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It is understood among research and policy makers that addressing unsustainable individual consumption patterns is key for the vision of sustainable development. Education for Sustainable Consumption (ESC) is attributed a pivotal role for this purpose, aiming to improve the capacity of individuals to connect to and act upon knowledge, values and skills in order to respond successfully and purposefully to the demands of sustainable consumption. Yet despite political, scientific, and educational efforts and increasing awareness in the general population, little has been achieved to substantially change behavioral patterns so far. As part of the explanation for this shortcoming, it has been argued that current ESC practices have neglected the personal dimension of sustainable consumption, especially the affective-motivational processes underlying unsustainable consumption patterns. Against this background, this cumulative thesis is guided by the question how personal competencies for sustainable consumption can be defined, observed, and developed within educational settings. Special attention is given to mindfulness practices, describing the practice of cultivating a deliberate, unbiased and openhearted awareness of perceptible experience in the present moment. Drawing upon an explorative, qualitative research methodology, the thesis looks at three different mindfulness-based interventions aiming to stimulate competencies for sustainable consumption, reaching out to a total number of 321 participants (employees and university students). In this thesis, the author suggests to define personal competencies for sustainable consumption as abilities, proficiencies, or skills related to inner states and processes that can be considered necessary or sufficient to engage with sustainable consumption (SC). These include ethics, self-awareness, emotional resilience, selfcare, access to and cultivation of personal resources, access to and cultivation of ethical qualities, and mindsets for sustainability. The thesis holds that the observation of personal competencies benefits from a combination of different methodological and methodical angles. When working with self-reports as empirical data, a pluralistic qualitative methods approach can help overcoming shortcomings that are specifically related to individual methods while increasing the self-reflexivity of the research. Moreover, it is suggested to let learners analyze their own personal statements in groups, applying scientific methods. The products of the group analyses represent data based on an inter-subjectively shared perspective of learners that goes beyond self-estimation of personal competencies. In terms of developing personal competencies for SC, it can be concluded that mindfulness practice alone is not sufficient to build personal competencies for SC. While it can stimulate generic personal competencies, individuals do not necessarily apply these competencies within the domain of their consumption. Nevertheless, mindfulness practice can play an important role in ESC, insofar as it lays the inner foundation to engage with sustainability-related issues. More precisely, it allows learners to experience the relevance of their inner states and processes and the influence they have on actual behaviors, leading to a level of selfawareness that would not be accessible solely through discursive-intellectual means. Furthermore, participants experience mindfulness practice as a way to develop ethical qualities and access psychological resources, entailing stronger emotional resilience and improved well-being. In order to unleash its full potential for stimulating personal competencies for SC, however, the findings of the thesis suggest that mindfulness practice should be (a) complemented with methodically controlled self-inquiry and (b) related to a specific behavioral change. In this vein, self-inquiry-based and self-experience-based learning – two pedagogical approaches developed during the period of research for this thesis – turned out to be promising pedagogies for educational settings striving to stimulate the development of personal competencies for SC.
The paper presents first results and ideas from an ongoing project dealing with the construction of a private closed-end fund for the municipal area of Hannover, Germany. It is argued that for assessing the economic prospects of the project it is helpful to apply a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. Thereby, it is possible to account for contamination risks. Questions that must be solved are (1) to find probability distributions for the uncertain variables and the correlations among these, (2) to adequately integrate legal and political parameters. Despite its merits with regard to accounting for contamination risks in investment appraisal a MC simulation may not be useful for every kind of risk. Integrating legal and political factors using a solely stochastic approach appears not to be convincing, since this kind of uncertainty results from the strategic interaction of agents. Therefore, the potential value of using game theory and institutional analysis is stressed.
