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Institut
- Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften (7)
- Fakultät Nachhaltigkeit (6)
- Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie (INUC) (4)
- Institut für Ökologie (IE) (4)
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- Institut für Bank-, Finanz und Gründungsmanagement (IBFG) (2)
- Institut für Bildungswissenschaft (IBIWI) (2)
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Hochtemperatur-Aquiferwärmespeicher erleichtern Wärmesystemen durch eine saisonale Lastverschiebung die Erschließung und Integration von erneuerbaren Wärmequellen. Ein mittleres Temperaturniveau von > 50 Grad Celsius ermöglicht zumeist eine direkte Entladung ohne einen anschließenden Temperaturhub über eine Wärmepumpe. Aufgrund der thermischen Trägheit von ATES-Systemen ist die Berücksichtigung von Lastfalländerungen durch jährlich variierende Lastprofile besonders in der Einschwingphase sinnvoll. Da es bis zu 20 Jahre dauern kann, bis der Aquifer einen quasistationären Zustand erreicht, konnte in Langzeitstudien ein großer Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Lastprofilen auf energetische und finanzielle Simulationsergebnisse nachgewiesen werden. Zur Verbesserung der Investitionsplanung wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das sowohl die Prognosefähigkeit als auch die Prognosegenauigkeit von Energiesystem- und Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalysen erhöht, indem über einen wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierten Ansatz (Monte-Carlo-Temperaturschätzung) Normalverteilungsfunktionen für gewünschte Auswertungsgrößen (z.B. Kapitalwert) abgeleitet werden können. Aus 2000 Simulationsjahren wurde über konzeptspezifische Verteilungsfunktionen der wahrscheinlichste Eintrittsfall abgeleitet und zu einem repräsentativen Szenario aggregiert. Das aggregierte Szenario mündet in ein konzeptspezifisches Gleichungssystem, das mit den Freiheitsgraden Energiepreise, Kalkulationszinssatz und Förderanteil gelöst wird. Im Gegensatz zu der etablierten Methode, die Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung im Anschluss an eine energetische Systemsimulation anzuhängen, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein holistisches Modell in TRNSYS entwickelt, das für jeden Simulationszeitschritt simultan Energie- und Zahlungsströme berechnet. In dem Modell konnten Verbesserungen in der Prognosegenauigkeit um den Faktor 20 nachgewiesen werden. Mit dem neuen Verfahren kann die Frage der Wirtschaftlichkeit nicht nur mit ja oder nein beantwortet werden, sondern zusätzlich mit der jeweiligen Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit belegt werden.
Die Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt), kurz auch UG genannt, hat einen wahren Gründungsboom bei Kapitalgesellschaften ausgelöst und mit fast 120.000 eingetragenen UGs Ende 2016 schon einen stattlichen Anteil am Gesamtvolumen der GmbHs in Deutschland erreicht. Ebenso stattlich ist die deutlich über dem Schnitt der GmbH liegende Insolvenzquote der UG. Gründung und Fehler, ein häufiges Thema: vor allem rechtliche Unkenntnis und vorschnelles Handeln erzeugen Haftung und wirtschaftliche Probleme. Fehler in der Vorgründungsphase der UG passieren besonders leicht, da der junge Gründer mit seinem Unternehmen gleich mehrere Gründungsphasen mit unterschiedlichen Rechtssystematiken zu durchlaufen hat und der typische UG-Gründer nicht rechtsaffin sondern eher handlungsaffin ist. Diese Fehler sind aber auch besonders schmerzhaft, da im Rahmen des eigens für die UG geschaffenen Paragraph 5a GmbHG einige einschränkende Regelungen, wie etwa das Sacheinlageverbot, enthalten sind. So ist die nachträgliche Einbringung von in dieser Vorgründungsphase (und was ist das?) erworbenen Wirtschaftsgütern oder gar der Gesellschaftsanteile einer Vorgründungsgesellschaft in die UG in Form einer Sachgründung oder Sachkapitalerhöhung nicht zulässig. Ein eher starres Korsett von Spezialregelungen trifft auf eine besondere Gründerklientel. Wenn der Gründer dann bei der Belehrung im Notartermin zur Gesellschaftsgründung erfährt, was er nicht machen darf oder durfte (zum Beispiel Verträge im Namen des zu gründenden Unternehmens abzuschließen) und ab wann er was machen darf oder durfte, um in den Genuss der gewünschten Haftungsbegrenzung einer Kapitalgesellschaft zu kommen, ist es meistens zu spät: er hat es schon gemacht. Die Arbeit untersucht, ob, und wenn ja in welcher Form es, zum Beispiel über Umwandlungen innerhalb und außerhalb des UmwG, doch Möglichkeiten gibt, die Verträge, Verbindlichkeiten, Wirtschaftsgüter auf die eingetragene UG zu übertragen und dabei nicht nur die Vorschriften des Paragraph 5a GmbHG zu beachten. Hierbei werden die herrschende Meinung in Rechtsprechung und Literatur berücksichtigt und schließlich Handlungsempfehlungen auf Basis der Erkenntnisse gegeben.
