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Institut
- Fakultät Nachhaltigkeit (126)
- Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften (77)
- Fakultät Bildung (47)
- Frühere Fachbereiche (37)
- Institut für Ökologie (IE) (30)
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Die Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zur Erforschung der Schriften John Stuart Mills, indem darin Mills rudimentär ausformulierte Denkfigur und Forschungslücke der "Art of Life" untersucht wird. Die Autorin erweitert die traditionelle Interpretation Mills als klassischem Utilitaristen um einen geschärften Blick auf Mills Handhabung des antiken Theorieelements der Tugend. Drei überlappende thematische Zugänge – Lust, Charakter, Glückseligkeit - dienen der Veranschaulichung und Stärkung der These, wonach es sich bei Mills Theorie um eine hedonistische, perfektionistisch gefärbte Theorie der guten Lebensführung handelt. Der methodische Rückgriff auf die Lust- und Glückskonzeption des Aristoteles erlaubt es Mills differenzierte Auffassung von Lust bzw. Freude zu ergründen, die Rolle des menschlichen Charakters für das (moralische) Handeln festzustellen und eudemische Spuren im Verständnis von Glück aufzudecken. Abschließend bietet die Dissertationsschrift eine Interpretation der Schriften Mills als Lebenskunstphilosophie mit moralischen und außer-moralischen Ebenen und zeigt Anschlusspotentiale zu antiken, sowie zeitgenössischen (Lebenskunst) Theorien auf.
Collaborative governance is a promising approach to address the difficult challenges of sustainability through global public and private partnerships between diverse actors of state, market and civil society. The textile and clothing industry is an excellent example where a variety of such initiatives have evolved to address the wicked sustainability challenges. However, the question arises whether collaborative governance actually leads to transformation. In this dissertation, the author therefore questions whether and how collaborative governance in the textile sector provides space for, or pathways to, sustainability transformation. In three scientific articles and this framework paper, the author uses a mixed-methods research approach and follows scholars of sustainability science towards transformation research. First, he conducts a systematic literature review on inter-organizational and governance partnerships before diving into a critical case study on an interactive collaborative governance initiative, the German Partnership for Sustainable Textiles (Textiles Partnership). The multi-stakeholder initiative (MSIs) was initiated by the German government in 2015 and brings together more than 130 organizations and companies from seven stakeholder groups. It aims at improving working conditions and reducing environmental impacts in global textile and clothing supply chains. In two empirical articles, the author then explores learning spaces in the partnership and the ways in which governance actors navigate the complex governance landscape. For the former, he uses a quantitative and qualitative social network analysis based on annual reports and qualitative interviews with diverse actors from the partnership. Then, he uses qualitative content analysis of the interviews, policy documents and conducts a focus group discussion to validate assumptions about the broader empirical governance landscape and the social interactions within. Finally, in this framework paper, he uses theories of transformation to distinguish forms of change and personal, political and practical spheres of transformation, and reflects on the findings of the three articles in this cumulative dissertation.