Determinants of Emotional Experiences in Traffic Situations and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour
(2013)
Emotions play a prominent role in explaining maladaptive driving and resulting motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Above all, traffic psychologists have focussed their attention on anger and anxiety, including the origins and influence of these emotions on driving behaviours. This dissertation contributes to the field with three manuscripts that build upon each other. Those manuscripts have three separate objectives. The first identifies the broad range of emotions in traffic that should be analysed. Second, the impact of specific emotions on driving behaviour is focussed. Finally, the research investigates how situational and personal factors can influence emotional experiences and influence driving behaviour. The first article tackles the bandwidth of emotions in traffic. In two consecutive online studies (study one: = 100; study two: n = 187), different emotional experiences were assessed using the Geneva Emotion Wheel (and an advanced version). The stimulus material consisted of written traffic situations structured around specific factors (in these studies, predominantly goal congruence, goal relevance and blame). It could be shown that the properties of the situation can elicit emotions such as anger, anxiety and happiness, but also pride, guilt and shame. The second article saw a transfer of those situational factor structures from online-presented text to simulated driving. At this time, the focus of interest was the driving behaviour influenced by the elicited emotions. The simulator study (n = 79) revealed that anger, contempt and anxiety led to similar declines in driving performance profiles. Performance declines included driving at higher speeds, more frequent speeding and worse lateral control. The third article examined to what extent anger and personal characteristics could negatively influence driving behaviour. Two studies were conducted (study one: n = 74; study two; n = 80). The results indicated that specific characteristics of the person (male, little driving experience, high driving motivation, high trait-driving anger) could influence driving behaviour in negative ways, both directly and indirectly, via triggered anger emotions. It can be concluded from these results that the range of emotions in traffic encompasses much more than just anger and anxiety. Furthermore, the second and third articles show that within simulated environments, minimal but effective emotional intensities can be triggered, and those emotions (especially anger and anxiety) create similar performance patterns. Personal characteristics should be considered when explaining the elicitations of emotion and subsequent driving behaviour. The papers of this dissertation echo the call for new comprehensive models to explain the relationships among emotions and traffic behaviours.
The dissertation contains four journal articles which are embedded within a framework manuscript that interconnects the individual articles and provides relevant background information. The dissertation's overall objective is to provide a multilayered and critical in-depth engagement with the timely phenomenon of integrated reporting (IR), a new reporting concept that is envisaged to revolutionize firms' present reporting infrastructure. While extant corporate reports (e.g., annual financial- and CSR report) often are criticized for being disconnected and to suffer from a lack of coherence, IR intends to provide all information that is material to a firm's short-, medium- und long-term value creation within one single, succinct document. To contribute to a set of previously defined relevant research gaps in literature, the dissertation makes use of a combined empirical-quantitative and explorative-qualitative research design. The first article entitled investigates a set of different IR-, corporate governance and financial accounting-specific factors that are expected to determine European and South African firms' materiality disclosure quality. To this purpose, an original, hand-collected materiality disclosure score was developed. The second article explores IR perceptions of SME managers that have not embarked on IR, but are potential candidates to do so in future. Based on a review of extant literature, the article develops a theoretical framework to subsequently discuss motives for and barriers to IR adoption. The critical discussion contributes to the academic debate on incentives for and barriers to voluntary IR adoption. The third article investigates whether voluntary IR adoption among European firms is associated with lower cost of public debt. While earlier studies suggest that IR leads to lower information asymmetries, increases analyst forecasts, and decreases cost of equity, corresponding evidence for the debt market is largely missing. Subsequent analyses test as to whether such an association is even more pronounced by a firm's environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance or its belonging to an environmentally sensitive industry. The fourth article uses an experimental design to investigate nonprofessional investors' reactions to an IR assurance. To this purpose, two separate experiments with two different groups of nonprofessional investors were carried out: one with Masters students and one with managers of large corporations. Results help to answer the question as to whether an IR assurance as well as its determinants, namely the assurance provider and the assurance level, affect nonprofessional investors' financial decision-making. In the second step, subsequent in-depth interviews reveal an IR assurance-critical attitude among managers, who draw upon their practical experience with assurance engagements.
