is inferred from the average cross-sectional correlation between the residuals of the individual VAR models in first differences. The fourth chapter studies the exchange rate pass-through to import prices in a panel of nineteen European countries through the prism of panel cointegration. Empirical evidence supporting a theoretical long-run equilibrium relationship between the model’s variables is found by the newly proposed panel cointegration tests. Two different panel regression models, which take both cointegration and cross-sectional dependence into account, provide most recent estimates of the exchange rate pass-through elasticities.
This doctoral research is located in the branch of sustainability sciences that has the realisation of sustainable development as its core subject of research. The most broadly accepted notion of sustainable development is that which evolves along the resolutions, declarations, and reports from international processes in the framework of the United Nations (UN). The consensual outputs from such processes feature global-generalised and context-free perspectives. However, implementation requires action at diverse and context-rich local levels as well. Moreover, while in such UN processes national states are the only contractual parties, it is increasingly recognised that other (‘nonstate’) actors are crucial to sustainability. The research presented here places the attention on bottom-up initiatives that are advancing innovative ways to tackle universal access to clean energy and to strengthen small-scale family farmers. This means, the focus is on bottom-up initiatives advancing local implementation of global sustainability targets, more precisely, targets that make part of the Sustainable Development Goals two and seven (SDG 2 and SDG7). The research asks how such bottom-up initiatives can contribute to the diffusion of sustainability innovations, thereby also contributing to social change. Three aims are derived out of that central question: • Analytical: To understand the role of bottom-up initiatives in the diffusion of sustainability innovations and in the thereby involved social changes. • Transformative: To contribute with my research to the actual diffusion of sustainability innovations. • Methodological: To outline a research approach that provides a solid conceptual and methodological framework for attaining the analytical and transformative aims. Conceptually, the research builds on theoretical insights from diverse strands of the broad field of sustainability transitions – mostly on conceptualisations from transition management, strategic niche management, and grassroots innovations – as well as on conceptual and methodological advances in transdisciplinary and in transformative research. The doctoral research comprises four single studies, in which the notion of diffusion is explored at different scopes of social scales. It begins with a thorough analysis of diffusion programs of domestic biodigesters to rural households in countries of the global south. The focus is on the process by which this specific technical inno0vation results integrated (or not) into the daily realities of single rural households, that is, the adoption process. In the second study, the attention is on energy supply models based on different decentralised renewable technologies. Central to these models is the building of new (or strengthening of existing) local socioeconomic structures that can assume and ensure the proper operation and supply of energy services. The interest in this study is on the strategies that organisations implementing community-based energy projects apply to support the realisation of such local structures. The third study focuses on a network of bottom-up initiatives that have been advancing alternative approaches to family farming in Colombia. The network mainly comprises farmers associations, other organisations from civil society, and researchers who had been collaborating and experimenting with innovations in different innovation fields such as technical, organisational, financial, and commercialisation schemes. The aim of this third study is to provide insights into the challenges and difficulties faced by these actors in broadening the diffusion of the innovations they have been advancing. To perform this study, a methodological strategy is applied that combines a transdisciplinary mutual learning format with qualitative content analysis techniques. The fourth and last study is a conceptual disquisition. It develops a conceptual framework that (a) provides better accounts for the particularities of endeavours aimed at the diffusion of knowledge and practices from the bottom-up across local contexts and social scales, and (b) advances first conceptual steps towards an explicit account for the role that innovation research (and innovation researchers) can assume for the actual realisation of diffusion. The main findings or contributions of the doctoral research can be categorised into four subjects: 1) Bottom-up initiatives contribute to the diffusion of sustainable innovations by: (a) mobilising transformative resources for inducing diffusion in their scope of action; both their own as well as others’ resources; and (b) creating spaces for experimentation in which interventions can be tested (and if necessary adjusted) in order to ensure the proper deployment of innovations. 2) In their efforts to advance the diffusion of sustainability innovations, bottom-up initiatives contribute to social changes for (a) ensuring the effective deployment of the innovations, for instance: • by supporting change in the sociotechnical configurations that enable and constrain the daily practices of single households, in a way that permits the innovation’s proper operation; and • by reshaping local socioeconomic structures in order to ensure and sustain the supply of services and goods linked to the implemented innovation; (b) building local available storage of transformative resources, that is, the consolidation of local organisational structures that facilitate the building and binding of knowledge, financial capital, people’s skills, access to networks among other resources. Moreover, knowledge and practices from the bottom-up can transit to other social scales, and in this way contribute to social changes beyond their localities. 3) A conceptualisation of innovation diffusion, in which the work of academic researchers studying innovation is a constitutive part of transdisciplinary knowledge articulations that promote diffusion. In this way transdisciplinary research alliances can be envisioned in which researchers investigate about, with, and for bottom-up initiatives. 4) Contributions to the consolidation, systematisation, and dissemination of strategies that are applied by farmers associations in order to strength the economic, social, environmental, and cultural dimensions of Colombian family farmers. The contours of two research horizons for further research are outlined, they can be briefly described as: (a) explorations of diffusion beyond bottom-up localities involving changes of socio-political structures and (b) the development of conceptual and methodological frameworks for the realisation of bottom-up transformative research alliances.
Wind energy is expected to become the largest source of electricity generation in Europe’s future energy mix with offshore wind energy in particular being considered as an essential component for secure and sustainable energy supply. As a consequence, future electricity generation will be exposed to an increasing degree to weather and climate. With planning and operational lifetimes of wind energy infrastructure reaching climate time scales, adaptation to changing climate conditions is of relevance to support secure and sustainable energy supply. Premise for success of wind energy projects is the ability to service financial obligations over the project lifetime. Though, revenues(viaelectricity generation) are exposed to changing climate conditions affecting the wind resource, operating conditions or hazardous events interfering with the wind energy infrastructure. For the first time, a procedure is presented to assess such climate change impacts specifically for wind energy financing. At first, a generalised financing chain for wind energy is prepared to(qualitatively) trace the exposure of individual cost elements to physical climate change. In this regard, the revenue through wind power production is identified as the essential component within wind energy financing being exposed to changing climate conditions. This implies the wind resource to be of crucial interest for an assessment of climate change impacts on the financing of wind energy. Therefore, secondly, a novel high-resolution experimental modelling framework with the non-hydrostatic extension of the regional climate model REMO is set up to generate physically consistent climate and climate change information of the wind resource across wind turbine operating altitudes. With this setup, enhanced simulated intra-annual and inter-annual variability across the lower planetary boundary layer is achieved, being beneficial for wind energy applications, compared to state-of-the-art regional climate model configurations. In addition, surrogate climate change experiments with this setup disclose vertical wind speed changes in the lower planetary boundary layer to be indirectly affected by temperature changes through thermodynamically-induced atmospheric stability alterations. Moreover, air density changes are identified to occasionally exceed the net impact of wind energy density changes originating from changes in wind speed. This supports the consideration of air density information (in addition to wind speed) for wind energy yiel assumptions. Thirdly, the generated climate and climate change information of the wind resource are transferred to a simplified but fully-fledged financial model to assess the financial risk of wind energy project financing with respect to changing climate conditions. Sensitivity experiments for an imaginary offshore wind farm located in the German Bight reveal the long-term profitability of wind energy project financing not to be substantially affected by changing wind resource conditions, but incidents with insufficient servicing of financial obligations experience changes exceeding -10% to 14%. The integration of wind energy-specific climate and climate change information into existing financial risk assessment procedures would illustrate a valuable contribution to enable climate change adaptation for wind energy. In particular information about intra-annual and inter-annual variability change of the wind resource originating from changing climate conditions permit the quantification of additional financial risk associated to debt repayment obligations and, subsequently, enable the development of suitable preventive economic measures. Though, additional efforts in combination with future technical development are necessary to provide essential additional information about the bandwidth of climate change and uncertainties associated to such sector-specific climate and climate change information.
In response to the challenges of the energy transition, the German electricity network is subjected to a process of substantial transformation. Considering the long latency periods and lifetimes of electricity grid infrastructure projects, it is more cost-efficient to combine this need for transformation with the need to adapt the grid to future climate conditions. This study proposes the spatially varying risk of electricity grid outages as a guiding principle to determine optimal levels of security of electricity supply. Therefore, not only projections of future changes in the likelihood of impacts on the grid infrastructure were analyzed, but also the monetary consequences of an interruption. Since the windthrow of trees was identified a major source for atmospherically induced grid outages, a windthrow index was developed, to regionally assess the climatic conditions for windthrow. Further, a concept referred to as Value of Lost Grid was proposed to quantify the impacts related to interruptions of the distribution grid. In combination, the two approaches enabled to identify grid entities, which are of comparably high economic value and subjected to a comparably high likelihood of windthrow under future climate conditions. These are primarily located in the mid-range mountain areas of North-Rhine Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. In comparison to other areas of less risk, the higher risk in these areas should be reflected in comparably more resilient network structures, such as buried lines instead of overheadlines, or more comprehensive efforts to prevent grid interruptions, such as structural reinforcements of pylons or improved vegetation management along the power lines. In addition, the outcomes provide the basis for a selection of regions which should be subjected to a more regionally focused analysis inquiring spatial differences (with respect to the identified coincidence of high windthrow likelihoods and high economic importance of the grid) among individual power lines or sections of a distribution network.
Seit über 25 Jahren wird der Einsatz von Bürgerbeteiligungsverfahren zu Fragen der Technikentwicklung und -implementierung von unterschiedlichsten Erwartungen auf verschiedenen Seiten begleitet und führt regelmäßig zu Ernüchterungen bei Beobachtern und Beteiligten. Ausgehend von dieser Beobachtung untersucht diese Arbeit, welche Zuschreibungen an die Rolle des Bürgers in der Governance neuer Technologien durch Bürgerbeteiligungsverfahren erzeugt bzw. zum Ausdruck gebracht werden. Die Untersuchung geht der Annahme nach, dass in organisierten Bürgerbeteiligungsverfahren sich jeweils eine bestimmte Form der Bürgerrolle manifestiert, die sich jeweils auf ein bestimmtes Verständnis der Wissenschafts- und Technikkultur sowie der Wissenschafts- und Technikgovernance der Sponsoren und/oder Organisatoren des Verfahrens zurückführen lässt. So lassen sich über die Analyse von Bürgerbeteiligungsverfahren dominante oder sich wandelnde Verständnisse von der Rolle der Bürger in der Technikkultur und Technikgovernance ablesen. Danach müsste sich im Ländervergleich zeigen, dass die Rolle der Bürger in Beteiligungsverfahren zu vergleichbaren soziotechnischen Fragestellungen jeweils durch den länderspezifischen Kontext geprägt wird. Empirisch wird diese Annahme in einem Vergleich von gut dokumentierten Beteiligungsverfahren zur Nanotechnologie aus Großbritannien, Frankreich und Deutschland überprüft. Der Untersuchungsansatz geht dabei über den vieler Fallstudien zur Bürgerbeteiligung in der Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung hinaus und analysiert nicht nur einzelne Beteiligungsverfahren nach normativen Kriterien im Hinblick auf ihre Qualität und Performance. Bürgerbeteiligungsverfahren sollen vielmehr als ein Phänomen betrachtet werden, an welchem sich die Sichtweisen und Einstellungen ihrer Auftraggeber, Organisatoren und Adressaten über das Verhältnis zwischen den Bürgern auf der einen und Politik, Forschung und sonstigen in der Technologieentwicklung und -governance involvierten Akteuren auf der anderen Seite ablesen lassen. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung steht die Fragestellung, wie in Bezug auf die Beteiligungspraxis Bedeutungen von der Rolle des Bürgers in der Technologiegovernance hergestellt, kommuniziert und interpretiert werden. Beteiligungsverfahren und die durch sie konstituierte Bürgerrolle werden dabei auch als Bestandteile von Diskursen betrachtet. Damit verfolgt diese Arbeit ein Erkenntnisinteresse, welches dem interpretativ-hermeneutischen Ansatz der Policyanalyse nahesteht.
