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Food forests present a promising solution to address multiple sustainability challenges adaptable to local contexts. As biodiverse multi-strata agroforestry systems, they can provide several ecological, socio-cultural and economic services. They sequester carbon, limit soil erosion and regulate the micro-climate; they offer the opportunity for education on healthy diets and ecology, and they produce food and can create livelihood opportunities. However, despite their obvious benefits, food forests are still a niche concept. To date, research has focused on their ecological and social services; we lack an understanding of food forests as a comprehensive sustainability solution, including their economic dimension, and knowledge on how to develop them. Addressing these gaps, this qualitative research used a solution- and process-oriented methodology guided by transformational sustainability research. In a comparative case study approach, it created an inventory of 209 food forests, followed by interviews and site visits of 14 sites to understand their characteristics and assess their sustainability (Article 1). More indepth, it analyzed the implementation path of seven food forest for success factors, barriers and coping strategies (Article 2). Based on these insights, two experimental case studies were initiated to develop sustainable food forests with practice partners, one based in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. and one in Lüneburg, Germany. Two studies analyzed the cases' outputs and processes highlighting success factors and challenges, including the role of a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem (Article 3, Phoenix case) and key features of productive partnerships to understand why one case succeeded and the other failed (Article 4). Findings include key features of existing and sustainable food forests as well as success factors on how to develop them; namely acquiring a complementary skill set that includes specialty farming and entrepreneurial know-how, securing sufficient start-up funds and long-term land access as well as overcoming regulatory restrictions. Supporting institutions are especially needed to integrate and professionalize the planning stage and provide know-how on alternative business practices. Key features of productive partnerships include an entrepreneurial attitude, access to support functions, long-term orientation and commitment to food system sustainability.
It is understood among research and policy makers that addressing unsustainable individual consumption patterns is key for the vision of sustainable development. Education for Sustainable Consumption (ESC) is attributed a pivotal role for this purpose, aiming to improve the capacity of individuals to connect to and act upon knowledge, values and skills in order to respond successfully and purposefully to the demands of sustainable consumption. Yet despite political, scientific, and educational efforts and increasing awareness in the general population, little has been achieved to substantially change behavioral patterns so far. As part of the explanation for this shortcoming, it has been argued that current ESC practices have neglected the personal dimension of sustainable consumption, especially the affective-motivational processes underlying unsustainable consumption patterns. Against this background, this cumulative thesis is guided by the question how personal competencies for sustainable consumption can be defined, observed, and developed within educational settings. Special attention is given to mindfulness practices, describing the practice of cultivating a deliberate, unbiased and openhearted awareness of perceptible experience in the present moment. Drawing upon an explorative, qualitative research methodology, the thesis looks at three different mindfulness-based interventions aiming to stimulate competencies for sustainable consumption, reaching out to a total number of 321 participants (employees and university students). In this thesis, the author suggests to define personal competencies for sustainable consumption as abilities, proficiencies, or skills related to inner states and processes that can be considered necessary or sufficient to engage with sustainable consumption (SC). These include ethics, self-awareness, emotional resilience, selfcare, access to and cultivation of personal resources, access to and cultivation of ethical qualities, and mindsets for sustainability. The thesis holds that the observation of personal competencies benefits from a combination of different methodological and methodical angles. When working with self-reports as empirical data, a pluralistic qualitative methods approach can help overcoming shortcomings that are specifically related to individual methods while increasing the self-reflexivity of the research. Moreover, it is suggested to let learners analyze their own personal statements in groups, applying scientific methods. The products of the group analyses represent data based on an inter-subjectively shared perspective of learners that goes beyond self-estimation of personal competencies. In terms of developing personal competencies for SC, it can be concluded that mindfulness practice alone is not sufficient to build personal competencies for SC. While it can stimulate generic personal competencies, individuals do not necessarily apply these competencies within the domain of their consumption. Nevertheless, mindfulness practice can play an important role in ESC, insofar as it lays the inner foundation to engage with sustainability-related issues. More precisely, it allows learners to experience the relevance of their inner states and processes and the influence they have on actual behaviors, leading to a level of selfawareness that would not be accessible solely through discursive-intellectual means. Furthermore, participants experience mindfulness practice as a way to develop ethical qualities and access psychological resources, entailing stronger emotional resilience and improved well-being. In order to unleash its full potential for stimulating personal competencies for SC, however, the findings of the thesis suggest that mindfulness practice should be (a) complemented with methodically controlled self-inquiry and (b) related to a specific behavioral change. In this vein, self-inquiry-based and self-experience-based learning – two pedagogical approaches developed during the period of research for this thesis – turned out to be promising pedagogies for educational settings striving to stimulate the development of personal competencies for SC.