Detecting and Assessing Road Damages for Autonomous Driving Utilizing Conventional Vehicle Sensors
(2021)
Environmental perception is one of the biggest challenges in autonomous driving to move inside complex traffic situations properly. Perceiving the road's condition is necessary to calculate the drivable space; in manual driving, this is realized by the human visual cortex. Enabling the vehicle to detect road conditions is a critical and complex task from many perspectives. The complexity lies on the one hand in the development of tools for detecting damage, ideally using sensors already installed in the vehicle, and on the other hand, in integrating detected damages into the autonomous driving task and thus into the subsystems of autonomous driving. High-Definition Feature Maps, for instance, should be prepared for mapping road damages, which includes online and in-vehicle implementation. Furthermore, the motion planning system should react based on the detected damages to increase driving comfort and safety actively. Road damage detection is essential, especially in areas with poor infrastructure, and should be integrated as early as possible to enable even less developed countries to reap the benefits of autonomous driving systems. Besides the application in autonomous driving, an up-to-date solution on assessing road conditions is likewise desirable for the infrastructure planning of municipalities and federal states to make optimal use of the limited resources available for maintaining infrastructure quality. Addressing the challenges mentioned above, the research approach of this work is pragmatic and problem-solving. In designing technical solutions for road damage detection, the researchers conduct applied research methods in engineering, including modeling, prototyping, and field studies. They utilize design science research to integrate road damages in an end-to-end concept for autonomous driving while drawing on previous knowledge, the application domain requirements, and expert workshops. This thesis provides various contributions to theory and practice. The investigators design two individual solutions to assess road conditions with existing vehicle sensor technology. The first solution is based on calculating the quarter-vehicle model utilizing the vehicle level sensor and an acceleration sensor. The novel model-based calculation measures the road elevation under the tires, enabling common vehicles to assess road conditions with standard hardware. The second solution utilizes images from front-facing vehicle cameras to detect road damages with deep neural networks. Despite other research in this area, the algorithms are designed to be applicable on edge devices in autonomous vehicles with limited computational resources while still delivering cutting-edge performance. In addition, the analyses of deep learning tools and the introduction of new data into training provide valuable opportunities for researchers in other application areas to develop deep learning algorithms to optimize detection performance and runtime. Besides detecting road damages, the authors provide novel algorithms for classifying the severity of road damages to deliver additional information for improved motion planning. Alongside the technical solutions, they address the lack of an end-to-end solution for road damages in autonomous driving by providing a concept that starts from data generation and ends with servicing the vehicle motion planning. This includes solutions for detecting road damages, assessing their severity, aggregating the data in the vehicle and a cloud platform, and making the data available via that platform to other vehicles. Fundamental limitations in this dissertation are due to boundaries in modeling. The pragmatic approach simplifies reality, which always distorts the degree of truth in the result.
The energy sector is regarded as one of the decisive subsystems influencing the future of sustainable development. Consequently, there is a need for a comprehensive transformation of energy generation, conversion and use. The importance of building capacities for energy policy development in developing countries is bound up with the need to formulate global strategies to meet the challenges that humanity face, especially to achieve the targets manifested in the Agenda 2030 and Paris Agreement. The aim of this research is to better understand how to empower marginalised key societal actors, co-produce alternative discourses about energy futures and articulate those discourses to influence policy change within a context of illiberal democracies in Latin America. The research concerns the design, function and effectiveness of scientifically grounded participatory process, which has been justified theoretically and tested empirically. The process presupposes theoretical perspectives relating to theory, method and empirical application. The first draws on theories of sustainability transition and transformation, including transition management. The second draws on ideas taken from the knowledge co-production and transdisciplinary sustainability research. The empirical application, concerns the implementation of a Transdisciplinary Transition Management Arena (TTMA) and its effectiveness, measured by potential for the co-production of knowledge and for stimulating collective action. As result of the process, a conceptual model of the energy system, long-term visions and transformation strategies were developed. The TTMA processes demonstrated that cross-sectoral and inter-institutional, combined efforts, can help actors visualize possible, future alternatives for sustainable energy development and how to realize such alternatives. The structures provided were helpful for the emergence and empowerment of new sustainable-energy-transition coalitions in both Ecuador and Peru. Chapter 1 describes the general context in which this scientific project is developed and presents a synthesis of the processes and its main outcomes. The research results are described in detail in the scientific papers presented in chapters 2, 3 and 4.