Das Emotionswissen umfasst verschiedene Bereiche des Erkennens und des Verständnisses von den Emotionen und Emotionsauslösern in anderen Menschen. Die Entwicklung des Emotionswissens findet zu einem großen Teil in der frühen und mittleren Kindheit statt und hängt mit verschiedenen weiteren emotionalen, sozialen und kognitiven Kompetenzen zusammen. In der aktuellen Forschung bestehen jedoch große Unterschiede in der Operationalisierung des Konstruktes. Diese Dissertation hat das Ziel, einige Zusammenhänge des Emotionswissens mit weiteren Variablen genauer zu untersuchen und ein neues Instrument zur Erfassung des Emotionswissens bei Kindern vorzustellen. Es wird der Zusammenhang des Emotionswissens von Kindern in der frühen und mittleren Kindheit mit schulischem Erfolg in Form von der Peerakzeptanz, der Einstellung zur Schule und der akademischen Leistungen betrachtet. Zudem werden die Entwicklung des Emotionswissens bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund, unter Einbezug ihres Sprachverständnisses und ihrer behavioraler Selbstregulation, verglichen. Außerdem werden die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des neu entwickelten Adaptiven Tests des Emotionswissens für drei- bis neunjährige Kinder untersucht. In dem ersten Beitrag der Dissertation, der drei Metaanalysen zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem Emotionswissen und schulischem Erfolg vorstellt, ergaben sich ein mittlerer Zusammenhang des Emotionswissens mit akademischem Schulerfolg und kleine Zusammenhänge mit Peerakzeptanz und der Einstellung zur Schule. Es zeigte sich unter anderem der sozioökonomische Status als ein moderierender Faktor auf diese Zusammenhänge. Im zweiten Beitrag der Dissertation, in dem ein Zuwachsmodell des Emotionswissens unter Einbezug von drei Messzeitpunkten innerhalb eines Jahres berechnet wurde, zeigten Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund zu allen Messzeitpunkten ein statistisch bedeutsam geringeres Emotionswissen als Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Der Zusammenhang des Migrationshintergrundes mit dem Anfangswert des Emotionswissens wurde dabei vom Sprachverständnis und der behavioralen Selbstregulation mediiert. Der Adaptive Test des Emotionswissens für drei-bis neunjährige Kinder wurde mit dem Ziel entwickelt, eine differenzierte und gleichzeitig zeitökonomische Erhebung des Emotionswisssens bei dieser Altersgruppe zu ermöglichen. Der dritte Beitrag der Dissertation stellt die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des Tests vor, der bei einer Stichprobe von 581 Kindern angewendet wurde. Die vorliegende Dissertation unterstreicht die Relevanz des Emotionswissens bezüglich des sozialen und akademischen Erfolges von Kindern und verdeutlicht die Herausforderungen, vor denen Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund stehen. Der Adaptive Test des Emotionswissens für drei-bis neunjährige Kinder stellte sich als ein reliables und valides Instrument heraus, welches die Forschung zum Emotionswissen von Kindern vergleichbarer machen könnte.
Through the expansion of human activities, humanity has evolved to become a driving force of global environmental change and influences a substantial and growing part of natural ecosystem trophic interactions and energy flows. However, by constructing and building its own niche, human distance from nature increased remarkably during the last decades due to processes of globalization and urbanization. This increasing disconnect has both material and immaterial consequences for how humans interact and connect with nature. Indeed, many regions across the world have disconnected themselves from the productivity of their regional environment by: (1) accessing biological products from distant places through international trade, and (2) using non-renewable resources from outside the biosphere to boost the productivity of their natural environment. Both mechanisms allow for greater resource use then would be possible otherwise, but also involve complex sustainability challenges and lead to fundamentally different feedbacks between humans and the environment. This dissertation empirically investigates the sustainability of biophysical human-nature connections and disconnections from a social-ecological systems perspective. The results provide new insights and concrete knowledge about biophysical human-nature disconnections and its sustainability implications, including pervasive issues of injustice. Through international trade and reliance on non-renewables, particularly higher-income regions appropriate an unproportional large share of global resources. Moreover, by enabling seemingly unconstrained consumption of resources and simultaneous conservation of regional ecosystems, increasing regional disconnectedness stimulates the misconception of decoupling. Whereas, in fact, the biophysically most disconnected regions exhibit the highest resource footprints and are, therefore, responsible for the largest environmental damages. The increasing biophysical disconnect between humans and nature effectively works to circumvent limitations and self-constraining feedbacks of natural cycles. The circumvention of environmental constraints is a crucial feature of niche construction. Human niche construction refers to the process of modifying natural environments to make them more useful for society. To ease integration of the chapters in this thesis, the framework paper uses human niche construction theory to understand the mechanisms and drivers behind increasing biophysical disconnections. The theory is employed to explain causal relationships and unsustainable trajectories from a holistic perspective. Moreover, as a process-oriented approach, it allows connecting the empirically assessed states of disconnectedness with insights about interventions and change for sustainability. For a sustainability transformation already entered paths of disconnectedness must be reversed to enable a genuine reconnection of human activities to the biosphere and its natural cycles. This thesis highlights the unsustainability of disconnectedness and opens up debate about how knowledge around sustainable human niche construction can be leveraged for a reconnection of humans to nature.
Die außerfamiliäre Kinderbetreuung ist das größte Arbeits- und Handlungsfeld der Sozialen Arbeit. Kein Arbeitsfeld entwickelt sich so rasant wie die Kindertagesbetreuung. An dem Ausbau und der Weiterentwicklung von Kindereinrichtungen sind seit Jahrzehnten Fachberater*innen beteiligt. Seit der Einführung des SGB VIII (1990) soll für die Mitarbeiter*innen in den Kindern - und Jugendhilfe ´Praxisberatung´ zur Verfügung stehen. In Westdeutschland hatte sich der Begriff der Fachberatung in den Jahrzehnten zuvor etabliert. Fachberatung wird seit den 90er Jahren wie folgt definiert: ´Fachberatung ist eine personenbezogene, Struktur entwickelnde soziale Dienstleistung (bzw. Vermittlungs- und Verknüpfungsdienstleistung) im Feld der Jugendhilfe. Sie wirkt qualitätssichernd und - entwickelnd im Felde der Erziehungsarbeit und der Lebensgestaltung von Kindern´ (Karsten in Irskens 1996:200). Die bislang vorliegende Forschung zeichnete nach, welche Aufgaben Fachberater*innen übernehmen oder ihnen zugeschrieben werden. Eine Forschungslücke besteht darüber, wie Fachberater*innen ihr professionelles Handeln gestalten. In dieser Studie wird daher der Frage nach der Entstehung von Fachberatung und der Gestaltung des Fachberatungshandelns nachgegangen. Anhand des Einzelfalls einer kommunalen Fachberater*in im ländlichen Raum Niedersachsens wird mit der Biografieforschungsmethode ´Erlebte und erzählte Geschichte´ nach Rosenthal eine Rekonstruktion erstellt und generelle Entwicklungslinien nachgezeichnet. Die beschriebenen Phänomene werden mit dem Fokus auf Konstitution und Konstruktion von Fachberatung als sozialer Frauenberuf und Gestaltung des professionellen Handelns, theoriegebunden interpretiert. Aus den rekonstruierten Handlungsdimensionen wird ein Analysemodell zur Reflexion der Didaktik erarbeitet. Die Argumentation eines notwendigen ´Arbeitsprogrammes´ für Fachberater*innen zur Professionalisierung, Verantwortung der Wissenschaft und Forschungsdesideraten bilden den vorübergehenden Schlusspunkt dieser Studie verbunden mit dem Anspruch, diese in Zukunft fachpolitisch und wissenschaftlich weiterzuverfolgen.
Gegenstand der Wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse (WDA) ist der sozialpolitische Diskurs zur Weiterentwicklung der Eingliederungshilfe für Menschen mit Behinderungen in der Zeit von 2005 bis 2016. Im Rahmen der WDA wurden zwei Diskursformationen, die die Weiterentwicklung der Eingliederungshilfe notwendig machen erarbeitet: Der Kapazitätendiskurs, der einen monetären Sachzwang konstituiert, auf der einen und der emanzipatorisch-bürger*innenrechtliche Diskurs, der die Nichtpassung des gegenwärtigen Hilfesystems mit menschenrechtlichen Bestrebungen einer gleichberechtigten und selbstbestimmten Teilhabe am Leben in der Gesellschaft thematisiert, auf der anderen Seite. Zudem wurde die diskursive Konstituierung des zentralen Reformkonzepts ´Personenzentrierung´, das produzierte Wissen über dieses Konzept, die Strategien der beteiligten Akteur*innen, die mit dem Konzept verfolgt werden, und die dahinter liegenden Deutungsmuster de- und rekonstruiert. Personenzentrierung konstituiert sich insbesondere durch ihre Abgrenzung zu der nicht mehr gewollten, paternalistischen und tendenziell kostenaufwendigen Institutionenzentrierung. Sie beschreibt einen Steuerungsmodus, der mit der Zentrierung des Individuums als zentrales Steuerungsmoment im Leistungsgeschehen und deren Vorstellungen, ihre Leben zu führen, die je passgenauen Leistungen je individuell komponiert (Hilfe folgt Bedarf). Die doppelte Anschlussfähigkeit von Personenzentrierung an die ausgehenden Problemdiskurse offenbart zwei zentrale Deutungsfiguren: Personenzentrierung wird einerseits zu einem sozialpolitischen Steuerungsinstrument, das bedarfsgerechtere und effizientere Leistungen organisiert und Leistungsberechtigte zur Mitwirkung aktiviert, um damit Kosten zu sparen, und andererseits zu einem Selbstbestimmungskonzept, das Leistungsberechtigte aus paternalistisch-fürsorglichen Strukturen befreit und sie als Expert*innen ihrer eigenen Teilhabebedarfe in den Mittelpunkt rückt.
Das Recht der Freileitung im Spannungsfeld planerischer, technischer und ökologischer Anforderungen
(2019)
Die Energiepolitik in Deutschland hat in den letzten Jahren umfassende Veränderungen erfahren. In den Fokus rücken dabei immer mehr die erneuerbaren Energien. Deren Anteil an der gesamten Energieerzeugung wird in Zukunft weiter ansteigen. Hintergrund ist die Umsetzung der klimapolitischen Ziele der Bundesregierung: Im Energiekonzept für eine umweltschonende, zuverlässige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung von 2010 wird eine Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen um 40% bis zum Jahr 2020 und bis zum Jahr 2050 sogar um 80% gegenüber dem Stand von 1990 angestrebt. Neben dem Energiekonzept der Bundesregierung stellen das Reaktorunglück von Fukushima und die damit verbundene Energiewende 2011 eine wesentliche Zäsur für die Energiepolitik in Deutschland dar. Die Folge war ein beschleunigter Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie sowie die sofortige Abschaltung von acht Kernkraftwerken. Neben der Laufzeitverkürzung und Stilllegung von Atomkraftwerken wurde auch das aus mehreren neuen Gesetzen und Gesetzesänderungen bestehende Energiepaket verabschiedet. Dort wurde mit der Einführung der §§ 12a ff. Energiewirtschaftsgesetz erstmalig eine bundesweite Bedarfsplanung für den Bau von Höchstspannungsleitungen festgelegt. Zudem erfolgte mit der Einführung des Netzausbaubeschleunigungsgesetzes Übertragungsnetz (NABEG) erstmalig ein bundesweit gültiges Gesetz für die Planung von Vorhaben auf der Ebene der Höchstspannungsnetze. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund die Frage, ob durch die neu geschaffenen Regelungen des NABEG für Höchstspannungsleitungen eine Beschleunigung innerhalb des Planungsverfahrens erreicht werden kann und ob die mit dem NABEG verfolgten Ziele umgesetzt worden sind. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die Zielsetzungen des NABEG zu den denjenigen Zielen der im Rahmen der Abwägung der öffentlichen und privaten Belange zu beachtenden, sonstigen fachspezifischen Gesetzen verhalten. Der Beschleunigungsgedanke darf nicht dazu führen, dass umwelt-, immissionsrechtliche und sonstige fachgesetzliche Aspekte an Gewicht verlieren. Dabei werden auch mögliche Probleme der jetzigen Gesetzeslage beim Freileitungsausbau sowie weitere gesetzliche Möglichkeiten, die Beschleunigung des Netzausbaus zu erreichen, aufgezeigt.