The paper presents first results and ideas from an ongoing project dealing with the construction of a private closed-end fund for the municipal area of Hannover, Germany. It is argued that for assessing the economic prospects of the project it is helpful to apply a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. Thereby, it is possible to account for contamination risks. Questions that must be solved are (1) to find probability distributions for the uncertain variables and the correlations among these, (2) to adequately integrate legal and political parameters. Despite its merits with regard to accounting for contamination risks in investment appraisal a MC simulation may not be useful for every kind of risk. Integrating legal and political factors using a solely stochastic approach appears not to be convincing, since this kind of uncertainty results from the strategic interaction of agents. Therefore, the potential value of using game theory and institutional analysis is stressed.
Determinants of Emotional Experiences in Traffic Situations and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour
(2013)
Emotions play a prominent role in explaining maladaptive driving and resulting motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Above all, traffic psychologists have focussed their attention on anger and anxiety, including the origins and influence of these emotions on driving behaviours. This dissertation contributes to the field with three manuscripts that build upon each other. Those manuscripts have three separate objectives. The first identifies the broad range of emotions in traffic that should be analysed. Second, the impact of specific emotions on driving behaviour is focussed. Finally, the research investigates how situational and personal factors can influence emotional experiences and influence driving behaviour. The first article tackles the bandwidth of emotions in traffic. In two consecutive online studies (study one: = 100; study two: n = 187), different emotional experiences were assessed using the Geneva Emotion Wheel (and an advanced version). The stimulus material consisted of written traffic situations structured around specific factors (in these studies, predominantly goal congruence, goal relevance and blame). It could be shown that the properties of the situation can elicit emotions such as anger, anxiety and happiness, but also pride, guilt and shame. The second article saw a transfer of those situational factor structures from online-presented text to simulated driving. At this time, the focus of interest was the driving behaviour influenced by the elicited emotions. The simulator study (n = 79) revealed that anger, contempt and anxiety led to similar declines in driving performance profiles. Performance declines included driving at higher speeds, more frequent speeding and worse lateral control. The third article examined to what extent anger and personal characteristics could negatively influence driving behaviour. Two studies were conducted (study one: n = 74; study two; n = 80). The results indicated that specific characteristics of the person (male, little driving experience, high driving motivation, high trait-driving anger) could influence driving behaviour in negative ways, both directly and indirectly, via triggered anger emotions. It can be concluded from these results that the range of emotions in traffic encompasses much more than just anger and anxiety. Furthermore, the second and third articles show that within simulated environments, minimal but effective emotional intensities can be triggered, and those emotions (especially anger and anxiety) create similar performance patterns. Personal characteristics should be considered when explaining the elicitations of emotion and subsequent driving behaviour. The papers of this dissertation echo the call for new comprehensive models to explain the relationships among emotions and traffic behaviours.
