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Institut
The paper presents first results and ideas from an ongoing project dealing with the construction of a private closed-end fund for the municipal area of Hannover, Germany. It is argued that for assessing the economic prospects of the project it is helpful to apply a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. Thereby, it is possible to account for contamination risks. Questions that must be solved are (1) to find probability distributions for the uncertain variables and the correlations among these, (2) to adequately integrate legal and political parameters. Despite its merits with regard to accounting for contamination risks in investment appraisal a MC simulation may not be useful for every kind of risk. Integrating legal and political factors using a solely stochastic approach appears not to be convincing, since this kind of uncertainty results from the strategic interaction of agents. Therefore, the potential value of using game theory and institutional analysis is stressed.
Strong sustainability, according to the common definition, requires that different natural and economic capital stocks have to be maintained as physical quantities separately. Yet, in a world of uncertainty this cannot be guaranteed. To therefore define strong sustainability under uncertainty in an operational manner, we propose to use the concept of viability. Viability means that the different components and functions of a dynamic, stochastic system at any time remain in a domain where the future existence of these components and functions is guaranteed with sufficiently high probability. We develop a unifying and general ecological-economic concept of viability that encompasses the traditional ecological and economic notions of viability as special cases. It provides an operational criterion of strong sustainability under conditions of uncertainty. We illustrate this concept and demonstrate its usefulness by applying it to livestock grazing management in semi-arid rangelands.
Viele Regelungen im deutschen Arbeitsrecht gelten nur für Betriebe ab einer bestimmten Größe, wobei derartige Schwellen meist anhand der Beschäftigtenzahl bestimmt werden. Die bestehenden 160 Schwellenwerte sind komplex und inkonsistent definiert, was ihre Beachtung durch die Firmen erschwert. Darüber hinaus kann das Überschreiten einer Schwelle zu zusätzlichen Kosten für die Firma führen, wie z.B. die Errichtung eines Betriebsrates oder die Zahlung einer Abgabe für die Nichtbeschäftigung von Schwerbehinderten. Obwohl die empirische Evidenz nicht eindeutig ist, deuten einige Studien darauf hin, dass Firmen das Überschreiten von Schwellenwerten bewusst vermeiden und der Beschäftigungsaufbau dadurch gedämpft wird. Um diese Transaktionskosten und Nebenwirkungen zu vermeiden, machen wir verschiedene Vorschläge zur Vereinfachung und Vereinheitlichung der Schwellenwertregelungen.
This paper analyzes, within a regional growth model, the impact of productive governmental policy and integration on the spatial distribution of economic activity. Integration is understood as enhancing territorial cooperation between the regions, and it describes the extent to which one region may benefit from the other region’s public input, e.g. the extent to which regional road networks are connected. Both integration and the characteristics of the public input crucially affect whether agglomeration arises and if so to which extent economic activity is concentrated: As a consequence of enhanced integration, agglomeration is less likely to arise and concentration will be lower. Relative congestion reinforces agglomeration, thereby increasing equilibrium concentration. Due to the congestion externalities, the market outcome ends up in suboptimally high concentration.
Using unique recently released nationally representative high-quality longitudinal data at the plant level, this paper presents the first comprehensive evidence on the relationship between exports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the world market for manufactured goods. It applies and extends the now standard approach from the international literature to document that the positive productivity differential of exporters compared to non-exporters is statistically significant, and substantial, even when observed firm characteristics and unobserved firm specific effects are controlled for. For West German plants (but not for East German plants) some empirical evidence for self-selection of more productive firms into export markets is found. There is no evidence for the hypothesis that plants which start to export perform better in the three years after the start than their counterparts which do not start to sell their products on the world market. Results for West Germany support the hypothesis that the productivity differential between exporters and nonexporters is at least in part the result of a market driven selection process in which those export starters that have low productivity at starting time fail as a successful exporter in the years after the start, and only those that were more productive at starting time continue to export.
This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses derived from a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t-1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t-1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped to export in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.
Die vorliegende Längsschnittuntersuchung der BA-geförderten Gründungskohorte des zweiten Halbjahres 2003 im Agenturbezirk Uelzen vergleicht mittels einer schriftlichen Befragung drei Jahre nach Gründungsbeginn schwerpunktmäßig ÜG- und ExGZ-Gründungen hinsichtlich erfolgsbezogener Merkmale. Zusätzlich werden die im Rahmen der Befragung erhobenen Informationen zur Gründungsmotivation, Gründungsvorbereitung, den finanziellen Rahmenbedingungen und der Bedeutung bestimmter Förderbedingungen für die Gründer ausgewertet. Bei einer Rücklaufquote von ca. 19 Prozent liegen 32 verwertbare ÜG- und 43 ExGZ-Fragebögen vor. Zur Überprüfung der Unterschiede von ÜG- und ExGZ-Gründungen werden T-Tests genutzt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen erneut das Vorliegen einiger signifikanter Unterschiede zwischen ÜG- und ExGZGründungen.