Decoding the psychological dimensions of human odor perception has long been a central issue of olfactory research. As odor percepts could not be linked to a few measurable physicochemical features of odorous compounds or physiological characteristics of the olfactory system, odor qualities have often been assessed by perception–based ratings. Although these approaches have been promising, none of the proposed system has sustained empirical validation. In a review of 28 studies, we assessed how basic characteristics of study design have been biasing perception–based classification systems: (1) interindividual differences in perceptual and verbal abilities of subjects, (2) stimuli characteristics, (3) approaches of data collection, and (4) methods of data analysis. Remarkably, many of the difficulties in establishing these systems have been rooted in one underlying issue: the puzzling relationship between language and olfaction in general. While the reference from odors to language is weak, the reverse impact of verbal processing on olfaction seems powerful. Odor perception is biased by verbal–semantic processes when cues of an odor’s source are readily available from the context. At the same time, olfaction has been characterized as basically sensation driven when this information is absent. We examined whether language effects occur when verbal cues are absent and how expectations about an odor’s identity shape odor evaluations. Subjects were asked to rate 20 unlabeled odor samples on perceptual dimensions as well as quality attributes and to eventually provide an odor source name. In a subsequent session, they performed the same rating tasks on a set of written odor labels that was compiled individually for each participant. It included both the 20 correct odor names (true labels) and – in any case of incorrect odor naming in the first session – the self–generated labels (identified labels). We compared odor ratings to ratings of both types of labels and found higher consistencies between the evaluation of an odor and its identified label than between the description of an odor and its true (yet not associated) label. These results indicate that basic perceptual as well as quality ratings are affected by semantic information about an odor’s source – even in absence of source cues. That is, odor sensation may activate a semantic mental representation of an odorous object that affects odor processing and may in turn relate to further multimodal properties. That means, associations between odors and stimuli from other sensory modalities should not only be stable, but these mappings should be mediated by an odor’s identity. We asked subjects to visualize their odor associations on a drawing tablet, freely deciding on color and shape. Additionally, they provided a verbal label for each sample. Color mappings were odor-specific, they reflected the imagery of a natural source and seemed to change with assumed odor identity. Shape mappings changed with odor identifications as well, as drawings frequently displayed concrete objects that reflected visual features of an odor’s source. The influence of verbal identity codes on quality ratings or crossmodal mappings is rooted in the very same problem that perception–based classification systems have tried to solve – a terminology that relates to abstract mental categories. The less specific we communicate, the more we need to resort to source–related analogies – in scientific endeavors and everyday life alike.
Nur verhältnismäßig kurze Zeit nach der Gründung der Plattform Airbnb, auf der Privatanbieter ihren Wohnraum an Touristen vermieten können, entscheiden sich auch in Deutschland jedes Jahr Millionen von Städtereisenden für eine Übernachtung in der Wohnung Fremder – und damit auch gegen die Hotellerie. Dass in großen Teilen der Hotellerie kaum Reaktionen auf den Trend der Sharing-Angebote festzustellen sind, ist unter anderem auf ein fehlendes Verständnis der Bedürfnisse und Motive der Nutzer der Plattformen zurückzuführen. In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb mit Hilfe einer umfassenden Online-Befragung zunächst eine Kundentypologie von Hotelkunden und Sharing-Nutzern erstellt, bevor auf der Grundlage von Experteninterviews Handlungsempfehlungen für die Hotellerie abgeleitet werden.
We are in a phase of an alarming biodiversity loss, by scientist already referred to as Earth’s sixth mass extinction. According to estimations, the current extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times higher than those predicted from fossil records. To counteract species loss and preserve the remaining biodiversity, with its important ecosystem functioning and services essential to human well-being, there is an urgent need to develop promising and long-term conservation strategies. In order to achieve these goals, extensive research to gain a better understanding of the general mechanisms underlying community diversity is of greatest importance. Especially, the identification of intrinsic ecological and distributional species traits is receiving increased attention in ecology and conservation biology research. Depending on the expression of their traits, species perform particular ecosystem functions and respond in a specific manner to environmental conditions. The identification of the effect of certain traits on community compositions can therefore significantly improve our understanding of species extinction processes and help to develop valuable and appropriate recommendations for conservation management. As trait-based analyses are applicable to different geographical, temporal and taxonomical scales, they may even allow for a broader generalization if similar results are found on different scales, i.e. for local species pools, the complete species pools of different habitat types or the entire species pool across several habitat types including different climatic regions. Although insects make up the largest part of animal diversity and provide essential ecosystem services in form of e.g. pollination, pest control, and decomposition, the majority of studies on extinctions have mainly focused on vertebrates. Among invertebrates either charismatic taxa or those targeted by conservation laws have been investigated until now (e.g. butterflies or saproxylic beetles). Being highly species-rich and trait-diverse, ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) should be even more suitable for conducting trait-based analyses. Thus, using ground beetles as a model taxon, four case studies focusing on the analyses of traits form the basis of this doctoral thesis. The work of this thesis was conducted with the aim of gaining general insights on the influence of species traits on ground beetle community compositions, such as habitat occupancy and species vulnerability to extinction, for instance. An important aspect when investigating species traits is the consideration of confounding factors which could influence the results, such as dependent relations between the different traits. Compiling a large dataset of 566 Central European species, I identified that dependent relations between the six tested traits of ground beetles (distribution range size, habitat specialization, body size, hind-wing morphology, breeding season and trophic level) are highly common. Across all identified dependent trait relations, the relation between body size and hind wing morphology or range size and hind wing morphology showed the strongest significant dependencies. Since the consideration of trait relations is necessary to provide reliable interpretations, all analyses of this thesis tested several traits simultaneously and considered possible trait interactions. Studies on local communities found specific traits characterizing the local species pools of certain habitat types. Here, the species pools of seven different habitat types (coastal, forest, mountain, open, riparian, wetland and special habitat) were used to determine habitat-specific trait filters. The identified traits, characteristic for certain habitat types, were in most cases in accordance with the previous findings on local communities. Across Germany, the species of frequently disturbed habitat types, namely coastal, riparian and wetland habitats were characterized by small body size, high amount of macroptery, intermediate to high habitat specialization, spring breeding, and predatory feeding behavior. The species of stable habitat types (forest, mountain, and open habitats), however, were found to be generally larger in body size and more frequently breeding in autumn, further displaying greater variations in the other traits. The gained knowledge on the habitat-specific filtering of traits improve our understanding of the organization and assembly of communities, and can thereby help to detect alterations in the habitat-specific species pool due to natural or human-induced environmental changes. Furthermore, traits can provide evidence on species occurrences and vulnerability to extinction. Three case studies of this thesis aimed to gain new insights on this topic, through the investigations on the following research questions; I. Which traits drive species extinction risks of Central European ground beetle species, II. How traits influence the species occurrences of 28 forest species within a large area in Central Europe, and III. Whether certain traits are related to long-term population trends of the species pool from an ancient forest in northern Germany. The results indicated, that depending on the habitat type and tested species pool, different traits prove to be good predictors for the vulnerability of species. Nevertheless, across different geographical and taxonomical scales, especially species with small range sizes and high habitat specialization faced a greater risk of extinction. Therefore, the two traits distributional range size and habitat specialization emerge as reliable predictors of ground beetles vulnerability to extinction. Interestingly, body size did not display a consistent response; while increasing body size led to higher extinction risk in riparian, wetland and open habitats and large macropterous species showed higher extinction risks across the entire species pool, smaller species showed long-term population declines in an ancient forest. To summarize, this thesis presents a comprehensive picture of ground beetle species traits, providing valuable insights and a better understanding of the mechanisms driving changes in ground beetle diversity. On the basis of the results presented in this work, the efficiency of biodiversity protection can be increased by developing appropriate management and recovery plans, especially targeting species of threatened habitat types or ‘functional groups’ of species, exhibiting trait values strongly associated with a greater vulnerability to extinction.
Climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen affect biodiversity patterns and functions of forest ecosystems worldwide. Many studies have quantified tree growth responses to single global change drivers, but less is known about the interaction effects of these drivers at the plant and ecosystem level. In the present study, we conducted a full-factorial greenhouse experiment to analyse single and combined effects of nitrogen fertilization (N treatment) and drought (D treatment) on 16 morphological and chemical response variables (including tissue δ13C signatures) of one-year-old Fagus sylvatica seedlings originating from eight different seed families from the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). Drought exerted the strongest effect on response variables, reflected by decreasing biomass production and increasing tissue δ13C signatures. However, D and N treatments interacted for some of the response variables, indicating that N fertilization has the potential to strengthen the negative effects of drought (with both antagonistic and amplifying interactions). For example, combined effects of N and D treatments caused a sevenfold increase of necrotic leaf biomass. We hypothesize that increasing drought sensitivity was mainly attributable to a significant reduction of the root biomass in combined N and D treatments, limiting the plants’ capability to satisfy their water demands. Significant seed family effects and interactions of seed family with N and D treatments across response variables suggest a high within-population genetic variability. In conclusion, our findings indicated a high drought sensitivity of Cantabrian beech populations, but also interaction effects of N and D on growth responses of beech seedlings.
Vielen Menschen fällt es schwer, regelmäßig sportlich aktiv zu sein (Duttler, 2014). Diese Problematik ist bereits im Jugendalter zu beobachten und zeigt sich darin, dass viele Jugendliche nicht ausreichend körperlich aktiv sind (HBSC-Studienverbund Deutschland, 2015). Sportliche Inaktivität und Bewegungsmangel wirken sich sowohl negativ auf die Gesundheit als auch auf die gesamte psychische und physische Entwicklung eines Menschen aus (Hair, Park, Ling & Moore, 2009). Einer der wichtigsten Faktoren für eine langfristige und kontinuierliche sportliche Betätigung ist das Erleben von Freude während des Sports (Woods, Tannehill & Walsh, 2012). Freude am Sport sollte möglichst frühzeitig, beispielsweise im Schulsport, gefördert werden, da hier eine große Anzahl Jugendlicher erreicht werden kann. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der zentralen Frage, auf welche Art und Weise Freude an sportlicher Aktivität im Rahmen des Schulsports gefördert werden kann, so dass Jugendliche animiert werden auch außerhalb der Schule regelmäßig sportlich aktiv zu sein. Insgesamt wurden vier Studien durchgeführt um diese Fragestellung zu beantworten. In der ersten Studie wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt und validiert, um Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter messen zu können. Basierend auf theoretischen Ansätzen fand eine Weiterentwicklung des Konstrukts „Sportfreude“ zu einem 3-Faktorenmodell (Vergnügen, Flow-Erleben, Erholung) statt. Die psychometrische Untersuchung erfolgte anhand einer Stichprobe mit N = 1 253 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 7 bis 10. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestätigten die angenommene 3-Faktorenstruktur. Die Reliabilitätskoeffizienten der internen Konsistenz und der Retestung lagen im akzeptablen bis guten Bereich. Als Hinweise für die konvergente Validität liegen Korrelationen mit intrinsischer Motivation, allgemeiner Sportlichkeit, Sportnoten und dem Sportpensum in der Freizeit vor. Die zweite Studie zielte darauf ab, den in Studie I entwickelten Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Freude von Schülerinnen und Schülern im Schulsport hinsichtlich der Messinvarianz über verschiedene Schulformen zu überprüfen. Hierbei wurde untersucht, inwiefern die Messeigenschaften des Fragebogens für Schülerinnen und Schüler unterschiedlicher Schulformen (Gymnasium, Realschule, Hauptschule, Gesamtschule/Oberschule) vergleichbar sind. Darüber hinaus wurden Zusammenhänge der Freude (Vergnügen, Flow-Erleben, Erholung) am Schulsport mit den Sportnoten untersucht und über die unterschiedlichen Schulformen hinweg verglichen. Basierend auf einer Stichprobe von N = 1 351 Schülerinnen und Schülern wurden Nachweise für strikte Messinvarianz über Schulformen gefunden. Die drei Facetten der Freude korrelierten am höchsten mit den Sportnoten für Schülerinnen und Schüler der Hauptschule und am niedrigsten für die Schülerinnen und Schüler des Gymnasiums. Ziel der dritten Studie war es, den Einfluss von sieben Faktoren (wahrgenommene Kompetenz, soziale Eingebundenheit, sozialer Umgang, Autonomie/Mitbestimmung, Lehrkompetenz, allgemeine Sportlichkeit und elterliche Unterstützung) auf das Erleben von Freude am Schulsport zu untersuchen. Diese Faktoren wurden basierend auf der Selbstbestimmungstheorie (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985) und auf empirischen Befunden als besonders relevant für Freude erachtet. Diese Studie wurde mit N = 1 598 Schülerinnen und Schüler der Klassenstufen 7 bis 10 durchgeführt. Sportfreude wurde anhand des in Studie I validierten Fragebogens erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten moderate bis starke Zusammenhänge von Freude mit den sieben Einflussfaktoren, wobei soziale Eingebundenheit und wahrgenommenes Kompetenzerleben sich als stärkste Prädiktoren erwiesen. In der vierten Studie wurde basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der vorherigen Studien ein Interventionsprogramm für den Schulsport entwickelt und evaluiert. Das Ziel war hierbei zu untersuchen, ob der Einsatz kooperativer Spiele zum einen das Erleben von Freude bei Schülerinnen und Schülern steigert und zum anderen zu einem stärkeren Gefühl von sozialer Eingebundenheit und wahrgenommener Kompetenz führt. Zur Untersuchung wurde ein Zwei-Gruppen Design mit Messwiederholung mit N = 285 Schülerinnen und Schülern verwendet. Hierfür wurde die Freude am Schulsport sowohl vor Beginn der Intervention als auch nach deren Beendigung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl einen direkten Effekt kooperativer Spiele auf das Erleben von Freude als auch einen indirekten Effekt, der über das Gefühl sozialer Eingebundenheit und wahrgenommenes Kompetenzerleben im Schulsport vermittelt wird. Der systematische Einsatz von kooperativen Spielen im Schulsport bietet somit eine Möglichkeit bei Jugendlichen positives Sporterleben zu fördern. Auf diese Weise kann Schulsport Jugendliche anregen auch außerhalb der Schule sportlich aktiv zu sein und bei der Entwicklung eines aktiven Lebensstils unterstützen.