Design methods for collaborative knowledge production in inter- and transdisciplinary research
(2022)
This dissertation seeks to better understand how design methods facilitate collaborative knowledge production and integration in inter- and transdisciplinary sustainability research. Through five independent papers, this dissertation contributes to addressing the research question on four levels – conceptual-epistemological, empirical, methodological and practical. By exploring the linkages between design research and inter- and transdisciplinary research, a conceptual basis for the targeted use of design methods in collaborative processes of inter- and transdisciplinary research is laid and their spectrum of methods is expanded. This is followed by the development of a transformative epistemology in and for problem-oriented, collaborative forms of research, such as transdisciplinary sustainability research, called problematic designing. Based on a deeper understanding of integration and collaborative knowledge production, as well as its accompanying challenges, empirical research into applying design prototyping as a method in and for situations of collaborative research was conducted. To this end, the findings provide a fundamental basis for the facilitation of inter- and transdisciplinary research processes when dealing with complex problems. With its inherent openness and iterative approach in addressing the unknowns of complex phenomena, design prototyping contributes to the required form of imagination that enables to anticipate possible futures. Furthermore, by including visual-haptic modes of expression, design prototyping reduces the dominance of language and text in scientific negotiation processes and does justice to the diversity of cognitive modes. Finally, the empirical findings of this dissertation emphasise the importance of the visual-haptic dimension for collaborative knowledge production and the communication of knowledge, and provide insights into the visual structuring of human thought processes. The results on material metaphors, collaborative prototyping and material-metaphorical imagery contribute decisively to the basic knowledge of the epistemological quality of design and the importance of the visual and haptic for thought processes in general. The extension and adaptation of existing analysis methods in this dissertation add to the further development of analysis of visual-haptic data. The results are once again reflected in the synthesis of this framework paper as cross-cutting issues.
During recent decades, the arenas of political decision-making have increasingly shifted from national governments to intergovernmental and transnational political forums. At the same time, the number and relevance of non-state actors in international politics is steadily growing. These trends have led political scientists to study and theorize about new forms of democracy beyond the national political arenas (Archibugi 2004, Bexell et al. 2010, Nasström 2010). However, democracy beyond the nation state is difficult to conceptualize with the idea of an institutionalized democracy within the borders of nation-states. Instead, many political scientists emphasize the role of civil society actors as a cure for the democratic deficit in inter-national politics (Steffek & Nanz 2008). Yet, normative and empirical problems arise over the extent of access, selection and role of civil society actors in international organizations (Tallberg et al. 2013). Furthermore, the normative relevance of transnational civil society actors makes it necessary to study their own democratic legitimacy. While international organizations are mostly institutionalized and hierarchical governing bodies, the ever growing diffuse conglomerate of non-state actors is characterized by fluid structures, blurry boundaries and a multi-level setting of interaction (Keck & Sikkink 1998). Thus, in studying democratic practice in transnational civil society networks, we must ask: How institutionalized do political practices have to be and how flexible can they be, to still be considered democratic? Normative theorists reconceptualized democracy in the light of this changing context (Bohman 2007). Recent concepts of participatory, deliberative and representative democracy attempt to reconfigure existing democratic institutions through procedural elements (Fung & Wright 2003, Dryzek 2006) or innovative forms of representation (Phillips 1998, Mansbridge 2003, Castiglione & Warren 2006). This emerging theoretical framework is well suited to analyze the extent, to which democratic practices exist within transnational civil society networks. By applying the concept of practice (Giddens 1984, Schatzki et al. 2005) as a bridging tool between the empirical reality of fluid, temporary and open transnational civil society networks on the one hand and the institution-oriented democratic theory on the other hand, this study explores the extent to which democratic practice develops in a field that lacks traditional institutions to guarantee citizen participation. As innovative transnational actors, civil society networks can bring up new forms of democratic practice (see Polletta 2006) that can potentially inspire the debate about transnational democracy as such. This study, with its innovate approach, hopes to invigorate the debate about transnational democracy and transnational civil society, which has stalled to some degree in recent years. The study is divided into three parts; first, a conceptual part that clarifies the question of how democracy as practice can be theoretically conceptualized in transnational civil society net-works, which is followed by an empirical exploration of political practices in the transnational civil society networks. In this second part, the main question is how participation, representation and deliberation practice develops in transnational civil society networks. Two cases of transnational civil society networks, the Clean Clothes Campaign and Friends of the Earth, are analyzed to provide insights into the democratic practice within transnational civil society. In the final part, the empirical findings are evaluated in the light of the outlined concepts of democratic theory in order to explore how democratic these political practices actually are. The study identifies implicit and in-process practices of democratic norms in transnational civil society networks. Political practice in transnational civil society networks can become demo-cratic through empowerment measures and trustful relationships. However, deliberate demo-cratic practice can be impeded by disembodied digital communication and complex decision-making. The study explores how new forms of democratic practice emerge in the interaction between political actors and the structural environments of actors and networks.