Das 21. Jahrhundert wird auch als „urban century“ bezeichnet. Der Stadtraum bietet einerseits „enger verknüpfte Kommunikationsräume und damit einen verbesserten Zugang zu Informationen aller Art“, „höheres soziales Kapital, mehr Raum für persönliche Entfaltung, Vielfalt und Innovation“ sowie „verbesserte Möglichkeiten der Teilhabe“. Andererseits sind auch Stress-faktoren, „wie Lärm und Umweltverschmutzung“, verstärkt im städtischen Raum vertreten. Zunehmend beeinträchtigen Extremwetterereignisse, wie Hitze- und Starkregen, den Lebensraum Stadt und das Wohlbefinden der Menschen. Zusätzlichen Wohnraum für mehr Menschen zu schaffen, stößt in der Stadt- und Raumplanung auf Maßnahmen zur Klimafolgenanpassung. Erholungs- und Aktivitätsräume stehen in Konkurrenz zum Ausbau der Infrastruktur, wie dem Wohnungs- und Straßenbau.
Es wird zudem die Notwendigkeit für transdisziplinäre Diskurse und Arbeitsweisen im Rahmen einer klimawandelgerechten Stadtentwicklung hergeleitet. Ziel ist die Erarbeitung von Potentialen, die sich in Lüneburg für eine Begrünung der Innenstadt bieten, um dem sich wandelnden Klima zu begegnen, sowie herauszuarbeiten welche Akteur*innen, Schlüsselfaktoren und -elemente die Umsetzung von Begrünungsmaßnahmen einschränken oder stärken. Mit der Methode der Konstellationsanalyse sollen zukunftsgerichtete und zentrale Handlungsfelder verdeutlicht werden. Es soll die Basis für eine erfolgreiche und nachhaltige Arbeitsweise sowie Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Klimafolgenanpassung in Lüneburg gelegt werden.
The Subaltern will never speak - Critical Reflection on Mill´s Thoughts of Political Representation
(2018)
The dissertation analyzes the role of large banks in the context of financial (in)stability. Based on the underlying “too big to fail”-problem (TBTF), the three included papers investigate the reasons for the instability of banking systems on a national and international level. Already in advance, but at least since the years 2007/2008 with the escalation of the financial crisis, especially large banks are under critical supervision of regulators and the society. There exist numerous aspects that should to be taken into account when addressing TBTF which complicates the finding of a solution to the problem. In particular, the thesis investigates three major issues in this context: 1.) The contribution of the size of a bank to the development of financial crises or the exposure of large banks to systematic risk and contagious spillovers. 2) The spillover effects from one banking system to another and the importance of banks’ foreign asset holdings for the transmission of sovereign risk on foreign banks. 3.) The impact of the degree of competition in the German banking market on the stability of the banking system.
The process perspective provides a unifying framework that has substantially contributed to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, much of the research up to now has neglected this process oriented conception of entrepreneurship. There is therefore a need for studies that take the inherent dynamic processes into account and analyze the underlying mechanisms when researching entrepreneurship. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on new venture creation and the processes of sustainable opportunity identification and opportunity deviation. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction that highlights the theoretical contributions of this dissertation and gives an overview over the conducted studies. Chapter 2 argues for a process model of entrepreneurship that places entrepreneurs and their actions center stage. The model combines different perspectives and levels of analysis and provides an integrative framework for researching new venture creation. In chapter 3 we establish and test a theoretical model of sustainable opportunity identification. The chapter explains how younger generations identify sustainable opportunities. The findings indicate that sustainable opportunity identification is a process with two transitions from problem to solution identification and from solution identification to sustainable opportunity identification. These transitions are contingent on awareness of consequences and entrepreneurial attitude. Chapter 4 offers insights into how deviation from the original opportunity increases the performance of entrepreneurial teams. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial teams with a high level of error orientation set themselves higher goals when deviating from their original opportunity. Higher goals then lead to higher team performance. Chapter 5 summarizes the overall findings and outlines the general theoretical and practical implications. Each chapter thus contributes to the process perspective by focusing on how different phases of the entrepreneurial process unfold and develop over time. Thereby, this dissertation advances our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process.