In sub-Saharan Africa, women own or partly own one third of all businesses, thereby having a large potential to contribute to the economic development and societal well-being in this region. However, women-owned businesses tend to lag behind men-owned businesses in that they make lower profits, grow more slowly, and create fewer jobs. To identify reasons for this gap and effective means to promote women entrepreneurs, large parts of the entrepreneurship literature have compared male and female entrepreneurs with regard to individual characteristics, paying only limited attention to the underlying environmental conditions. This is problematic as women entrepreneurs operate under different conditions than men, with particularly pronounced differences in sub-Saharan Africa. Against this backdrop, the goal of this dissertation is to contribute to a more profound understanding of women entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa and its promotion through training by examining critical context factors. Specifically, I analyze two context factors that influence women’s entrepreneurial performance and the success of training interventions: 1) women entrepreneurs’ husbands and 2) the entrepreneurship trainer. These analyses are embedded in considerations of the cultural, social, and economic conditions women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa are facing. In Chapter 2, I conduct a systematic literature review on spousal influence in entrepreneurship and identify six recurrent types of influence. Complementing the literature originating from Western settings, I develop propositions on how the sub-Saharan context affects husbands’ influence on women entrepreneurship in this region. In Chapter 3, I build on a cultural theory and an economic theory of the household to develop and empirically test a theoretical model of husbands’ constraining and supportive influences on women entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical results point to three distinct types of husbands that differ significantly in their impact on women entrepreneurs’ business success. In Chapter 4, I explore the influence of the trainer on the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training in sub-Saharan Africa by drawing on an unsuccessful training implementation. Qualitative analyses indicate that the use of adequate teaching methods is critical towards training success. Overall, this dissertation makes an important contribution towards a better understanding of women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa and their promotion by shifting the perspective from a purely individualist to a more contextualized view of women entrepreneurship.
This paper-based dissertation deals with capital structures and tax policies of German family businesses. The provision of sufficient financial resources is crucial for a firm’s survival and thus represents a central task for a firm’s management. Family firms as the predominant company form in Germany are mainly characterized by the overlapping of the two spheres family and business, both having different goal systems and preferences. This also has an impact on decision making with regard to corporate finance including the application of tax avoidance policies. In Germany, bank finance is the dominant financing source for family firms but there is a preference for internal finance since it comes along with more external independency. Extant research usually bases its results on samples of publicly listed companies. These studies come up with different results regarding family firms’ actual financing preferences and capture their heterogeneity only to a very little extent. In this light, the present dissertation and its three papers examine different research questions in the context of capital structure decisions and tax avoidance in family firms. All the three papers apply a quantitative empirical research design. The first paper is a comparison between capital structures of family firms and non-family firms. The paper examines differences in bank debt and trade credit ratios. Overall, the findings show that family firms have significantly higher overall and long-term debt levels compared to their non-family counterparts. The identity as a family firm, which leads to a leap of faith by banks, can be a possible explanation for these results. The second paper is an in-depth examination of drivers of bank debt levels within the group of family firms. Further, it addresses heterogeneity amongst family firms and combines survey results and corresponding financial information. This represents a first attempt to capture family firm heterogeneity and its link to financial issues. The study shows that the more power in the company is exerted via management or supervisory board by the family, the less bank debt is used. Paper three is an extension of the previous two studies as it sheds light on tax avoidance, a significant instrument to strengthen the internal financing capability of a firm. This also takes up a research gap as there is very little research on taxation in family firms. Contrary to the expectation, the study reveals that private family firms might pay less tax than their non-family peers.
The smallholder-dominated landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia support a unique biodiversity with great importance to local livelihoods and high global conservation value. These landscapes, however, are severely threatened by deforestation, forest degradation and the adverse effects of farmland management regimes. These changes have fundamentally altered the structure of the landscapes and threaten their biodiversity and ecosystem services. Managing biodiversity and related services in such rapidly changing landscapes requires a thorough understanding of the effects of land use change and the reliance of local communities on biodiversity. This dissertation examines woody plant biodiversity patterns and services and presents several recommendations regarding biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services in smallholder-dominated landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. Using a social-ecological systems approach, I conducted four studies on the complex interactions of local people and woody plant diversity. First, I investigated the effects of human-induced forest degradation on woody plant species. My results suggest that forest biodiversity has been affected by the combined effects of coffee management intensity, landscape context and history at the local and landscape level. Specifically, richness of forest specialist species significantly has decreased with coffee management intensity and in secondary compared to old growth forests, but increased with current distance from forest edge in both primary and secondary forests. These findings highlight the need to maintain undisturbed forest sites to conserve forest biodiversity. Second, I examined legacy effects of past agricultural land use on woody plant biodiversity. My results show that historical distance seems to be the most important variable affecting woody plant composition and distribution in farmland sections of the landscapes. I found evidence for immigration credits for generalist and pioneer species but not for extinction debts for forest specialist species which might be rapidly paid off in farmland. The results suggest not only an unrecognized conservation value of old farmland but also a disturbing loss of forest specialist species. To slow this trend, it is necessary to shift to a cultural landscape development approach and to restore forest specialist species in the landscapes. Third, I evaluated the supply of potential multiple ecosystem services and the relationships between the diversity of woody plant and ecosystem service in the three major land use types, namely forests with and without coffee management and farmland. The results revealed a high multifunctionality of landscapes and showed that ecosystem services significantly increase with woody plant diversity in all types of land use. These findings suggest that the woody plant diversity and multifunctionality in southwestern Ethiopian landscapes has to be maintained. Fourth, I explored farmers’ woody plant use to assess their dependency on and maintenance of woody plants and also considered the influence of property rights and management in this context. I found that local farmers used 95 species for eleven major purposes from all major land uses across the landscapes. I also found that most of the widely used tree species regenerated successfully throughout the landscapes, including in farmland. Local people felt, however, that their property and tree use rights were limited, especially in forests, and that some of the most widely used plant species, including important timber species, appeared to have been overharvested in forests. The results suggest that many species are important for local livelihoods, but a perceived low sense of property rights also seems to adversely affect the management of woody plants, particularly in forests. By focusing on woody plants and their ecosystem services to local people, this dissertation documents a dramatic loss of native forest biodiversity and rapid changes in the cultural landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. This study also reveals low levels of perceived property and tree use rights by local people, particularly when it comes to forests, and the present overharvesting of important tree species in forests in particular. This dissertation also highlights current value of the multifunctionality of the landscapes examined here, the increase in ecosystem services diversity with increasing woody plant biodiversity and the importance of woody plant species for local livelihoods. Overall, my findings suggest the need for preservation of intact forest sites and for cultural landscapes development to safeguard biodiversity and multifunctionality of the landscapes in the future. This, in turn, requires holistic and integrated approaches that involve local people and recognize their basic needs of woody plants and their property rights to foster the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Maintaining primary forests in and using cultural landscape approaches to the rapidly changing rural setting of southwestern Ethiopia would also contribute to the global effort to halt biodiversity loss.
Vocational integration of refugees : chances and challenges of refugee (social) entrepreneurship
(2019)
In recent years, especially since 2015, Germany and other European countries have accepted high numbers of refugees. The social and vocational integration of these refugees and of those yet to come represents a challenge. (Social) entrepreneurship is one means to achieve this goal, to fully tap into the potential of refugees and to give them a chance to make a living in host countries. This dissertation examines the potential of vocational integration of refugees through (social) entrepreneurial activities. It includes a detailed literature review and suggests possible direction in the emerging field of refugee (social) entrepreneurship. This dissertation shows that to foster refugee (social) entrepreneurship, the identification and evaluation of specific and potential needs for support is essential. Incubators in particular have a high potential for supporting refugee entrepreneurs, in part it is possible for them to address some of the challenges faced by this target group, which differ from those of locals or migrant entrepreneurs. More specifically, this dissertation aims to answer two research questions: (1) What are relevant (social) entrepreneurial concepts that can contribute to the vocational integration of refugees? (2) What are the distinct contributions of and challenges faced by refugees when it comes to their vocational integration through (social) entrepreneurial activities? Analyzing select practical cases, this dissertation has several important implications for researchers who seek to bridge the gap between academia and society in the context of refugee entrepreneurship and refugee social entrepreneurship research. The findings presented here are also relevant for practitioners, for example those working at business incubators, who aim to facilitate the vocational and social integration of refugees in general and refugees with entrepreneurial aspirations in particular.
Polen weist insbesondere im Süden und Osten des Landes, aber auch in seinen anderen Landesteilen, eine kleinteilige Agrarstruktur auf. Eine solche kleinteilige Agrarstruktur ist in den Augen der polnischen Agrarpolitik ein unerwünschtes Phänomen. Entsprechend misst sie der Veränderung der kleinteiligen Agrarstruktur Polens zu größeren Einheiten hin eine hohe Priorität bei. Vor dem Hintergrund vielfältiger sozial-ökologischer Krisenphänomene, die oftmals mit einer intensiven, industriellen und großskaligen Landwirtschaft verbunden sind, stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob solche Bestrebungen im Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit, der sich die polnische Agrarpolitik und die Politik für die Entwicklung ländlicher Räume ebenfalls verpflichtet, zielführend sind. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, wurde für die vorliegende Dissertation in zwei landwirtschaftlich besonders kleinteilig strukturierten Regionen Polens (Wojewodschaft Lubelskie und Wojewodschaft Podkarpackie) eine empirische Studie unter Betreiberinnen und Betreibern von kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben durchgeführt. Ziel der Studie war es zu untersuchen, welche Lebenswirklichkeiten und Wirtschaftsweisen sich in kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben finden und ob diese Lebenswirklichkeiten und Wirtschaftsweisen den vielfältigen landwirtschaftsbezogenen sozial-ökologischen Krisenphänomenen entgegenwirken können. Den theoretischen Hintergrund der Arbeit bilden die Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte, das Konzept der gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnisse der Sozialen Ökologie sowie wachstumskritische Positionen (insbesondere die Ansätze von Suffizienz und Subsistenz). Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studie zeigen, dass die Lebenswirklichkeiten und Wirtschaftsweisen von Betreiberinnen und Betreibern von kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben sehr vielfältig sind. Die befragten Landwirtinnen und Landwirte verfolgen in ihren Betrieben unterschiedliche ökonomische Modelle - einige von ihnen sind ökonomisch erfolgreiche Landwirtinnen und Landwirte im Vollerwerb, andere haben sich bewusst für Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft entschieden, und noch andere schließlich betreiben Landwirtschaft aus einer ökonomischen Notwendigkeit und einem Mangel an Alternativen heraus. Doch trotz der unterschiedlichen ökonomischen Modelle, die die befragten Landwirtinnen und Landwirten in ihren Betrieben verfolgen, liegen ihrem Handeln gleichermaßen der Wunsch nach Existenzsicherung und der Wunsch nach Autonomie als wesentliche Motivation zugrunde. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studie einige der Herausforderungen für Betreiberinnen und Betreiber von kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben auf, die aus den gegenwärtigen institutionellen und politisch-wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft resultieren. Ebenso zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Wirtschaftsweisen, die in den untersuchten kleinen Betrieben vorgefunden wurden, nur bedingt zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung ländlicher Räume beitragen können. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studie zeigen insbesondere die Dringlichkeit auf, die gegenwärtigen politisch-wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft zu ändern und naturerhaltende Wirtschaftsweisen auch finanziell attraktiv zu machen, wenn diese einen Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung ländlicher Räume leisten sollen.