The question whether representation of travel experience actually leads to personal prestige enhancement has been widely neglected so far. The study of prestige benefits of travel is a necessary endeavour to develop suitable methodological approaches toward the concept, in order to close critical knowledge gaps and enhance scientific understanding. The present thesis lays out the rationale and results of three research projects which shed light onto the relationship between touristic self-presentation and its effects on personal prestige evaluations of the social environment. The empirical studies conclude in the following main findings: (1) Leisure travel is a useful means for people to self-express in a positive way, and material representations of travel are frequently displayed to others. Tourists make use of travel experience to self-present in a positive way by uploading photos on social media, collecting and displaying souvenirs, wearing jewellery and clothing from their last trip, or talking about their trips to others. They express positive self-messages about personal character traits, affiliation to social in-groups and proof of having travelled somewhere. The findings ascertain the utility of travel representations for positive self-expression, showing that travel experience is an effective vehicle for conspicuous consumption and self-expression as an antecedent for personal prestige enhancement. (2) Personal prestige is an element of social relations, and holds capacity to affect perceptions of social inclusion and social distinction, so it has to be conceptualised as a multidimensional construct. In a tourism context, personal prestige is reliably measurable along the four dimensions of hedonism, social inclusion, social distinction and prosperity. The herein developed Personal Prestige Inventory (PPI) is a valid, reliable and parsimonious measurement tool which substantially enhances methodological approaches toward empirical research into personal prestige. (3) The way in which people represent travel experience to others measurably affects how their personal prestige is evaluated by social others. Empirical evidence of a series of experimental studies provides support for the assumption that representation of travel experience has an effect on the social evaluation of tourists' personal prestige. Experimental variance suggests small to moderate effects on personal prestige depending on the amount of leisure information given about a person, participation in tourism, and the destination and type of travel represented. This evidence is reasonable basis to conclude that whether and how people travel, and whether and how they share travel experience with others, does measurably affect social other's evaluation of their personal prestige.
Die empirische Unterrichtsforschung verfolgt das Ziel, Unterricht und die darin stattfindenden Prozesse zu beschreiben und zu beurteilen und deren Einfluss auf den Lernerfolg von Schülern zu analysieren. Auch wenn Videostudien zu den aufwändigeren Verfahren in der empirischen Unterrichtsforschung zählen, werden sie vermehrt eingesetzt, um sich diesen Unterrichtsprozessen anzunähern. Mittels Videografie werden Verhaltensweisen und Prozesse sicht- und messbar, die den Lernerfolg von Schüler maßgeblich beeinflussen können. Die detaillierte, reliable und valide Erfassung von Unterrichtsprozessen ist jedoch an Bedingungen geknüpft, die spezifische Herausforderungen für Videostudien darstellen und im Rahmen dieser Dissertation in drei Teilstudien empirisch untersucht werden. Allen Teilstudien liegen Unterrichtsvideos zugrunde, die mittels eines schülerzentrierten Aufnahmesystems aufgenommen wurden. Bei einem schülerzentrierten Aufnahmesystem werden ergänzend zu der Lehrkraftkamera und der Überblickskamera an jedem Gruppentisch weitere Kameras aufgestellt, um die Handlungen und Interaktionen aller am Unterricht beteiligten Personen im Detail erfassen zu können. In Teilstudie 1 wird ein potenzieller Reaktivitätseffekt bei Schülern als eine zentrale Herausforderung von Videostudien untersucht, der zu Verzerrungen des Datenmaterials aufgrund der Anwesenheit von Kamera(personen) führen kann. Dadurch kann die Validität der Daten einschränkt werden. In Teilstudie 2 wird der Herausforderung des in Videostudien oftmals geringen Beobachtungszeitraums begegnet, indem untersucht wird, wie stabil das verhaltensbezogene Engagement von Schülern im Verlauf einer videografierten Unterrichtsstunde ist bzw. wie lange Schüler in ihrem verhaltensbezogenen Engagement beobachtet werden müssen, um dieses zuverlässig erfassen zu können. In Teilstudie 3 wird der methodische Ansatz der Netzwerkanalyse vorgestellt, durch welchen der Herausforderung bezüglich der Beschreibung und Bewertung komplexer Wirkgefüge im Unterricht begegnet werden kann. Mittels einer Netzwerkanalyse können dynamischen Interaktionsprozesse im Unterricht detailliert und im zeitlichen Verlauf des Unterrichts beschrieben werden. Insgesamt werden im Rahmen dieser kumulativen Dissertation zentrale Herausforderungen der videobasierten Unterrichtsforschung betrachtet und Lösungsansätze zu deren Überwindung vorgeschlagen. Nur wenn diese Herausforderungen berücksichtigt werden bzw. ihnen begegnet wird, kann die empirische Unterrichtsforschung fruchtbare Erkenntnisse liefern, die zum Verstehen von Unterricht beitragen und schlussendlich zu einer Verbesserung der Unterrichtspraxis führen können.