Die Öffnung der Universitäten in Deutschland für nicht-traditionelle Zielgruppen schafft neue Bildungsmöglichkeiten für Studienanwärterinnen und Studienanwärter mit beruflichen Vorbildungen. Eine entscheidende Funktion kommt hierbei den außeruniversitär akkumulierten Berufserfahrungen zu. Diese lassen sich mittlerweile auf Studienleistungen anrechnen. Vor dieser Ausgangslage werden Berufserfahrungen als ein in Berufsausbildung und Berufstätigkeit angeeignetes und akkumuliertes berufliches Kapital verstanden. Berufliches Kapital wird verstärkt von dieser neuen und nicht homogenen Gruppe zukünftiger Studierender als Zugangsmöglichkeit zur Universität genutzt. Zudem bieten Universitäten in wachsendem Umfang weiterbildende Studiengänge an, die den Erwerb von beruflichem Kapital synchron zum Erwerb von universitärem akademischem Kapital ermöglichen. Das Auftauchen neuer, nicht-traditioneller Studierendengruppen führt zu Veränderungen im System der Universität, auf welche die bereits etablierten Aktuere in diesem Feld, insbesondere die akademischen Mitarbeitenden, reagieren müssen. Die Dissertation untersuchte mit Hilfe eines Mixed-Method-Designs habitualisierte Verhaltens-, Denk- und Wahrnehmungsmuster von akademischen Hochschulmitarbeitenden im Hinblick auf Studierende mit beruflichem Kapital. Es wurde zum einen eine quantitative Befragung von akademischen Mitarbeitenden an einer Universität und zum anderen eine explorative qualitative Interviewstudie über akademische Hochschullehrende an insgesamt sechs deutschen Universitäten durchgeführt. Die Universiäten und Fächer in beiden Studien unterschieden sich in dem Grad, in dem die Hochschulöffnung bereits vorangeschritten war. In beiden Studien wurden geschlechtsbezogene, fachspezifische und organisationale Unterschiede analysiert, die Rückschlüsse auf den Habitus der Hochschulmitarbeitenden und deren Blick auf die (angehenden) Studierenden mit beruflichem Kapital ermöglichen. Die Analyse konnte in beiden Studien aufzeigen, dass akademische Hochschulmitarbeitende mehrheitlich Einstellungen geäußert haben, die zwischen Ambivalenz und einer ausgesprochen inklusiven Haltung gegenüber der Hochschulöffnung zu verorten sind. Durch die quantitative Studie ließ sich ermitteln, dass weibliche Befragte und Angehörige der sogennanten weichen Wissenschaften, hinsichtlich der Hochschulöffnung solche Positionen einnahmen, die durch ein hohes bzw. ein Höchstmaß an Inklusion gekennzeichnet sind. Die Auswertung der qualitativen Analyse konnte zeigen, dass Befragte, die ihrerseits offen auf die neuen Studierendengruppen zugehen, überwiegend auch eine konstruktivistische Lehr-Lern-Überzeugung haben und eine verstärkte Anwendungsorientierung in der Lehre praktizieren, organisationale Faktoren hatten hingegen einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Einstellungen und den Habitus der untersuchten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler.