The dissertation contains four journal articles which are embedded within a framework manuscript that interconnects the individual articles and provides relevant background information. The dissertation's overall objective is to provide a multilayered and critical in-depth engagement with the timely phenomenon of integrated reporting (IR), a new reporting concept that is envisaged to revolutionize firms' present reporting infrastructure. While extant corporate reports (e.g., annual financial- and CSR report) often are criticized for being disconnected and to suffer from a lack of coherence, IR intends to provide all information that is material to a firm's short-, medium- und long-term value creation within one single, succinct document. To contribute to a set of previously defined relevant research gaps in literature, the dissertation makes use of a combined empirical-quantitative and explorative-qualitative research design. The first article entitled investigates a set of different IR-, corporate governance and financial accounting-specific factors that are expected to determine European and South African firms' materiality disclosure quality. To this purpose, an original, hand-collected materiality disclosure score was developed. The second article explores IR perceptions of SME managers that have not embarked on IR, but are potential candidates to do so in future. Based on a review of extant literature, the article develops a theoretical framework to subsequently discuss motives for and barriers to IR adoption. The critical discussion contributes to the academic debate on incentives for and barriers to voluntary IR adoption. The third article investigates whether voluntary IR adoption among European firms is associated with lower cost of public debt. While earlier studies suggest that IR leads to lower information asymmetries, increases analyst forecasts, and decreases cost of equity, corresponding evidence for the debt market is largely missing. Subsequent analyses test as to whether such an association is even more pronounced by a firm's environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance or its belonging to an environmentally sensitive industry. The fourth article uses an experimental design to investigate nonprofessional investors' reactions to an IR assurance. To this purpose, two separate experiments with two different groups of nonprofessional investors were carried out: one with Masters students and one with managers of large corporations. Results help to answer the question as to whether an IR assurance as well as its determinants, namely the assurance provider and the assurance level, affect nonprofessional investors' financial decision-making. In the second step, subsequent in-depth interviews reveal an IR assurance-critical attitude among managers, who draw upon their practical experience with assurance engagements.
Ausgehend von der Zielsetzung, eine Methode bzw. ein Verfahren zur Überwachung der Verockerungstendenz eines Aquiferwärme- und Kältespeichersystems zu entwickeln, wurden die beteiligten Prozesse untersucht. Insbesondere wurde die Kinetik autokatalytischer und biologischer Vorgänge bei der Oxidation des im Wasser gelösten Eisen(II) erarbeitet und der Gesamtprozess aus biotischen und abiotischen Vorgängen in Abhängigkeit vom Eisengehalt des Wassers, pH-Wert, Sauerstoffkonzentration, Temperatur und Ionenstärke modelliert. Hierfür wurde insbesondere die katalytische Aktivität biotisch gebildeten Eisenschlamms im Vergleich zu abiotisch gebildetem Eisenoxid untersucht. Zur Berechnung der Verockerungsneigung auf der Basis der abgebildeten Vorgänge wurde der einfach zu erfassende und weit verbreitete Parameter des Redoxpotentials, gemessen mit einer Platinelektrode, genutzt. Im Ergebnis hierzu durchgeführter Laborversuche zeigte sich, dass das Redoxpotential in natürlichen Wässern hauptsächlich vom Redoxpaar Fe2+/Fe3+ abhängig ist, während andere Wasserinhaltsstoffe wie Sulfat, Mangan und Ammonium eine gehemmte Elektrodenkinetik aufweisen. Dabei kann die Fe3+-Aktivität nach Grenthe und Stumm auf der Basis des Löslichkeitsprodukts