Many dynamics are reshaping the global macroeconomics and finance. This cumulative dissertation empirically examines the impacts of two major global dynamics, the disaster risks and the China's rise, on the global economy. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation and summarizes the dissertation. Chapter 2 investigates how geopolitical risks affect financial stress in the whole financial system and its sub-sectors (banking, stock, foreign exchange, bond) of major emerging economies. Chapter 3 shows how different disaster risks (financial, geopolitical, natural-technological) can explain the returns and risk premiums of stock and housing in advanced economies between 1870 and 2015. Chapter 4 examines how the rise of China is contributing to higher economic growth in emerging economies, especially after the Global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Chapter 5 illustrates how a close trade and investment relation with China has helped African countries to reduce poverty and to improve their income distribution.
Considering the recent success of right-wing populist candidates and parties in the United States and across Europe, there has for some years now been talk among scholars (and the wider public) about a worldwide democratic recession. The younger generations appear to be especially unsupportive of democracy’s liberal principles and more willing to express support for authoritarian alternatives. What these authors overlook, however, is that the publics of advanced industrial societies have experienced an intergenerational value shift. In fact, populations in industrial democracies have become more liberal overall, but not everyone’s mindset is changing at the same speed. It is mainly – but not exclusively – the members of the lower classes that do not keep up. While societies have generally become more liberal, there is increasing alienation between the social classes over these liberal values. Drawing on a more recent trend in social class research with a social cognitive approach, this dissertation contributes to the study of growing anti-democratic tendencies around the world by analyzing the interplay between inequality dynamics and value orientations. The focus lies on investigating the effect socio-cultural polarization (i.e., ideological polarization between social classes) has on civic culture in the mature democracies of the West. The findings suggest that it is not ideological polarization between the social classes that has the greatest negative effect on civic culture, or general civic attitudes and behavior, for that matter. It is the increasing dissent in society about whether the country’s elites are still to be trusted with making the right decisions to increase the average citizen’s quality of life. This difference in opinion manifests itself in a decline in some civic attitudes.
Urban areas are prone to climate change impacts. Simultaneously the world's population increasingly resides in cities. In this light, there is a growing need to equip urban decision makers with evidence-based climate information tailored to their specific context to adequately adapt to and prepare for future climate change. To construct climate information high-resolution regional climate models and their projections are pivotal. There is a need to move beyond commonly investigated variables, such as temperature and precipitation, to cover a wider breath of possible climate impacts. In this light, the research presented in this thesis is centered around enhancing the understanding about regional-to-local climate change in Berlin and its surroundings, with a focus on humidity. More specifically, following a regional climate modelling and data analysis approach, this research aims to understand the potential of regional climate models, and the possible added value of convection-permitting simulations, to support the development of high-quality climate information for urban regions, to support knowledge-based decision-making. The first part of the thesis investigates what can already be understood with available regional climate model simulations about future climate change in Berlin and its surroundings, particularly with respect to humidity and related variables. Ten EURO-CORDEX model combinations are analyzed, for the RCP8.5 emission scenario during the time period 1970-2100, for the Berlin region. The results are the first to show an urban-rural humidity contrast under a changing climate, simulated by the EURO-CORDEX ensemble, of around 6% relative humidity, and a robust enlarging urban drying effect, of approximately 2-4% relative humidity, in Berlin compared to its surroundings throughout the 21st century. The second part explores how crossing spatial scales from 12.5km to 3km model grid size affects unprecedented humidity extremes and related variables under future climate conditions for Berlin and its surroundings. Based on the unique HAPPI regional climate model dataset, two unprecedented humidity extremes are identified happening under 1.5°C and 2°C global mean warming, respectively SH>0.02 kg/kg and RH<30%. Employing a double-nesting approach, specifically designed for this study, the two humidity extremes are downscaled to the 12.5km grid resolution with the regional climate model REMO, and thereafter to the 3km with the convection-permitting model version of REMO (REMO NH). The