Achieving the ‘Great Transformation’ demands a closer consideration of the material basis of technologies, whose broad-scale implementation is often associated with efficiency improvements and progress towards a post-fossil society, but which is largely disregarded as of today. At the same time, the discourse on resource-related issues only rarely evolves around achieving an actual fundamental shift towards sustainability in the sense of a ‘material transition’. The notion of this mutual disconnect – a ‘transformation-material gap’ that exists in both research and practice – is the main driver for this dissertation. Metals fulfill crucial functions in areas as diverse as renewable energy, digitization and life style appliances such as smart home concepts, mobility, communication, or medicine. In the context of sustainability, achieving a more sustainable metal use means (i) minimizing the adverse effects associated with metal production and use and (ii) sustaining the availability of metals in a way that benefits present and future generations. Urgent need to act to avoid bottlenecks as well as meeting the challenge of possible conflicts of use among those areas of application calls for appropriate strategy making to intervene in the complex field of metal production and use that involves various, often interlinked operating levels, actors, and spatial and temporal scales. Located within the field of sustainability science, this dissertation focuses on strategies as a means to intervene in a system. It pursues the question, which design features could guide future strategy making to foster sustainability along the whole metal life cycle, and especially, how a better understanding of temporalities – i.e. understanding time in a diverse sense – could improve strategy design and help to bridge the assumed ‘transformation-material gap’. My research converges the results from four research studies. A conceptual part explores the role of temporalities for interventions in complex and interlinked systems, which adds to the conceptual basis, on which the empirical part builds up to explore present and future interventions in metal production and use. The research revealed three essential needs that future strategies must tackle: (i) managing the complex interlinkages of processes and activities on various operational levels and spatial and temporal scales, (ii) providing clear guidance concerning the operationalization of sustainability principles, and (iii) keeping activities within the planet’s carrying capacity and embracing constant change as an inherent system characteristic. In response to these needs, I developed three guidelines with two design features each (one relating to content, and one to the process of formulating and implementing the strategy) to guide future strategy making: 1. Design strategies based on a profound understanding of the system and its interrelations, but bear in mind context-specific characteristics. (Comprehensive, but tailored.) 2. Design strategies to achieve fundamental change in a cooperative and inclusive manner. (Ambitious, but manageable.) 3. Design strategies to strengthen resilience in a constantly changing environment. (Dynamic, but consistent.) My results show that TIME MATTERS in this respect. If considered in close relation to space and diversely understood in the sense of temporalities, it serves to (i) understand the impact (duration and magnitude) of an intervention, (ii) recognize patterns of change that go beyond establishing linear, one-dimensional connections, and (iii) design interventions in a way that considers the resilience of a system. While these findings can contribute to closer considering our understanding of transformation processes towards sustainability in future interventions in metal production and use, more research is needed on approaches that bring the material basis into closer consideration of transformation processes in research and practice.
Ensuring food security and halting biodiversity loss are two of the most pressing global sustainability challenges. Traditionally food security and biodiversity conservation were treated as mutually exclusive goals, and as a result, discourses and approaches were developed separately around each of these goals. Recently, however, sustainability science increasingly recognizes the close interdependence of food security and biodiversity and hence, pays greater emphasis to the need for integration of the two goals. Navigating pathways to ensure the successful integration of the two goals is, therefore, an important requirement. Attempts to identify pathways toward such integration have been dominated with a biophysical-technical focus that provides technical solutions to the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation. To this end, different food production techniques, and agricultural land use strategies have been widely considered as a solution to the food security-biodiversity nexus. While much scholarly attention has been given to the biophysical-technical dimensions, the social-political dimension, including equity, governance, and empowerment received little to no attention. By focusing on the poorly investigated social-political dimension, this dissertation aimed to identify governance properties that facilitate and impede the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation through an empirical case study conducted in a multi-level governance setting of southwestern Ethiopia. To address the overarching goal of this dissertation, first I examined how the existing widely discussed food security approaches and agricultural land use framework, land sparing versus land sharing unfold in the local context of southwestern Ethiopia. The finding in this dissertation indicated that the existing global framing of food security approaches as well as frameworks around agricultural land use has limited applicability in on-the-ground realities mainly because landscapes are complex systems that consist of stakeholders with multiple and (often) conflicting interests. This was evident from the finding that, unlike the binary framing of agricultural land use as land sparing and land sharing, local land use preference was not a matter of ‘either/or’, but instead involved mixed features exhibiting properties of both land sparing and land sharing. Moreover, in addition to the biophysical factors embedded in the existing food security approaches and land use frameworks, stakeholders preference involved social factors such as the compatibility of land use strategy with local values and traditions, which are mainly unaccounted in the existing global frameworks. Findings in his dissertation revealed that the existing reductionist analytical framings to the issues of food security and biodiversity conservation seldom address the complexity inherent within and between food security and biodiversity conservation sectors. Second, this dissertation identified governance structural and process related challenges that influence individual as well as integrated achievements of food security and biodiversity conservation goals. The result of the study showed that the governance of food security and biodiversity conservation was characterized by a strongly hierarchical system with mainly linear vertical linkages, lacking horizontal linkages between stakeholders that would transcend administrative boundaries. This type of governance structure, where stakeholders interaction is restricted to administrative boundaries could not fit with the nature of food security and biodiversity conservation because the two goals are complex in their own involving sub-systems transcending different policy sectors and administrative boundaries. Furthermore, with regard to the governance process, three key and interdependent categories of governance process challenges namely, institutional misfit, the problem of interplay, and policy incoherence influenced the achievement of individual and integrated goals of food security and were identified. Given the interdependence of these governance challenges, coupled with the complexity inherent in the food security and biodiversity conservation, attempts to achieve the dual goals thus needs an integrative, flexible and adaptive governance system Third, to understand how food security and biodiversity conservation unfold in the future, I explored future development trajectories for southwestern Ethiopia. Iterative scenario planning process produced four plausible future scenarios that distinctly differed with regard to dominating land use strategies and crops grown, actor constellations and governance mechanisms, and outcomes for food security and biodiversity conservation. Three out of the four scenarios focused on increasing economic gains through intensive and commercial agricultural production. The agricultural intensification and commercialization may increase food availability and income gains, but negatively affect food security through neglecting other dimensions such as dietary diversity, social justice and stability of supply. It also affects biodiversity conservation by causing habitat loss, land degradation, and water pollution, biodiversity loss. In contrast, one scenario involved features that are widely considered as beneficial to food security and biodiversity conservation, such as agroecological production, diversification practices, and increased social-ecological resilience. In smallholder landscapes such as the one studied here, such a pathway that promises benefits for both food security and biodiversity conservation may need to be given greater emphasis. In order to ensure the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation, recognizing their interdependence and addressing the challenges in a way that fits with the local dynamics is essential. In addition, addressing the food security-biodiversity nexus requires a holistic analytical lens that enables proper identification of system properties that benefit food security and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, this dissertation indicated that there is a clear need to pay attention to the governance structure that accommodates the diversity of perspectives, enable participation and strong coordination across geographical boundaries, policy domains and governance levels. Finally, this dissertation revealed opportunities to integrate food security and biodiversity through the pro-active management of social-ecological interactions that produce a win-win outcome. The win-win outcome could be achieved in a system that involve properties such as diversification and modern agroecological techniques, smallholders empowerment, emphasize adaptive governance of social-ecological systems, value local knowledge, culture and traditions, and ensure smallholders participation. While such diversification and agroecological practices may lack the rapid economic development that is inherent to the conventional intensification, it essentially create a system that is more resilient to environmental and economic shocks, thereby providing a more sustainable long-term benefit.
Im Rahmenpapier wird der Forschungsstand zum Lernen in verlängerten Praxisphasen während des Lehramtsstudiums anhand eines adaptierten Angebot-Nutzungs-Modells aufgearbeitet und es werden drei durchgeführte Teilstudien beschrieben. Diese Teilstudien fokussieren (a) die Kooperation von Lehrkräftebildner/-innen zwischen erster und zweiter Ausbildungsphase, (b) das Forschende Lernen der Studierenden während des Langzeitpraktikums und (c) Unterrichtsbesprechungen unterschiedlicher Lehrkräftebildner/-innen aus Schule, Universität und Vorbereitungsdienst. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammenfassend diskutiert und Implikationen für Forschung und Lehrkräftebildung abgeleitet.
Überzeugungen gelten als eines der bedeutsamsten Konstrukte der empirischen Bildungsforschung (Fenstermacher, 1979) und als grundlegender Bestandteil der professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften (Baumert & Kunter, 2006). Professionelle Kompetenz wird derzeit vor allem vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Herausforderungen der Lehrkräftebildung diskutiert, zu denen unter anderem der Umgang mit sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität zählt (Koch-Priewe & Krüger-Potratz, 2016). Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation untersucht die Überzeugungen angehender Lehrkräfte hinsichtlich sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität in Schule und Unterricht anhand der folgenden Forschungsanliegen, die in jeweils einer Publikation umgesetzt wurden: 1. Ableitung eines theoretischen Modells zu den professionellen Überzeugungen von Lehrkräften hinsichtlich sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität (Fischer, 2018) 2. Entwicklung eines Instruments zur empirischen Erfassung der professionellen Überzeugungen angehender Lehrkräfte zu sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität (Fischer & Ehmke, 2019) 3. Untersuchung der Veränderbarkeit von professionellen Überzeugungen angehender Lehrkräfte zu sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität (Fischer & Lahmann, 2020) Das sich nun anschließende Rahmenpapier bettet die Publikationen in einen übergeordneten theoretischen Kontext ein und diskutiert übergreifend die Frage, welche Beiträge die theoretische Konzeptualisierung und empirische Erfassung des Konstrukts der Überzeugungen hinsichtlich sprachlich-kultureller Heterogenität für die Lehrkräftebildung leisten können. Das Rahmenpapier schließt mit Empfehlungen für Forschung und Lehrkräftebildung.