berechnet werden [Grenthe & Stumm 1992]. Mit Daten von Millero und verschiedenen Coautoren bezüglich des Autoprotolyseprodukts des Wassers in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und Ionenstärke sowie zum Eisen(III)hydroxid-Löslichkeitsprodukt in Meerwasser, das mithilfe des von der Ionenstärke abhängigen Autoprotolyseprodukts auf eine Ionenstärke von 0 M umgerechnet wurde, gelang eine nahezu exakte, bis dahin nicht mögliche Repräsentation des Temperaturverlaufs des Redoxpotentials einer Eisen(II)-Lösung. Es zeigte sich zudem eine Abhängigkeit vom Sauerstoffgehalt, die bei Anwesenheit von Eisen in der Lösung einer logarithmischen Abhängigkeit entsprach und einen zu korrigierenden Messfehler aufgrund einer Veränderung der Platinelektrodenoberfläche darstellt [Whitfield 1974]. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurden die in den untersuchten Aquiferspeicheranlagen gemessenen Redoxpotentiale mithilfe wasseranalytischer Daten auf Abhängigkeiten untersucht. Es konnte der Einfluss von Sauerstoff, Carbonat, Sulfat, Chlorid und Hydroxidionen sowie gelöster organischer Substanz untersucht und diskutiert werden. Mithilfe eines einfachen linearen Modells konnte das Redoxpotential bis auf eine Genauigkeit von 8 mV erhalten werden, was der Ungenauigkeit von 0,02 pH-Stufen entspricht. Insbesondere wurden Carbonat- Hydroxocarbonat- und Hydroxokomplexe diskutiert, die einen Einfluss auf die Eisenoxidation besitzen. Bestehende Modelle zur Berechnung von Molekülorbitalen zeigen tendenziell zu den veröffentlichten Reaktivitäten verschiedener Spezies passende Ergebnisse und bieten einen Erklärungsansatz für diesbezügliche Prozesse und einen Ansatzpunkt für weitere Forschung. Es kann als Vorteil einer Messung der Eisen(II)-Ionenaktivität mithilfe des Redoxpotentials gesehen werden, dass die Ionenstärke sowie komplexierende Wasserinhaltsstoffe mit ihrer Wirkung auf die Eisen(II)-Ionen und die Eisen(III)-Hydroxidbildung direkt mit erfasst werden. Dieses Verfahren eignet sich daher gut für die kinetische Berechnung der Eisen(III)-Hydroxid-Bildungsrate, der Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des primären stabilen Oxidationsprodukts der Eisen(II)-Oxidation in wässriger Phase. Jedoch muss für die Berechnung des Autoprotolyseprodukts die Ionenstärke bekannt sein, die sich überschlägig aus der Leitfähigkeit berechnen lässt. Aus den im Rahmen regelmäßiger Beprobungen in der untersuchten Anlage erhaltenen pH-Werte, Redoxpotentiale, Leitfähigkeiten und Temperaturen wurden die Eisen(III)-Hydroxid-Bildungsraten berechnet und mit Beobachtungen in der Anlage verglichen. Es zeigte sich eine zeitliche Übereinstimmung hoher berechneter Werte mit Zeiten besonders starker Verockerung und dem Auftreten schwefeloxidierender Bakterien. Für eine quantitative Überprüfung wurde die Eisen(III)-Hydroxidbildung während der Aufenthaltszeit des Wassers in der Kältespeicheranlage zwischen Förderbrunnen und Filter berechnet und mit dem Austrag von Eisen durch die Filter verglichen. Es zeigte sich eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung. Die abgeschiedenen Partikelmengen ließen sich ab einer Partikelfracht von ca. 0,05-0,1 mgL-1 berechnen, wobei dies durch Ungenauigkeiten der verwendeten Analytik und der getroffenen Annahmen begrenzt wird. Anhand dieser Berechnungen ließen sich auch die Einflüsse katalytischer und mikrobieller Prozesse diskutieren, die insbesondere in der intensiv untersuchten Kältespeicheranlage auftraten. In dieser Anlage wurde für den Eintrag von Eisen in die Filter der Anlage kein starker Einfluss dieser Prozesse festgestellt. In der Brunnenverfilterung selbst kann jedoch örtlich ein starker Einfluss bestehen, der technisch durch die verstärkte Brunnenverockerung relevant ist. Die Berechnungsmethode wurde in weiteren Fällen überprüft und bestätigt. Sie ist geeignet, um Verockerungsprozesse zu überwachen. Dabei können auch mikrobielle Abläufe und katalytische Prozesse in eine automatisierte Auswertung einbezogen werden. Abschließend wurde die Anwendung bezüglich Korrosion in Heiz- und Kühlsystemen und anderen Anlagen diskutiert.