findings indicate that the convection-permitting scale mitigates the SH>0.02kg/kg moist extreme and intensifies the RH<30% dry extreme. The multi-variate process analysis shows that the more profound urban drying effect on the convection-permitting resolution is mainly due to better resolving the physical processes related to the land surface scheme and land-atmosphere interactions on the 3km compared to the 12.5km grid resolution. The results demonstrate the added value of the convection-permitting resolution to simulate future humidity extremes in the urban-rural context. The third part of the research investigates the added value of convection-permitting models to simulate humidity related meteorological conditions driving specific climate change impacts, for the Berlin region. Three novel humidity related impact cases are defined for this research: influenza spread and survival; ragweed pollen dispersion; and in-door mold growth. Simulations by the regional climate model REMO are analyzed for the near future (2041-2050) under emission scenario RCP8.5, on the 12.5km and 3km grid resolution. The findings show that the change signal reverses on the convection-permitting resolution for the impact cases pollen, and mold (positive and negative). For influenza, the convection-permitting resolution intensifies the decrease of influenza days under climate change. Longer periods of consecutive influenza and mold days are projected under near-term climate change. The results show the potential of convection-permitting simulations to generate improved information about climate change impacts in urban regions to support decision makers. Generally, all results show an urban drying effect in Berlin compared to its surroundings for relative and specific humidity under climate change, respectively for the urban-rural contrast throughout the 21st century, for the downscaled future extreme conditions, and for the three humidity related impact cases. Added value for the convection-permitting resolution is found to simulate humidity extremes and the meteorological conditions driving the three impacts cases.
The transition of our energy system towards a generation by renewables, and the corresponding developments of wind power technology enlarge the requirements that must be met by a wind turbine control scheme. Within this thesis, the role of modern, model-based control approaches in providing an answer to present and future challenges faced by wind energy conversion systems is discussed. While many different control loops shape the power system in general, and the energy conversion process from the wind to the electrical grid specifically, this work addresses the problem of power output regulation of an individual turbine. To this end, the considered control task focuses on the operation of the turbine on the nonlinear power conversion curve, which is dictated by the aerodynamic interaction of the wind turbine structure and the current inflow. To enable a power tracking functionality, and thereby account for requirements of the electrical grid instead of operating the turbine at maximum efficiency constantly, an extended operational range is explicitly considered in the implemented control scheme. This allows for an adjustment of the produced power depending on the current state of the electrical grid and is one component in constructing a reliable and stable power system based on renewable generation. To account for the nonlinear dynamics involved, a linear matrix inequalities approach to control based on Takagi-Sugeno modeling is investigated. This structure is capable of integrating several degrees of freedom into an automated control design, where, additionally to stability, performance constraints are integrated into the design to account for the sensitive dynamical behavior of turbines in operation and the loading experienced by the turbine components. For this purpose, a disturbance observer is designed that provides an estimate of the current effective wind speed from the evolution of the measurements. This information is used to adjust the control scheme to the varying operating points and dynamics. Using this controller, a detailed simulation study is performed that illustrates the experienced loading of the turbine structure due to a dynamic variation of the power output. It is found that a dedicated controller allows wind turbines to provide such functionality. Additionally to the conducted simulations, the control scheme is validated experimentally. For this purpose, a fully controllable wind turbine is operated in a wind tunnel setup that is capable of generating reproducible wind conditions, including turbulence, in a wide operational range. This allows for an assessment of the power tracking performance enforced by the controller and analysis of the wind speed estimation error with the uncertainties present in the physical application. The controller showed to operate the turbine smoothly in all considered operating scenarios, while the implementation in the real-time environment revealed no limitations in the application of the approach within the experiments. Hence, the high flexibility in adjusting the turbine operating trajectories and structural design characteristics within the model-based design allows for efficient controller synthesis for wind turbines with increasing functionality and complexity.