Die Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen und diverse daraus abgeleitete Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien wie beispielsweise die Deutsche Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie (Neuauflage 2016) setzen einen zeitlich fest definierten Rahmen bis in das Jahr 2030. Für die Umsetzung dieser Strategien sind zwei Aspekte entscheidend - ein fundiertes inhaltliches Verständnis von politischer Strategie und ein darauf aufbauendes praxistaugliches Instrument, das den politischen Strategen bei einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung und Implementierung einer Strategie unterstützt. Diese Arbeit möchte zu beiden Aspekten einen Beitrag leisten. Zum einen soll aus der Zusammenführung von Theorie und Praxis die Natur des inhaltlichen politischen Strategiebegriffs erforscht werden und zum anderen soll darauf aufbauend ein praxis- und erfahrungsorientiertes Anwendungsmodell entwickelt werden, das typische potentielle Herausforderungen und entsprechende potentielle Handlungsoptionen je Strategieabschnitt benennt. Durch die Subsumierung von Erfahrungswissen unterstützt das Modell dabei vor allem das praktische Urteilsvermögen des politischen Strategen bei der Erreichung politikstrategischer Ziele. Um zu dem praxisrelevanten Anwendungsmodell zu gelangen ist es notwendig, sich zuvor Klarheit über die besonderen Anforderungen und Herausforderungen des speziellen politischen Strategiebegriffs zu verschaffen. Die politische Umwelt mit ihren spezifischen Mechanismen unterscheidet sich fundamental von den bisher bekannten Strategiefeldern Militär und Betriebswirtschaft. Da eine Strategie immer die konkrete Umweltsituation und die individuellen Situationsmerkmale berücksichtigen muss, ist - wie diese Arbeit zeigen wird - eine simple Übertragung strategischer Allgemeinplätze aus Militär und Ökonomie von vornherein zum Scheitern verurteilt.
Lehrerinnen und Lehrer benötigen professionelle Kompetenzen um den spezifischen Bedürfnissen von mehrsprachigen Schülerinnen und Schülern gerecht zu werden. Gelegenheiten zum Kompetenzerwerb im Bereich sprachlicher Heterogenität sind daher unerlässlich in der Lehramtsausbildung. Um angemessene Lerngelegenheiten identifizieren und evaluieren zu können, werden in dieser Arbeit zum einen die kognitiven und motivational-affektiven Facetten professioneller Kompetenz für den Bereich Sprachliche Heterogenität modelliert. Zum anderen werden ein Testinstrument zur Messung der kognitiven Facetten (DaZKom-Test) sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung motivational-affektiver Facetten vorgestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit informiert über die Validierung der Testwertinterpretation des DaZKom-Tests, die Identifizierung von Typen bezogen auf ihre Überzeugungen zu Mehrsprachigkeit in der Schule bei angehenden Lehrkräften, und stellt ein erweitertes theoretisches Kompetenzmodell vor, welches einen internationalen Vergleich von Kompetenzen (angehender) Lehrkräfte ermöglicht. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ist ein besseres Verständnis der Lehramtsausbildung in Bezug auf den Umgang mit mehrsprachigen Schülerinnen und Schülern möglich.
The increasing perils of connectivity technologies in the context of large satellite constellations come alongside with legal aspects concerning the protection of the space environment. The interplay of connectivity and sustainability must be regulated. To analyse the legal measures and tools regulating the risks, both sides of the problem are taken into consideration. The technological side of large satellite constellations is summarized under the term cybersecurity. Cyber is a code-based system, i.e. at first sight it requires a specialized field of law. This holds true on space sustainability as well. Large satellite constellations raise the discussion on space debris and junk. The consensus on the LTS guidelines by COPUOS at UNISPACE+50 in 2018 constitutes a milestone in Space Law. Space sustainability requires a particular adoption of legal norms: the idea is very similar to the subject of cybersecurity. Since both areas of issue are internationally driven and have multilateral impact, self-regulation proves ineffective. The genesis of reliable and uniform legal rules requires a different approach considering the multilevel systems of obligations with different binding authority. This thesis evaluates the balance between the future of connectivity and space sustainability in the context of large satellite constellations by considering the impact of legal rules with different binding authority.
