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Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Arbeitsbedingungen von Unternehmern. Grundlage des Berichtes sind die Daten des European Survey on Working Conditions aus den Jahren 2000, 2005 und 2010. Die Studie zeigt (im statistischen Durchschnitt) einige bemerkenswerte Unterschiede in den Arbeitsbedingungen von Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern auf. Andererseits sind Unternehmer sehr häufig mit ganz ähnlichen Arbeitsbedingungen wie ihre Mitarbeiter konfrontiert. Eine interessante Mittelstellung nehmen die so genannten „Solo‐Selbstständigen“ ein. Eines der hervorstechendsten Ergebnisse der Studie ist die hohe Konstanz der Resultate, sowohl bei den relativen Häufigkeiten als auch im Hinblick auf zentrale Zusammenhänge ergeben sich über die drei Erhebungszeiträume hinweg allenfalls geringfügige Unterschiede.
Using a large recent representative sample of the adult German population this paper demonstrates that nascent necessity and nascent opportunity entrepreneurs are different with respect to some of the characteristics and attitudes considered to be important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur, and that they behave differently. Given the lack of longitudinal data, however, we have no information about the performance of entrepreneurs from both groups in the longer run.
This paper investigates the redistributive effects of taxation on occupational choice and growth. We discuss a twoñsector economy in the spirit of Romer (1990). Agents engage in one of two alternative occupations: either selfñemployment in an intermediate goods sector characterized by monopolistic competition, or employment as an ordinary worker in this sector. Entrepreneurial pro_ts are stochastic. The occupational choice under risk endogenizes the number of _rms in the intermediate goods industry. While the presence of entrepreneurial risk results in a suboptimally low number of _rms and depresses growth, nonñlinear tax schemes are partly capable of compensating the negative by effects by ex post providing a social insurance.
Based on data from a recent representative survey of the adult population in Germany this paper documents that the patterns of variables influencing nascent and infant entrepreneurship are quite similar and broadly in line with our theoretical priors – both types of entrepreneurship are fostered by the width of experience and a role model in the family, and hindered by risk aversion, while being male is a supporting factor. Results of this study using cross section data are in line with conclusions from longitudinal studies for other countries finding that between one in two and one in three nascent entrepreneurs become infant entrepreneurs, and that observed individual characteristics – with the important exception of former experience as an employee in the industry of the new venture - tend to play a minor role only in differentiating who starts and who gives up.