Human activities have become a major driver of global change, so that global society and economy are facing consequences such as climate change, increasing scarcity of resources, environmental pollution and degradation as well as disturbances of ecosystem functioning and services.In order to meet these main challenges in an appropriate way, adequate starting points and solutions must be pursued at all levels to shift the current socio-economic pathway from an unsustainable to a safe operating and thus sustainable development within the planetary boundaries. One of the application concepts in industrial contexts is Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which deals with the set-up of advanced circular/cascading systems, in which the energy and material flows are prolonged for multiple material and energetic (re-)utilization within industrial systems in order to increase resource productivity and efficiency, while reducing environmental impacts. The overarching goal of the research project was to identify and develop approaches to enable the evolution of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) in Industrial Parks (IPs). IS is a collaborative cross-sectoral approach to connect the resource supply and demand of various industries in order to optimize the resource use through exchange of materials, energy, water and human resources across different companies, while generating ecological, technical, social and economic benefits. Many Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools have been developed to facilitate IS, but they predominantly focus on the as-is analysis of the IS system, and do not consider the development of a common desired target vision or corresponding possible future scenarios as well as conceivable transformation paths from the actual to the defined (sustainability) target state. This gap shall be addressed in this work, presenting the software requirements engineering results for a holistic IT-supported IS tool covering system analysis, transformation simulation and goal-setting. This study also aims to present the conceptual IT-supported IS tool and its corresponding prototype, developed for the identification of IS opportunities in IPs. This IS tool serves as an IS facilitating platform, providing transparency among market players and proposing potential cooperation partners according to selectable criteria (e.g. geographical radius, material properties, material quality, purchase quantity, delivery period). Therefore a quantitative indicator system was compiled and recurring patterns were identified to utilize this knowledge in the comprehensive IT-supported IS tool. So this IS tool builds the technology-enabled environment for the processes of first screening of IS possibilities and initiation for further complex business-driven negotiations and agreements for long-term IS business relationships.
Transformative learning is increasingly set to become an essential component in sustainability transformation. Despite, little has been done to systematically explore the contribution to sustainability transformation. This learning theory developed decades ago independently of sustainability discourses; however, it provides an analytical framework for understanding the learning processes, outcomes and conditions in individual and social learning towards sustainability transformation. Against this background, the following research question arises: To which extent can transformative learning lead to sustainability transformation? This doctoral work aims to explore transformative learning processes, outcomes, and conditions occurring and advancing towards sustainability transformation of the textile-fashion industry in Mexico. Taking an exploratory approach, the methods employed were literature reviews to untangle concepts and to construct theoretical pillars to support the empirical research design and data analysis. For data collection, snowball-sampling techniques were used to explore the practice field of the textile-fashion industry in Mexico. Qualitative interviews were employed to gather data about the learning experiences of actors. Qualitative and quantitative methods were required to perform the respective data analysis, the qualitative codification of interviewees' responses. Analysis of social media content was also utilised to understand the communication and business practices of projects involved in the transformation of the textile-fashion sector. As a result, this work comprises three articles, one a systematic literature review and two empirical research articles, investigating the transformative learning processes of entrepreneurs in the development of sustainability niches. As for the findings of this doctoral work, the use of transformative learning in sustainability transformation requires a careful study of the theory and its conceptual elements. Regarding the case study, transformative learning is inherent in forming and developing sustainability niches as entrepreneurs venture into them: It is individual prior learning, expectations and actions that initiate the path of sustainability transformation while disorienting dilemmas, critical reflection, and discourse accelerate them. Through these stages, it is when individual learning turns into social learning. On the other hand, based on the multi-level perspective, the interplay between the niche, regime and landscape levels generates a space for sustainability transformation and transformative learning.