Eine der Hauptaufgaben von Vorgesetzten ist die Feedbackgabe an ArbeitnehmerInnen (z.B. House, 1971; Larson, 1989; Locke, 1996; Rosenstiel, 2001, Hackman & Johnson, 2009; Jöns & Bungard, 2018). Das gegebene Feedback hat dabei einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf das Wohlbefinden (z.B. Semmer & Jacobshagen, 2010) und das Arbeitsengagement (z.B. Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, 2017) von ArbeitnehmerInnen. Neben dem direkten Feedback im Arbeitsalltag, das häufig verbal vermittelt wird und spezifische Bewertungen enthält, kommunizieren Vorgesetzte darüber hinaus zu jeder Zeit über ihr Verhalten i.S.v. „Man kann nicht nicht kommunizieren.“ (Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson, 2007, S. 275). So konstatieren auch Semmer und Jacobshagen (2010) „Führungskräfte müssen damit rechnen, dass jeder ihrer Verhaltensweisen Absicht unterstellt wird“ (S. 48). In der Feedbackliteratur wird an einigen Stellen auf Führungsverhalten, welches als Feedback verstanden werden kann wie z.B. „unbeabsichtigtes Feedback“ (Semmer & Jacobshagen, 2010) oder hurtful events (Vangelisti & Hampel, 2012) verwiesen, jedoch nicht als eigenständiges Konstrukt untersucht (Ditton & Müller, 2014; London, 2015; Semmer, Jacobshagen & Meier, 2006, Semmer, Jacobshagen, Meier & Elfering, 2007; Semmer & Jacobshagen, 2010; Sutton, Hornsey & Douglas, 2012; Vangelisti & Hampel, 2012). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Ziele verfolgt: Zum einen wurde mithilfe umfangreicher qualitativer sowie quantitativer Skalenentwicklungsschritte befriedigend reliable Messinstrumente zur Erfassung sowohl direkten als auch indirekten und jeweils negativen als auch positiven Feedbacks entwickelt. „Indirektes Feedback“ wurde hierbei erstmals als eigenständiges Konstrukt definiert und messbar gemacht. Insbesondere die Skalenentwicklung zur Erfassung indirekten Feedbacks u.a. mithilfe von N = 20 Interviews mit ArbeitnehmerInnen stand im Fokus der Arbeit. Zum anderen wurden Wirkzusammenhänge von direktem und indirektem negativem Feedback zu Beanspruchungsfolgen (Irritation, psychosomatische Beschwerden) sowie von direktem und indirektem positivem Feedback zu Arbeitsengagement unter Einbezug personaler Einflussfaktoren untersucht. Den theoretischen Rahmen bietet die „Job-Demands-Resources Theory“ (JDR-Theorie; Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, 2017), die nach kritischer Betrachtung differenziert und um die „Stress-as-Offense-to-Self-Theory“ (SOS-Theorie; Semmer et al., 2006, 2007) erweitert wurde. Zur Berechnung der Wirkzusammenhänge wurde eine Onlinestudie mit zwei Messzeitpunkten durchgeführt. Die Stichprobe umfasst N = 224 ArbeitnehmerInnen mit 62.9% weiblichen Teilnehmern und einem Altersdurchschnitt von X = 44.5 Jahren (SD = 10.50). Es konnte in den längsschnittlichen Designs gezeigt werden, dass sowohl direktes negatives als auch indirektes negatives Feedback entsprechend der SOS-Theorie mit einer Selbstwertbedrohung in Zusammenhang stehen. Die Mediationen der Zusammenhänge von direktem negativem und indirektem negativem Feedback und Beanspruchungsfolgen über die Selbstwertbedrohung konnten im Quer- aber nicht im Längsschnitt bestätigt werden. Ergänzend wurden die Moderationen, d.h. das „Abpuffern“ der Selbstwertbedrohung durch den Selbstwert von Personen getestet. Es zeigten sich signifikante Moderationen der Zusammenhänge von direktem negativem Feedback und Selbstwertbedrohung durch den Selbstwert in ersten Querschnittsergebnissen und signifikante Moderationen der Zusammenhänge von indirektem negativem Feedback und Selbstwertbedrohung durch den Selbstwert in den Längsschnittmodellen. Weiterhin konnten entgegen der Annahmen des motivational process der JDR-Theorie keine längsschnittlichen Effekte von direktem positivem und indirektem positivem Feedback auf Arbeitsengagement ermittelt und auch die Zielorientierung nicht als Moderator bestätigt werden. Es zeigte sich jedoch eine zusätzliche Varianzaufklärung bei der Hinzunahme von direktem positivem Feedback zu relevanten Kontrollvariablen jeweils zu beiden Messzeitpunkten. Insgesamt werden inhaltliche und methodische Gründe für die hier nicht nachweisbaren Längsschnitteffekte diskutiert und Empfehlungen für die weitere Forschung abgeleitet. Als Forschungserkenntnis lässt sich festhalten, dass die vier Faktoren, d.h. direktes und indirektes mit jeweils negativem und positivem Feedback, trennbar sind und indirektes Feedback einen zusätzlichen Erklärungswert zu direktem Feedback bietet. Zudem weisen erste Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Feedback nicht per se wie bislang als Arbeitsressource in der JDR-Theorie, sondern direktes negatives und indirektes negatives Feedback als Arbeitsanforderung im health-impairment-process verortet werden kann. Des Weiteren ergaben sich erste bestätigende Hinweise, dass die JDR-Theorie im health-impairment-process um die SOS-Theorie erweitert werden kann und damit direktes negatives und indirektes negatives Feedback mit Beanspruchungsfolgen über den Mediator Selbstwertbedrohung in Zusammenhang stehen. Der Selbstwert als Moderator konnte in ersten Teilergebnissen bestätigt werden. Es ist zu empfehlen, den Selbstwert zur weiteren Untersuchung der Wirkmechanismen in die zukünftige Forschung einzubeziehen. Für die Praxis können die entwickelten Messinstrumente zur differenzierten Erfassung von direktem und indirektem negativem bzw. positivem Feedback, zur Reflexion aus Sicht sowohl der Vorgesetzten als auch ArbeitnehmerInnen und zur Modifikation der Feedbackgabe beispielsweise im Rahmen von Coachings, Personalentwicklungsmaßnahmen etc. genutzt werden. Das Ziel kann dann eine bewusste Gestaltung des Feedbacks insbesondere durch Vorgesetzte sein. Damit können humane Arbeitsbedingungen geschaffen werden, in denen sich ArbeitnehmerInnen optimal entfalten können und handlungs- sowie leistungsfähig sind und bleiben (z.B. Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, 2017; Hacker, 1986, 2005; WHO, 2013).
Im Zuge der Einführung inklusiver Schulen verändern sich berufliche Anforderungen. Lehrkräfte sehen sich durch inklusionsspezifische Tätigkeiten zusätzlichen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Diese Belastungen sind häufig negativ konnotiert, weil nicht alle Lehrkräfte über die notwendige Expertise zur Bewältigung derer verfügen. Neue Arbeitsroutinen müssen aufgebaut und etabliert werden. Da sich die Belastungen auch auf das Gesundheitserleben der Lehrkräfte niederschlagen können, ist es wichtig Ressourcen in den Blick zu nehmen, die zur Bewältigung der beruflichen Anforderungen benötigt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Analyse der Gesundheitswahrnehmung von Lehrkräften in Bezug auf inklusionsspezifische Tätigkeiten. Dabei ist von Interesse, wie sich das Konstrukt Gesundheit mit Blick auf konkrete Tätigkeiten empirisch abbilden lässt und wovon das inklusionsspezifische Gesundheitserleben beeinflusst wird (Teilstudie 1). In welchem Zusammenhang die Häufigkeit der Ausführung inklusionsspezifischer Tätigkeiten (Erfahrung) mit dem Gesundheitserleben steht (Teilstudie 2) und inwiefern sich das Gesundheitserleben von Lehrkräften unterschiedlicher Schulformen unterscheidet (Teilstudie 3). Die Arbeit leistet einen Forschungsbeitrag durch die Prüfung eines Instruments zur tätigkeitsbezogenen Gesundheitserfassung sowie in Bezug auf das Desiderat an Daten zur Gesundheitswahrnehmung von Lehrkräften im Kontext schulischer Inklusion.
Gesundheitlich riskanter Alkoholkonsum und Depressionen führen in Deutschland und weltweit zu großen Lebenseinschränkungen und hohen ökonomischen Kosten. Obwohl es bewährte Präventionsmaßnahmen für alkoholbezogene Erkrankungen und evidenzgesicherte Behandlungsverfahren zur Bewältigung von Depressionen gibt, nimmt nur ein Bruchteil der Betroffenen Hilfe in Anspruch. Mit internetbasierten Gesundheitsinterventionen wird ein in Deutschland neuer Ansatz zur Prävention alkoholbezogener Erkrankungen vorgestellt und in einer drei-armigen randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie mit 428 Erwachsenen mit riskantem Alkoholkonsum erprobt (Studie I). Auf Grundlage der vorhandenen Evidenz für die Wirksamkeit internetbasierter Interventionen gegen depressive Beschwerden wird zudem ein Online-Training zur Bewältigung von Depressionen entwickelt und anhand von 131 Personen evaluiert (Studie II). Aufgrund des relativ neuen Interventionsansatzes beschränkten sich bisherige Evaluationsstudien weitgehend auf die klinische Wirksamkeit als Ergebnismaß. Mit zunehmender Evidenz spielen weitere Evaluationskriterien, wie die Nutzerzufriedenheit, eine wichtige Rolle für die Etablierung dieses Ansatzes. In der Vergangenheit mangelte es jedoch an validierten Messinstrumenten. Zu diesem Zweck wurde in einer dritten Studie (Studie III) die psychometrische Qualität eines Fragebogens zur Messung der Zufriedenheit mit internetbasierten Gesundheitstrainings anhand von zwei unabhängigen Stichproben im Umfang von 174 (Stichprobe 1) und 111 Personen (Stichprobe 2) untersucht. In Studie I konnte gezeigt werden, dass das entwickelte Online-Training Clever weniger trinken nach sechs Wochen zu einem Rückgang des wöchentlichen Alkoholkonsums um durchschnittlich acht Standardgläser a 12 Gramm Reinalkohol und damit zu einer signifikant stärkeren Reduktion führte (p < 0,001) als die Wartebedingung, durch die lediglich eine Reduktion von durchschnittlich 3 Standardgläsern erreicht wurde. Selbst nach sechs Monaten konnte noch ein signifikanter Trainingseffekt nachgewiesen werden. Dabei zeigten sich keine Unterschiede zwischen Personen, die an einer Selbsthilfevariante des Trainings teilgenommen haben und denen, die zusätzlich von einem Online-Coach begleitet wurden. Darüber hinaus führte das Training zu Verbesserungen des allgemeinen und des arbeitsbezogenen Wohlbefindens. In Studie II konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl das entwickelte Online-Training GET.ON Mood Enhancer als auch eine kurze Online-Psychoedukation zur Reduktion depressiver Beschwerden bei Personen mit Depression führte. Das Online-Training zeigte sich mit einem Effekt nach Cohen´s d in Höhe von 0,36 (p = 0,028) der Psychoedukation zumindest kurzfristig signifikant überlegen. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Personen ohne Psychotherapieerfahrung vom Online-Training, nicht aber von reiner Psychoedukation profitieren. Das Online-Training erwies sich zudem im Vergleich zur Psychoedukation als nebenwirkungsarm. Die psychometrische Analyse des Fragebogens zur Zufriedenheit mit internetbasierten Gesundheitstrainings in Studie III bestätigte die Einfachstruktur des Fragebogens, die sich über zwei unabhängige Stichproben hinweg als messinvariant erwies. Die hohe Reliabilität des Fragebogens zeigte sich in McDonald´s Omegas von 0,95 in Stichprobe 1 und 0,93 in Stichprobe 2. Die erwarteten mittleren Korrelationen zwischen der Zufriedenheit mit dem Training und den primären Zielkriterien der jeweiligen Trainings (die Reduktion der Depressivität in Stichprobe 1 und die Stressreduktion in Stichprobe 2) weisen auf die gute Validität des Fragebogens hin. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass eine internetbasierte Intervention zur Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums, sowohl als Selbsthilfevariante als auch mit Begleitung durch einen Online-Coach, wirksam ist. Weiter belegt die Arbeit die kurzfristige Überlegenheit einer internetbasierten Intervention zur Bewältigung von Depressionen gegenüber Psychoedukation, die zudem nebenwirkungsarm ist. Mit dem Fragebogen zur Zufriedenheit mit internetbasierten Gesundheitstrainings liegt nun ein validiertes, ökonomisches Instrument zur Ergänzung klinischer Evaluationskriterien um die Nutzerperspektive vor.
Over 25 years after the UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, agriculture in the European Union (EU) has below the line not come much closer to being sustainable. By now, efforts to promote sustainability in agriculture have predominantly been based on “mainstream science”. This has resulted in strategies directed mainly at agricultural production, measures targeted at individual farms, and a major focus on technology-centered solutions. Yet, there have been many claims emphasizing that such approaches are insufficient to deal with wicked, sustainability-related problems. Rather, it has been argued, we need to question the governance of sustainability issues, i.e. who makes which decisions in which way. A central aspect of sustainability governance is collaboration, which has been lauded for its benefits but also criticized for its challenges. The potential benefits of collaboration have apparently been recognized also in the context of EU agriculture. Yet, there has been a lack of holistic consideration of how collaboration can be systematically integrated and promoted in the governance of EU agriculture. Sustainable agriculture cannot only be encouraged through changes in the overall governance system but also through the support of existing and emerging small-scale collaborative initiatives for sustainable agriculture. Indeed, there has been substantial research on the conditions that influence success of similar collaborative initiatives. However, the knowledge resulting from this research remains rather scattered and does not allow for the identification of overall patterns. Additionally, little of this research specifically focuses on sustainable agriculture. What is more, the promotion of collaboration for sustainable agriculture is further complicated by the lack of clarity of the meaning of sustainable agriculture, which is an inherently ambiguous and contested concept. This cumulative dissertation aims to address these gaps by contributing to a better understanding of how collaboration can be facilitated and designed as a means to govern for and advance sustainable agriculture. For this purpose, the dissertation addresses three sub-aims: 1) Advancing the understanding of the concept of sustainable agriculture; 2) scrutinizing the current governance system regarding its potential to facilitate or hamper collaboration; 3) assessing conceptually and empirically how actor collaboration can be facilitated as a means to govern for sustainable agriculture, both from a top-down and a bottom-up perspective. In doing so, this dissertation focuses on EU agriculture and applies a mix of methods, ranging from qualitative to quantitative dominant. The findings of this dissertation highlight that collaboration has been underappreciated and even hampered as an approach to governing for sustainable agriculture. In contrast, this dissertation argues that collaboration offers one promising way to promoting and realizing agriculture and emphasizes the need to integrate different approaches to collaboration and to sustainable agriculture. Thus, the findings of this dissertation encourage and justify more research, discussion, and action around collaboration in the context of sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the dissertation provides first tangible insights both on principles for systemic change to promote governance for sustainable agriculture and on factors that are crucial for the successful management of small-scale collaborative initiatives. Most importantly, this dissertation advocates an ‘integrative attitude’ among and between scientists and practitioners which could enable more collegial, collaborative and hopefully more constructive research, discussion and action for sustainable agriculture.