Restoration and management of abandoned, dry continental heathland and sandy grassland communities
(2018)
Land-use changes and long-term abandonment are main drivers that change ecosystem functioning and cause biodiversity loss of many semi-natural habitats, such as heathlands and grasslands. Traditional management measures such as low-intensity grazing created these semi-open landscapes and maintained a high species richness. However, from the middle of the 19th century onwards, traditional management practices began to decline due to socio-economic changes, and large areas of heathlands and grasslands were subjected to succession and reverted to woodland. Nowadays, dry heathlands as well as dry sandy grasslands are recognized as being of high conservation value and classified as ´habitats of community interest´ (´European dry heaths´, habitat code 4030; ´Xeric sand calcareous grasslands´, habitat code *6120). Whereas heathlands in the Atlantic biogeographical region have been in the centre of interest, dry heathland communities in the Continental biogeographical region have been widely neglected, even though they comprise 30 percent of all dry heaths as well as 89 percent of all dry sandy grasslands, respectively, in Europe. Thereby, the conservation status of both habitat types is listed as unfavourable-bad across the Continental biogeographical region. Surprisingly, no detailed studies are available on cost-efficient and sustainable restoration and management schemes to successfully restore and maintain highly degraded, long-abandoned Continental heaths and sandy grasslands, and thus, to counteract the poor conservation status of the habitat types. This shows the great need for research for the Continental biogeographical region (chapter I). Thus, the present thesis provides substantial knowledge about the population dynamics of the key plant species of dry heaths Calluna vulgaris (L.) HULL (henceforth referred to as Calluna) by investigating key processes in the biology of the species as well as about the restoration and management of long-abandoned, dry Continental heathland and sandy grassland communities. In order to better understand the process of successful Continental heathland restoration, I analysed the reproductive potential (seed production, soil seed bank, and germination ability of seeds) of degenerate Calluna stands as well as the effects of single and combined management options on the generative rejuvenation (i.e., recruitment and survival) of Calluna (chapter II). The results are based on a comprehensive three-year field experiment including the management options year-round, low-intensity cattle and horse grazing, one-time mowing and one-time shallow soil disturbances combined with greenhouse investigations on the soil seed bank content and germination ability of Calluna seeds. The results showed that even after long-term abandonment, seed production of degenerate Calluna stands and the germination ability of seeds proved to be high, being similar to Atlantic heathlands, whereas the soil seed bank is considerably reduced probably due to the dry conditions in the Continental region. In addition, low-intensity grazing with free-ranging robust breeds and the combination with one-time mowing at the beginning of the restoration process is an effective means of supporting the generative rejuvenation of this key plant species in degraded Continental heaths. The second study of this thesis (chapter III) focussed on the first-year establishment of Calluna in managed and unmanaged dry heaths and heaths in mosaics with dry sandy grasslands. The germination ability of seeds of different life-history phases of Calluna was analysed to determine if the predominance of the late life-history phase restricts the rejuvenation process of this key plant species. In addition, beside effects of management measures (year-round, low-intensity grazing, one-time mowing, one-time shallow soil disturbances) I analysed the most important safe site conditions that possibly influenced the germination and the first-year survival of Calluna. The results of the study combine field experiments with growth chamber investigations. I found that life-history phase of Calluna did not significantly affect seed germination and thus, the predominance of the degenerate life-history phase does not restrict the rejuvenation process. In addition, the results of my study revealed that grazing and thus trampling intensity must be temporarily and locally enhanced at the beginning of the restoration process of highly degraded heaths to increase safe site availability for successful Calluna establishment. Thereby, shadowing is the most important safe site condition that limit Calluna recruitment and survival in the first year in both degraded heaths as well as in mosaics with sandy grasslands, since seedlings receiving full sunlight die significantly more frequently than slightly or fully shaded seedlings. In the third study (chapter IV), I investigated the impacts of year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing on the development of the highly competitive grass Calamagrostis epigejos (henceforth referred to as Calamagrostis), as well as the vegetation structure and plant species richness of long-abandoned but nutrient-poor dry heathland and sandy grassland communities, their mosaics and Calamagrostis stands. Finally, I assessed the local conservation status of the habitat types after seven years of grazing in comparison to long-abandoned sites. The results are based on a comprehensive field study on two spatial scales (plot-level: 25 square meters, macroplot-level: 1 ha). I found that grazing successfully reduced the coverage and prevented the further spread of Calamagrostis, while simultaneously maintained or improved characteristic species richness and vegetation structure across the different nutrient-poor vegetation types over time, and thus enhanced the local conservation status of habitat types of community interest. In conclusion, the results of my studies considerably improved the understanding of dry, Continental heathland and sandy grassland restoration and management. They provide evidence that even after long-term management abandonment, year-round low-intensity cattle and horse grazing is a suitable management tool for restoring, maintaining and even improving nutrient-poor heathland and sandy grassland communities. However, at the beginning of the restoration process, additional management measures are necessary to faster restore abandoned habitats, especially highly degraded heaths.