Detecting and Assessing Road Damages for Autonomous Driving Utilizing Conventional Vehicle Sensors
(2021)
Environmental perception is one of the biggest challenges in autonomous driving to move inside complex traffic situations properly. Perceiving the road's condition is necessary to calculate the drivable space; in manual driving, this is realized by the human visual cortex. Enabling the vehicle to detect road conditions is a critical and complex task from many perspectives. The complexity lies on the one hand in the development of tools for detecting damage, ideally using sensors already installed in the vehicle, and on the other hand, in integrating detected damages into the autonomous driving task and thus into the subsystems of autonomous driving. High-Definition Feature Maps, for instance, should be prepared for mapping road damages, which includes online and in-vehicle implementation. Furthermore, the motion planning system should react based on the detected damages to increase driving comfort and safety actively. Road damage detection is essential, especially in areas with poor infrastructure, and should be integrated as early as possible to enable even less developed countries to reap the benefits of autonomous driving systems. Besides the application in autonomous driving, an up-to-date solution on assessing road conditions is likewise desirable for the infrastructure planning of municipalities and federal states to make optimal use of the limited resources available for maintaining infrastructure quality. Addressing the challenges mentioned above, the research approach of this work is pragmatic and problem-solving. In designing technical solutions for road damage detection, the researchers conduct applied research methods in engineering, including modeling, prototyping, and field studies. They utilize design science research to integrate road damages in an end-to-end concept for autonomous driving while drawing on previous knowledge, the application domain requirements, and expert workshops. This thesis provides various contributions to theory and practice. The investigators design two individual solutions to assess road conditions with existing vehicle sensor technology. The first solution is based on calculating the quarter-vehicle model utilizing the vehicle level sensor and an acceleration sensor. The novel model-based calculation measures the road elevation under the tires, enabling common vehicles to assess road conditions with standard hardware. The second solution utilizes images from front-facing vehicle cameras to detect road damages with deep neural networks. Despite other research in this area, the algorithms are designed to be applicable on edge devices in autonomous vehicles with limited computational resources while still delivering cutting-edge performance. In addition, the analyses of deep learning tools and the introduction of new data into training provide valuable opportunities for researchers in other application areas to develop deep learning algorithms to optimize detection performance and runtime. Besides detecting road damages, the authors provide novel algorithms for classifying the severity of road damages to deliver additional information for improved motion planning. Alongside the technical solutions, they address the lack of an end-to-end solution for road damages in autonomous driving by providing a concept that starts from data generation and ends with servicing the vehicle motion planning. This includes solutions for detecting road damages, assessing their severity, aggregating the data in the vehicle and a cloud platform, and making the data available via that platform to other vehicles. Fundamental limitations in this dissertation are due to boundaries in modeling. The pragmatic approach simplifies reality, which always distorts the degree of truth in the result.
The energy sector is regarded as one of the decisive subsystems influencing the future of sustainable development. Consequently, there is a need for a comprehensive transformation of energy generation, conversion and use. The importance of building capacities for energy policy development in developing countries is bound up with the need to formulate global strategies to meet the challenges that humanity face, especially to achieve the targets manifested in the Agenda 2030 and Paris Agreement. The aim of this research is to better understand how to empower marginalised key societal actors, co-produce alternative discourses about energy futures and articulate those discourses to influence policy change within a context of illiberal democracies in Latin America. The research concerns the design, function and effectiveness of scientifically grounded participatory process, which has been justified theoretically and tested empirically. The process presupposes theoretical perspectives relating to theory, method and empirical application. The first draws on theories of sustainability transition and transformation, including transition management. The second draws on ideas taken from the knowledge co-production and transdisciplinary sustainability research. The empirical application, concerns the implementation of a Transdisciplinary Transition Management Arena (TTMA) and its effectiveness, measured by potential for the co-production of knowledge and for stimulating collective action. As result of the process, a conceptual model of the energy system, long-term visions and transformation strategies were developed. The TTMA processes demonstrated that cross-sectoral and inter-institutional, combined efforts, can help actors visualize possible, future alternatives for sustainable energy development and how to realize such alternatives. The structures provided were helpful for the emergence and empowerment of new sustainable-energy-transition coalitions in both Ecuador and Peru. Chapter 1 describes the general context in which this scientific project is developed and presents a synthesis of the processes and its main outcomes. The research results are described in detail in the scientific papers presented in chapters 2, 3 and 4.