Global climate change and environmental degradation are largely caused by human activity, thus progress towards a sustainable future will require large-scale changes to human behavior. Human-nature connectedness—a measure of cognitive, emotional, spiritual and biophysical linkages to natural places—has been identified as a positive predictor of sustainability attitudes and behaviors. While calls to ‘reconnect to nature’ in order to foster sustainability outcomes have become common across science, policy and practice, there remains a great deal of uncertainty, speculation, and conceptual vagueness around how this ought to be implemented. The overarching aim of this thesis is to advance conceptual and empirical understandings of human-nature connectedness as a leverage point for proenvironmental outcomes and sustainability transformation. In particular, the thesis attempts to assess the nuances of the HNC-PEB relationship by investigating the scalar relationships between where someone feels connected to nature and where someone acts proenvironmentally. This research was conducted through conceptual exploration (Chapters II, III, IV, and VI), systematic literature reviews (Chapter I and V) using hierarchical cluster analysis, and empirical case studies (Chapters VII and VIII) relying on structural equation modeling and two-step cluster analysis. In this thesis, the relationship between humannature connectedness and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors was investigated in a small microregion of Transylvania, Romania, where traditional relationships with the land and changing socio-economic characteristics provided an interesting case study in which to explore these connections. The key findings can be organized into three sections: Section A, which addresses human-nature connectedness and its potential for sustainability transformation; Section B, which addresses human-nature connectedness as a determinant of pro-environmental behavioral outcomes, and Section C, which explores the relationships between human-nature connectedness and energy conservation norms, attitudes, and behaviors. Results cumulatively suggest that human-nature connectedness is a multidimensional construct that requires greater integration across heterogeneous disciplinary and methodological boundaries in order to reach its potential for meaningful sustainability transformation. Results also highlight the critical need to adopt systemic approaches to understanding how interactions between human-nature connections, norms, attitudes, and behaviors are hindering or promoting sustainability outcomes. This thesis makes two main contributions to the literature: first, it considers the human-nature connectedness and pro-environmental behavior literature within a systems-thinking and VI sustainability transformation lens; and second, it extends the human-nature connectedness and pro-environmental behavior literature by investigating the multidimensional aspects of these constructs. Overall, these insights point to the deep leverage potential of humannature connectedness when conceptualized and operationalized as a multidimensional construct.
This dissertation examines how smallholder farming livelihoods may be more effectively leveraged to address food security. It is based on empirical research in three woredas (districts) in the Jimma Zone of southwestern Ethiopia. Findings in the chapters that follow draw on quantitative and qualitative data. In this research, I focus on local actors to investigate how they can be better supported in their roles as agents who have the ability to improve their livelihoods and achieve food security. This general aim is operationalized through three research questions that are addressed in separate chapters. The research questions are: (i) How do livelihood strategies influence food security?; (ii) What livelihood challenges are common and how do households cope with these?; and (iii) How do social institutions, in which livelihoods are embedded, influence people’s abilities to undertake livelihoods and be food secure? Using quantitative data from a survey of randomly selected households, I applied a number of multivariate statistical analysis to determine types of livelihood strategies and to establish how these strategies are associated with capital assets and food security. Here I view livelihood strategies as a portfolio of livelihood activities that households undertake to make a living. The predominant livelihood in the study area was diversified smallholder farming involving mainly the production of crops. Food crops such as maize, teff, sorghum, and in smaller quantities – barley and wheat, were primarily produced for subsistence. Cash crops namely coffee and khat were primarily produced for the market. Based on our analyses, we found five types of livelihood strategies to be present along a gradient of crop diversity. Food security generally decreased with less crops being part of the livelihood strategy. The livelihood strategies were associated with households’ capital assets. For example, the livelihood strategy with the most number of crops had more access to a wider range of capital assets. They had larger aggregate farm field size, and were more involved in learning with other farmers through informal exchange of information and knowledge. The status of food (in)security of each household during the lean season was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). A generalized linear model established that the type of livelihood strategy a household undertook significantly influenced their food security. Other significant variables were educational attainment and gender of household head. The findings contribute evidence to the benefits of diversified livelihoods for food security, in this case, the combination of diverse food crops and cash crops. Smallholder farming in southwest Ethiopia is beset with process-related and outcome-related challenges. Here, a process-related challenge pertains to the lack of different types of capital assets that people need to be able to undertake their livelihoods, while an outcome-related challenge pertains to lack of food. The most frequently mentioned process-related challenges were associated with the natural capital either as lack in necessary ecosystem services or high levels of ecosystem disservices. Farming households typically faced the combined challenges of decreasing soil fertility, land scarcity, die-off of oxen due to diseases, and wild animal pests that raided their crops and attacked their livestock. Lack of cash was also common and this was associated with an inability to access goods and services that households needed to address other problems. For example, lack of cash prevented households from buying fertilizers or replacing the oxen they lost to diseases. Confronted with multiple and simultaneous challenges, households coped by drawing on more readily accessible capital assets in order to address a lack. This process is here referred to as capital asset substitution. The findings indicate that when households liquidate a physical asset in order to gain cash which they then use to address other challenges, the common outcome is an erosion of their capital asset base. Many households reported having to sell their livestock to buy fertilizers, as required by the government, without seeing an increase in their harvest. The same process of liquidating capital asset to purchase food particularly during the lean season, also led to erosion of capital assets. On the other hand, when households drew on their social capital to address the challenges, they tended to maintain their capital asset base. The local didaro system is one such example in which farming households with adjacent farm fields synchronize their cropping timing and pool their labor together to address the problem of wild animal pests. Human capital, for example, in the form of available labor was also important for coping. Protecting and enhancing natural capital is needed to strengthen the basis of livelihoods in the study area, and maintaining social and human capitals is important to enable farming households to cope with challenges without eroding their capital asset base. Smallholder farming in southwest Ethiopia is embedded in a social context that creates differentiated challenges and opportunities amongst people. Gender is an axis of social differentiation on which many of the differences are based. Since the coming into power of the currently ruling Ethiopian political coalition, important policy reforms have been put in place to empower women. This includes the formal requirement that wives’ names are included in land certificates. Local residents reported notable changes related to gender in the last ten years. To make sense of the changes, we adapted the leverage points concept which identifies places to intervene in a system with different depths and effectiveness for changing the trajectory of a system. Using this concept, we classified the reported changes as belonging to the domains of visible gaps, social structures, and attitudes. Importantly, changes within these domains interacted, suggesting that changes facilitate further changes. The most prominent driver of the changes observed was the government’s emphasis on empowering women and government-organized interventions including gender sensitization trainings. The changes toward more egalitarian relationships at the household level were perceived by local residents to lead to better implementation of livelihoods, and better ability to be food secure. The study offers the insight that while changing deep, underlying drivers (e. g. attitudes) of systemic inequalities is critical, other leverage points such as formal institutional change and closing of certain visible gaps can facilitate deeper changes (e. g. attitudes) through interaction between different leverage points. This can inform gender transformative approaches. While positive gender-related changes have been observed, highly unequal gender norms still persist that lead to women as well as poor men being disadvantaged. Social norms which provide the basis for collective understanding of acceptable attitudes and behaviors are entrenched in people’s ways of being and doing and can therefore significantly lag behind formal institutional changes. For instance, daughters in southwest Ethiopia continued to be excluded from land inheritance because of long-standing patrilineal inheritance practices. This impacted on women’s abilities to engage in smallholder farming in equal footing as men. Norms influenced practices around access and control of capital assets, decision-making, and allocation of activities with important implications for who gets to participate, how, and who gets to benefit. Landless men also faced distinct disadvantages in sharecropping arrangements where people involved often have unequal socioeconomic status. Processes that facilitate critical local reflections are needed to begin to change unequal social norms and transform smallholder farming to becoming more inclusive and egalitarian spheres. To more effectively leverage smallholder farming for a food secure future, this dissertation closes with four key insights namely: (1) Diversified livelihoods combining food and cash crops result in better food security; (2) Enhancing natural and social capital is a requisite for viable smallholder farming; (3) Social and gender equality are strategically important in improving livelihoods and food security; and (4) Institutions particularly social norms are key to achieving gender and social equality. Because the livelihoods-food security nexus depend on people’s agency in their livelihoods, this dissertation concludes that livelihoods should be recast as critical spheres for expanding human agency and that conceptual development as well as formulation of suitable tools of measurement be pursued.
The concept of empowerment has gained considerable attention in the field of international development. Institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations invest considerable funds and efforts trying to facilitate empowerment in developing countries. This is because empowerment is seen as a positive phenomenon that can positively impact on people and their environment. Empowerment provides an implemental mindset that makes people look for the means to action and be ready to move forward toward their goals. Thus, empowerment becomes important when people need to take action and be innovative in overcoming scarcity and fighting against poverty. Research shows the positive effects of empowerment on entrepreneurship-related behavior and outcomes such as proactive behavior, goal achievement, and innovation. Yet, there is a dearth of research addressing the phenomenon of empowerment in entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of empowerment in entrepreneurship and its effects. Particularly, this dissertation targets the interplay between empowerment and entrepreneurship in the context of developing countries. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the different topics of this dissertation. Chapter 2, introduces the construct of psychological empowerment at work as the theoretical foundation to advocate for the importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship. The chapter takes initial steps in drawing the rationale and identifying empirical evidence for the relationship between empowerment and entrepreneurial behavior and outcomes. Specifically, the chapter links the components of psychological empowerment to concrete action characteristics in entrepreneurship such as effectuation and experimentation. Chapter 3 establishes a first empirical link between empowerment and entrepreneurship. The chapter provides the construct of entrepreneurial empowerment and develops a multidimensional measure to measure its dimensions. By means of a nomological network, the chapter reveals the relations of entrepreneurial empowerment with relevant constructs and outcomes derived from entrepreneurship and empowerment research such as innovation, self-reliance, and decision-making. Chapter 4 posits entrepreneurship training, particularly personal initiative training and business literacy training, as effective means to facilitate entrepreneurial empowerment and its effect on business performance. The chapter uncovers the mechanisms accounting for the relationship between entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurial empowerment. Chapter 5 provides general theoretical and practical contributions and finishes with a general conclusion. This dissertation contributes to the understanding of empowerment in entrepreneurship and its effects on business performance in the context of developing countries. The studies embedded in this dissertation can serve to further the development of theory and research that advances groundwork of empowerment in entrepreneurship. The construct of entrepreneurial empowerment can stimulate the use of more accurate indicators when conceptualizing and investigating the process and consequences of empowerment in entrepreneurship and international development.