The German energy system is under transformation. The so-called Energiewende (in English, Energy turn) relies, among other things, on renewable energies for building a more sustainable energy system. Regions (Landkreise) are one relevant level where different administrative bodies make decisions and plans both for the implementation and for the use of renewable energies. However, in order to realize the goals of the Energiewende, developments in the wider society are necessary. This is why, scientific research can and should foster such developments with more research on the social aspects of energy-related topics. The present work contributes to the understanding of transition processes towards a sustainable use of regional renewable energy by focusing on the role of contextual conditions, practical experiences, and temporal dynamics in the implementation and use of renewable energy in German regions. In this way, this work wants to contribute fostering the development of regional energy transition strategies for the realization of the Energiewende. The conceptual background for this piece of transformation research lies in three bodies of literature dealing respectively with transitions of socio-technical systems, transformations of socioecological systems, and time ecology. From a critical engagement with this literature, three main results have emerged. First, an evidence-based, spatially distinct analysis of contextual conditions for the use of renewable energy in all German regions has resulted in the identification of nine types of regions, so-called energy context types. Second, empirical research on practices in regional settings learned from the knowhow of actors from regional administration has shown that political and economic conditions are crucial as well as that process management, exchange, and learning are helpful for renewable energy implementation. Third, conceptual work about a deeper understanding of the temporal dimensions of transformation processes has made it possible to point out a three-step approach to include temporal dynamics into sustainability transformations management - the time-in-transformations-approach. The literature suggests that regions need to be treated individually; but developing an energy transition strategy for each region individually would be extremely resource intensive. Overall, my work outlines a compromise for a more efficient approach towards regional energy transition strategies which still considers the individuality of regions. As a result, I suggest to develop generic regional energy transition strategies that are adapted to each of the nine energy context types of German regions, that include the experiences of practitioners, and that consider temporal dynamics of transformation processes. Transdisciplinary research is a promising approach to meet many of the challenges for the realization of the Energiewende. A transdisciplinary steering board on the national level could create generic regional energy transition strategies that guide the energy transition and give clear goals and orientation for the realization of policies on the lower levels. On the regional level, these strategies would need to be adapted with regard to each region´s situation. Relying on the results of my research, I conclude that this could also be informed through transdisciplinary processes.
Evaluating another person´s personality is an essential part of human life. How an individual reacts to a certain trigger, let it be a statement, strongly depends on his personality. Therefore, knowledge about the personality of a conversational counterpart is crucial to predict how he or she will react to a question or an answer. Personality is commonly understood as ´patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that are relatively consistent over time and across situations´ (Funder 2012). If personality is as aforementioned defined as stable ´over time and across situations´, then it has to be differentiated from the character, which might change as an actor plays a role. A large proportion of an individual´s outer behavior can be explained by the inner personality. The outer behavior as a result of the personality determines various socio-demographic attributes, like job satisfaction (Furnham et al. 2002), the success of romantic relationships (Noftle, Shaver 2006), job performance (Barrik, Mount 1991) or high income, conservative political attitudes, early life adjustment to challenges, and social relationships (Soldz, Vaillant 1999). Humans can infer another person´s personality pretty precise. A first impression like a short video in many cases is enough to asses a personality (Carney et al. 2007). However, personality assessment is not limited to the social-cognitive domain of human brains - machine learning models attempt to predict personalities as well, or even better than humans. The internet provides a vast amount of data regarding personal information about its users - to so-called digital footprint. Especially social networks offer personal data in a very condensed form, the social-media footprint. Social media networks, which are online platforms, where people create a profile of themselves and communicate with other users or artificial persons like newspaper, offer a wide range of personal data to the broad community, as well as the network and its developers. In the year 2014 49.7 % of the German internet participated in social media networks (Statistisches Bundesamt 3/16/2015) with an upward trend. Furthermore, social media networks, like Facebook, provide the possibility to ´like´ something, which means at first: the user starts to follow a certain page and therefore receives updates and messages from the page and secondly: that the user publicly declares that he or she likes the page, visible to other users. However, it has been shown that the profile of a social network user indeed reflects the individual user and his personality and not an ´idealized´ version of 5 themselves (Back et al. 2010). Hence, these profiles seem to be unbiased, or at least as biased as the personality tests themselves. On the other side are the Facebook pages. A page in this case can be related to anything that a user started, let it be a political attitude, an artificial person, a company or a special kind of food. Any page can be created, and every user can give it a ´Like´. Facebook, as the biggest social media network as of today (Statista 2017) offers the possibility to collect data about a user´s Facebook likes, if the user agrees to the request. Due to the generic nature of Facebook likes and the relevance of personality assessment as a crucial part of social living, this paper focuses onto machine personality prediction based on Facebook likes. However, listening to music from a certain group in a web browser or reading a certain online newspaper can be easily translated into the Facebook like analogy and vice versa, which means that findings from this study are unlikely limited to the domain of Facebook likes.