Over the last decades corporate irresponsibility has gained increasing interest among practitioners and researchers. Corporate irresponsibility is often the result of intentionally irresponsible strategies, decisions, or actions, which negatively affect an identifiable stakeholder or environment. For instance, these range from the violation of the human rights and labor standards to environmental damages. Organizations enacting irresponsible practices rely on different factors upon multiple levels (field, organizational, individual) and its interrelations as well as processes evolving within the organization leading to such behavior. However, reasons for the occurrence of and explanations for corporate irresponsibility so far have been limited, leaving a fragmented understanding of this phenomenon. This dissertation helps to improve the understanding and explanation of corporate irresponsibility by identifying driving patterns of corporate irresponsibility and showing how the interactions across multiple levels add to this phenomenon. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the topic of corporate irresponsibility, the theoretical approaches of this dissertation and an introduction to the chapters. The second chapter offers a review and analysis of the corporate irresponsibility literature. The chapter presents a variance model outlining the concept, antecedents, moderators and outcomes of recent corporate irresponsibility literature as well as the different factors across levels (field, organizational, individual). Chapter 2 offers a critical analysis of what we know by referring to current literature and offers insights on what we don´t know by deriving main implications for future research on corporate irresponsibility. Chapter 3 enlarges the understanding of corporate irresponsibility introducing a process approach to explain how corporate irresponsibility evolves over time and under which conditions. Based on a qualitative meta-analysis findings converge around two distinct process paths of corporate irresponsibility, the opportunistic-proactive, and, the emerging-reactive, subdivided into three phases. Chapter 3 sheds different lights upon the phases of corporate irresponsibility and its underlying mechanisms. The final chapter 4 focuses on different underlying mechanisms driving the final downfall or demise of organizations, organizational failure. Chapter 4 offers an alternative explanation to the competing extremism and inertia mechanisms driving organizational failure in recent studies by suggesting that these explanations are rather complementary. In addition, chapter 4 enlarges the explanation of organizational failure identifying the role of conflict mechanisms and its interplay with rigidity mechanisms. In sum, this dissertation contributes to a better understanding of what causes and increases corporate irresponsibility, and a better explanation of how and why corporate irresponsibility and organizational failure emerges, develops, grows or terminates over time. Hopefully all three articles motivate more research on this important topic to prevent such behavior in advance. 4
Does grass-roots civic engagement improve the quality of public services in countries in which formal oversight institutions are weak?´ It is obvious that formal oversight institutions are weak in developing countries, which causes low-quality public services. This weakness is particularly critical in the health sector - a service domain of crucial relevance for development. This observation has led practitioners to believe that the direct engagement of the beneficiaries of public services is a means to compensate the weakness of oversight institutions and to improve the quality of these services. Given that beneficiaries have incentives to demand good quality services, it is indeed logical to assume that their participation in the monitoring of public services helps to improve the quality of these very services. This positive view of grass-roots civic engagement resonates with the idea that an active civil society helps a political system to build up and sustain a high institutional performance In the eyes of the donors of development aid, this idea nurtures the expectation that strengthening civic engagement contributes to increased aid effectiveness. Accordingly, donor countries have increased their efforts to strengthen beneficiary participation since the 1990s, which moved the concepts of voice and accountability center-stage in the international development discourse. However, whether citizens´ capacity to exercise pressure on service providers and public officials really improves the effectiveness of development aid remains an unresolved question. Building upon recent experimental and comparative case study evidence, the thesis examines the role of citizens´ engagement in the effectiveness of development interventions. The focus is on such interventions in the health sector because population health is particularly critical for prosperity and development, and ultimately for democratization. The key question addressed is if and under what conditions ordinary people´s engagement in collective action and their inclination to raise their voice improves the effectiveness of development assistance for health (DAH). I analyze this question from an interactionist viewpoint, unraveling the complex interplay of civic engagement and health aid with three key institutional variables: (i) state capacity, (ii) liberal democracy and (iii) decentralized government. Drawing upon social capital theory, principal-agent theory, and selectorate theory, I provide compelling evidence that health aid effectiveness depends on (a) bo_om-up processes of demand from service users as well as (b) formal processes of top-down monitoring and horizontal oversight arrangements. In other words, the very interaction of behavioral and institutional factors drives the accountability in public service provision and thus the effectiveness of development assistance for health in recipient countries.
The process perspective provides a unifying framework that has substantially contributed to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, much of the research up to now has neglected this process oriented conception of entrepreneurship. There is therefore a need for studies that take the inherent dynamic processes into account and analyze the underlying mechanisms when researching entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on new venture creation and the processes of sustainable opportunity identification and opportunity deviation. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction that highlights the theoretical contributions of this dissertation and gives an overview over the conducted studies. Chapter 2 argues for a process model of entrepreneurship that places entrepreneurs and their actions center stage. The model combines different perspectives and levels of analysis and provides an integrative framework for researching new venture creation. In chapter 3 we establish and test a theoretical model of sustainable opportunity identification. The chapter explains how younger generations identify sustainable opportunities. The findings indicate that sustainable opportunity identification is a process with two transitions from problem to solution identification and from solution identification to sustainable opportunity identification. These transitions are contingent on awareness of consequences and entrepreneurial attitude. Chapter 4 offers insights into how deviation from the original opportunity increases the performance of entrepreneurial teams. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial teams with a high level of error orientation set themselves higher goals when deviating from their original opportunity. Higher goals then lead to higher team performance. Chapter 5 summarizes the overall findings and outlines the general theoretical and practical implications. Each chapter thus contributes to the process perspective by focusing on how different phases of the entrepreneurial process unfold and develop over time. Thereby, this dissertation advances our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process.
Netzwerkbildung im Musiksektor Niedersachsen : Funktionsweisen und Mechanismen sozialer Formationen
(2018)
In Niedersachsen existiert eine florierende, ausdifferenzierte kulturelle Szene. Vor allem im Musikbereich sind zahlreiche, teilweise international agierende Initiativen und einige kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen wie auch Solokünstler aktiv, die in einem regen Austausch miteinander stehen. Diese Akteure treten in der Regel mit der Erwartung einer positiven Auswirkung und Nutzensteigerung einem Netzwerk bei. Selten wird jedoch hinterfragt oder im Anschluss evaluiert, inwiefern das jeweilige Netzwerk zur positiven Verstärkung der Einzelakteure, im ökonomischen wie auch im sozialen oder kulturellen Sinne geführt hat, beziehungsweise inwieweit Netzwerkbildungen auch zu negativen Effekten für ihre Akteure führen können. In dieser Dissertation wird mit qualitativen Methoden und auf theoretischer Basis der Relationalen Soziologie die Situation in Bezug auf Netzwerkbildungen im Musiksektor von Niedersachsen analysiert. Dies geschieht vor den Fragen, wer die Akteure in Niedersachsen sind, und welchen Funktionsweisen und Mechanismen ihre Vernetzungsbestrebungen unterliegen. Ferner werden die Interaktionen zwischen sozialen Akteuren und institutioneller Kulturarbeit im Musiksektor dargestellt und aufgezeigt, welche Prozesse in diesem Musiknetzwerk unter dem Einfluss institutioneller Strukturen ablaufen.
In this dissertation, a multi-proxy study, which included palaeoecological, lithological, geochemical and geochronological methods, was carried out to investigate climatic and environmental changes and their interaction during the Quaternary in formerly glaciated and non-glaciated areas. The information obtained will be used to provide a better understanding of the regional stratigraphic framework and to establish broader regional terrestrial correlations within the global marine isotope stage (MIS) framework. This study was conducted on two key drillings, the Garding-2 research drill core in the German North Sea coastal area of Schleswig-Holstein and the GBY#2 archaeological core at the Gesher Benot Ya´aqov (GBY) site, in the Upper Jordan Valley in Israel. The results of this study are presented in three papers. Papers I and II focus on the study of the Garding-2 core, while the multi-proxy study of the GBY#2 core is presented in Paper III. The results of a variety of analyses conducted on the 240 m long Garding-2 sequence show interglacial-glacial cycles that are mainly controlled by variations in temperature. This sequence is composed of mainly fluvial-shallow marine sediments intercalated by muddy-peaty deposits. Based on the palynological and lithological findings, the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition was observed at 182.87 m. It is overlain by Praetiglian and the subsequent sediments of the Waalian and Bavelian Complexes. The boundary of either the second or third Cromerian Interglacial with younger sediments, which still belong to MIS 19, is marked by the last occurrence of Tsuga at 119.50 m and the development of mixed-deciduous forests. The palynologically equivalent sediments of the Bilshausen Interglacial were found below two Elsterian till layers, at 89.00 m-82.00 m. These sediments showed high and increased percentages of Pinus and Picea and scattered occurrences of Abies and Carpinus, which are similar to the features of the beginning of the Bilshausen or Rhume interglacial (Müller, 1992). An unconformity occurred at 80.29 m, at the bottom of late Holsteinian deposits, characterised by the occurrences of Fagus and Pterocarya, with low percentages of Abies and Carpinus and the absence of Buxus. These deposits are succeeded by sediments of the Fuhne cold period that shows higher percentages of NAP and occurrences of Ericales, Helianthemum and Selaginella selaginoides, which are unconformably overlain by Drenthian till at 73.00 m-71.00 m. A single peaty sample at 69.25 m with Pinus-Picea-Abies assemblage is correlated with the late Eemian Interglacial. This deposit is overlain by Weichselian glaciofluvial sediments. Middle-late Holocene sediments occurred from 20 m upwards, following a hiatus, which was caused by the Early Holocene transgression. A subsequent thin layer of marine Atlantic sediments is unconformably overlain by marine-tidal flat deposits up to 11.00 m. The first occurrence of Fagus (at 15.97 m) and Carpinus (at 15.03 m), which was optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)-dated to 3130 +/- 260 BP (at 16.22 m, Zhang et al., 2014), gives evidence for a Subboreal age for these deposits. Sandy sediments of the early Subatlantic, which were deposited between 11.00 m and the top of the Garding-2 sequence, indicate that local salt marshes, dunes and tidal flat vegetation expanded during this period. Due to regional features and the peculiarities of the local coastal environment, the expansions of Fagus and Carpinus, which are characteristic for the Subboreal-Subatlantic transition at about 2700 BP in northern Germany, are not clearly reflected in the Garding-2 pollen diagram. In the Mediterranean area, a 50 m long core of GBY#2, was drilled at the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya´akov. The GBY#2 core provides a long Early-Middle Pleistocene geological, environmental and climatological record, which also enriches the knowledge of hominin-habitat relationships documented at the margins of the Hula Palaeo-lake. The sediment sequence of GBY#2 is under- and overlain by two basalt flows that are 40Ar/39Ar dated: two samples at the bottom of the core dated to 1195 +/- 67 ka (at 48.30 m) and 1137 +/- 69 ka (at 45.30 m), and another one at the top dated to 659 +/- 85 ka (at 14.90 m). With the additional chronological identification of the Matuyama Brunhes Boundary (MBB) and the correlation with the GBY excavation sites, the sedimentary sequence of GBY#2 provides the climatic history during the late part of the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, 1.2 Ma-0.5 Ma). Multi-proxy analyses including those of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs, macro botanical remains, molluscs, ostracods, fish, amphibians and micromammals provide evidence for lake and lake-margin environments during MIS 20 and MIS 19. During MIS 20, relatively cool semi-moist conditions were followed by a pronounced dry phase. During the subsequent MIS 19, warm and moist interglacial conditions were characterised by Quercus-Pistacia woodlands in this area. The depositional environment changed from an open water lake during MIS 20 to a lake margin environment in MIS 19. This finding is at odds with changing climate conditions from relatively dry to moist. This discrepancy could be explained by the prograding pattern of the lake shore due to the infilling of the basin, which resulted in shallower water. Climatic changes during the Late Tertiary and the Quaternary in the high latitude regions in northwest Europe and during the Early-Middle Pleistocene in the mid latitude regions of the Middle East follow the patterns of global climatic changes, which are mainly controlled by orbital obliquity (+/-41 ka cycle) during the Early Pleistocene and by orbital eccentricity (+/-100 ka cycle) during the MPT (1.2 Ma-0.5 Ma) and the younger periods of the Quaternary. The results of this study also provide reliable evidence for long distance correlation of stratigraphic and climatic events of the Quaternary, which extends knowledge of regional and global impact of climatic fluctuations on the environment.
Lehrerinnen und Lehrer benötigen professionelle Kompetenzen um den spezifischen Bedürfnissen von mehrsprachigen Schülerinnen und Schülern gerecht zu werden. Gelegenheiten zum Kompetenzerwerb im Bereich sprachlicher Heterogenität sind daher unerlässlich in der Lehramtsausbildung. Um angemessene Lerngelegenheiten identifizieren und evaluieren zu können, werden in dieser Arbeit zum einen die kognitiven und motivational-affektiven Facetten professioneller Kompetenz für den Bereich Sprachliche Heterogenität modelliert. Zum anderen werden ein Testinstrument zur Messung der kognitiven Facetten (DaZKom-Test) sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung motivational-affektiver Facetten vorgestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit informiert über die Validierung der Testwertinterpretation des DaZKom-Tests, die Identifizierung von Typen bezogen auf ihre Überzeugungen zu Mehrsprachigkeit in der Schule bei angehenden Lehrkräften, und stellt ein erweitertes theoretisches Kompetenzmodell vor, welches einen internationalen Vergleich von Kompetenzen (angehender) Lehrkräfte ermöglicht. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ist ein besseres Verständnis der Lehramtsausbildung in Bezug auf den Umgang mit mehrsprachigen Schülerinnen und Schülern möglich.