Social insects like honeybees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) face a relatively high risk to be attacked by pests and pathogens. To decrease the risk of infection, in addition to an innate immune system, these species have evolved various cooperative defense mechanisms such as hygienic behavior or allo-grooming, which contribute to the overall health of the colonies and are therefore also referred to as social immunity. The collection and use of plant resin is another important strategy of social immunity. Resin is a sticky, often aromatic substance with antimicrobial and deterrent properties secreted by plants for protection of the vegetative tissue. Honeybees and stingless bees take advantage of these properties by using resins for nest construction (often mixtures of resin and wax called “propolis” or “cerumen”) and as defense against pests and pathogens. Plant resins, thus, play a crucial role for the ecology of these species and are an important resource for them. Nevertheless, how bees exploit available resin sources and if resin collection can protect colonies from diseases received comparatively little attention in the past. Therefore the aim of this thesis is to provide new insights into the plant origin and significance as well as the influence of resin resource diversity on bee colony health. Resource use and availability form fundamental prerequisites, having decisive influence on the viability of individuals and maintenance of populations. Information on the resources required by a species is thus important to effectively promote and preserve it. For honeybees (A. mellifera) in temperate regions, precise information about which resin sources they use is largely lacking. By chemical comparing bee-collected resins and tree resins, I traced back the resin sources used by individual bees. Results show that honeybees collect distinct resin types that are related to different tree species (several poplar species: Populus balsamifera, P. xcanadensis; Betula alba; Aesculus hippocastanum; several poplar species). With this study I provided the first evidence, that A. mellifera in temperate regions use a variety of different tree species as resin sources and, moreover, show preferences for specific resin sources. Maintenance of colony health is probably one of the major purposes of resin collection. Nevertheless, studies investigating the benefits of resins at the colony level are rare and there are only few evidences on the effects of raw propolis (unlike commonly used ethanol extracts) on colony health. For this reason, I conducted an experimental field study in which I investigated whether propolis, as it is naturally deposited in the nests, can protect honeybee colonies against some of the most important pathogens (Varroa destructor mite, Deformed Wing Virus). The results of this study showed that propolis in (semi-) natural conditions can increase the disease resistance of honeybee colonies, underscoring the importance of resins for honeybee health. Resin collection by stingless bees is comparatively well studied and it is known that these species commonly forage on a variety of different plant species. To increase knowledge on whether and how bees may profit from a diversity of resin resources, I tested how the protective function of a resin varied among different sources (and their mixtures) and various potential aggressors (predators, parasites and pathogens). The results of this study revealed that resins from different trees vary in their effectivity against different target organisms. Moreover, resin blends were more effective than some of the individual resins, suggesting that bees can benefit from a variety of resin resources. In summary, honeybees in temperate regions, similar to tropical stingless bees, use a variety of different tree species as resin sources. Because resins from different tree species varied in their protective function, this indicates that bees can profit from a variety of different resins/resin sources by improving the defense against diverse pests and pathogens. Conversely, the lack of resin had a negative impact on the disease resistance of colonies. Consequently, availability as well as the variety of suitable resin sources is of great importance for the health of bees. In addition to nectar and pollen, resin, as a further important resource, should therefore find more attention in beekeeping. Resin collection as the natural disease defense of bees should find more respect in beekeeping praxis and should be more strongly included in future consideration on how to promote bee colony health.
Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) have been utilized for decades as plasticizers and, to a lesser extent, as flame retardants in various consumer products to improve their material properties. With the restriction and ban of the widely used brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by, ultimately, the Stockholm Convention due to their adverse effects on humans and the environment, the use of OPEs as replacements has increased rapidly. However, the potential adverse properties, environmental distribution and fate of OPEs are insufficiently understood. The research presented in this thesis investigated the occurrence, distribution and transport of OPEs with a focus on the coastal and estuarine environment. Due to the wide range of physicochemical properties of OPEs, the environmental fate and behaviour of OPEs was investigated over a range of compartments, starting from the atmospheric occurrence to the aquatic phase and the behaviour in sediments. The aim was to gather information on the OPE contamination situation in the coastal and estuarine environments, to identify specific contamination patterns for source assessment and to investigate the distribution behaviour of OPEs between gas- and particle-phases to evaluate their environmental transport mechanism. To achieve these scientific goals, sensitive and robust chemical analytical methods for the detection and quantification of OPEs in a variety of environmental samples using gas-chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were developed. Water samples were removed along the Elbe and Rhine Rivers to test the hypothesis of whether specific point sources, such as wastewater treatment plants, are the major input pathways for OPE contamination in rivers. A total of 65 water samples, including an intensive measurement campaign during the flood event in 2013 at the Elbe, was taken and analysed for OPEs. No obvious point sources were identified along either of the rivers analysed. No significant increase or decrease in the OPE concentrations or a change in patterns were observed over a transect of over 300 km at the Elbe, with an increase in water discharge of 2.5. This finding suggested that the OPE input in large rivers is primarily driven by diffuse sources, such as surface runoff, or by minor point sources rather than local point sources. To examine the specific pattern of OPE contamination in individual rivers and estuaries, 37 sediment samples from 8 rivers in Europe and China were analysed. With this analytical data, a fingerprint analysis of the OPE patterns identified could be conducted. All the rivers investigated in Europe displayed a very similar fingerprint, which can be explained by the common European market with consistent legislative regulations. In contrast, the fingerprint from China differed significantly from the one in Europe. For example, in China, the OPE restricted in Europe, Tris(2-chloroethly)phosphate, was found to be one of the major OPE components, while Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, a major compound in Europe, was negligible in China. The investigation showed that the fingerprinting analysis is a useful tool to identify different regions or characterize specific rivers regarding their OPE contamination. In addition, it could be shown that legislative restriction and processes have an impact on local or even EU-wide contamination patterns. At a coastal site next to the German city of Büsum, 58 air samples were taken over one year. Using the newly developed analytical method, it was possible to analyse the gas, as well as the particle phase, of the samples collected with very low detection limits for OPEs. In contrast to expectations, no annual trend in OPE concentrations, phase distributions or patterns was observed, but the investigation of the phase distribution challenged the previous scientific consensus that OPEs occur as primarily bound to particles in the atmosphere. Several compounds were detected in significant amounts in the gas phase. To validate these novel results, a model analysis based on the chemical properties of OPEs was conducted using three different phase distribution models. The results from the environmental data were strongly supported by the simulations, and the formal knowledge could be refuted. Consequently, the atmospheric transport assumptions and estimations about the long-range transport of OPEs have to be reassessed because compounds in the gas phase undergo other types of transport degradation and elimination mechanisms than particle-boundones. The novel findings presented in this thesis challenged an important aspect regarding the perceived scientific knowledge about the behaviour of OPEs in the environment and call on the scientific community to reassess the environmental behaviour of OPEs. The insights presented on the patterns highlight the impact of environmental policies and regulatory mechanisms to work towards the final goal of a good environmental status and the avoidance of adverse effects of discarded chemicals on humans and the environment.
Netzwerkbildung im Musiksektor Niedersachsen : Funktionsweisen und Mechanismen sozialer Formationen
(2018)
In Niedersachsen existiert eine florierende, ausdifferenzierte kulturelle Szene. Vor allem im Musikbereich sind zahlreiche, teilweise international agierende Initiativen und einige kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen wie auch Solokünstler aktiv, die in einem regen Austausch miteinander stehen. Diese Akteure treten in der Regel mit der Erwartung einer positiven Auswirkung und Nutzensteigerung einem Netzwerk bei. Selten wird jedoch hinterfragt oder im Anschluss evaluiert, inwiefern das jeweilige Netzwerk zur positiven Verstärkung der Einzelakteure, im ökonomischen wie auch im sozialen oder kulturellen Sinne geführt hat, beziehungsweise inwieweit Netzwerkbildungen auch zu negativen Effekten für ihre Akteure führen können. In dieser Dissertation wird mit qualitativen Methoden und auf theoretischer Basis der Relationalen Soziologie die Situation in Bezug auf Netzwerkbildungen im Musiksektor von Niedersachsen analysiert. Dies geschieht vor den Fragen, wer die Akteure in Niedersachsen sind, und welchen Funktionsweisen und Mechanismen ihre Vernetzungsbestrebungen unterliegen. Ferner werden die Interaktionen zwischen sozialen Akteuren und institutioneller Kulturarbeit im Musiksektor dargestellt und aufgezeigt, welche Prozesse in diesem Musiknetzwerk unter dem Einfluss institutioneller Strukturen ablaufen.